2012 financial markets In finance , the efficientmarkethypothesis EMH asserts that financial markets ... http www.indexingblog.com 2011 03 27 efficientmarkethypothesis title EfficientMarketHypothesis ... investors were in general unable to outperform the market. The efficientmarkethypothesis ... found problems with the efficientmarkethypothesis, the most consistent being that stocks ... J. 2000 . http ideas.repec.org p rba rbardp rdp2000 01.html The Efficient Markets Hypothesis A Survey . Reserve Bank of Australia. ref The efficientmarkethypothesis emerged as a prominent theory ... 294743 ref and Samuelson published a proof for a version of the efficientmarkethypothesis. ref cite ... maximizing agents, the efficientmarkethypothesis requires that agents have rational expectations ... forms of the efficientmarkethypothesis ref name ContraryEmpirical Empirical papers questioning ... as the efficientmarkethypothesis. ref name washingtonpost.com Former Federal Reserve chairman Paul ... investment management stock market DEFAULTSORT EfficientMarketHypothesis Category Financial ... stocks rather than value investing value stocks . ref name Fortune2002 Although the efficientmarket ... jstor 2325486 issue 2 ref It has been argued that the stock market is micro efficient but not macro ... market is weak form efficient, other studies of capital markets have pointed toward their being semi strong form efficient. A study by Khan of the grain futures market indicated semi strong form efficiency ... to their correct levels, thus concluding that the UK stock market was semi strong form efficient ... be&mdash but the market as a whole is always right. There are three common forms in which the efficientmarkethypothesis is commonly stated&mdash weak form efficiency , semi strong form efficiency and strong ... may be consistent with an efficientmarket due to differences in interest rate s. ref Burton ... markethypothesis both empirically and theoretically. Behavioral finance Behavioral economists ... more details
The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory neuroscience sensory coding in the brain. ref Barlow, H. 1961 Possible principles underlying the transformation of sensory messages in Sensory Communication , MIT Press ref Within the brain, neurons often communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism s natural environment. Efficient coding and information theory The development of the Barlow s hypothesis was influenced by information theory introduced by Claude Shannon only a decade before. Information theory provides the mathematical framework for analyzing communication systems. It formally defines concepts such as information, channel capacity, and redundancy. Barlow s model treats the sensory pathway as a communication channel where neuronal spiking is an efficient code for representing ... the redundancy between representational units. A key prediction of the efficient coding hypothesis ... in nature. ref Lewicki, M.S. 2002 Efficient coding of natural sounds . Nature Neuroscience , 5 4 ... more details
The adaptive markethypothesis , as proposed by Andrew Lo ref Lo, 2004. ref , is an attempt to reconcile economic theories based on the efficientmarkethypothesis which implies that market s are market efficiency efficient with behavioral economics , by applying the principles of evolution to financial ... to Lo, ref Lo, 2005. ref the adaptive markethypothesis can be viewed as a new version of the efficientmarkethypothesis, derived from evolutionary principles quote text Prices reflect as much information ... in the economy. By species , he means distinct groups of market participants, each behaving in a common manner pension fund managers, retail investor s, market maker s, hedge fund managers, etc. If multiple members of a single group are competing for rather scarce resources within a single market, then that market is likely to be highly efficient for example, the market for 10 year United States ..., then that market will be less efficient for example, the market for oil paintings from the Italian Renaissance . Market efficiency cannot be evaluated in a vacuum, but is highly context dependent and dynamic. Shortly stated, the degree of market efficiency is related to environmental factors characterizing market ecology , such as the number of competitors in the market, the magnitude of Profit economics profit opportunities available, and the adaptability of the market participants. Implications The adaptive markethypothesis has several implications that differentiate it from the efficientmarkethypothesis To the extent that a relation between financial risk risk and reward exists, it is unlikely ... MarketHypothesisMarket Efficiency from an Evolutionary Perspective http papers.ssrn.com sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 728864 Lo, Andrew 2005 Reconciling Efficient Markets with Behavioral Finance The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis Category Finance theories Category Financial economics Category Macroeconomics ... level of expected return s is to adapt to changing market conditions. Notes reflist References Primarysources ... more details
financial markets In finance , the noisy markethypothesis contrasts the efficientmarkethypothesis in that it claims that the prices of securities are not always the best estimate of the true underlying value of the firm. It argues that prices can be influenced by speculators and momentum trader s, as well as by insiders and institutions that often buy and sell stocks for reasons unrelated to fundamental value, such as for diversification, liquidity and taxes. These temporary shocks referred to as noise can obscure the true value of securities and may result in mispricing of these securities for many years. ref http sec.online.wsj.com article SB115025119289879729.html The Noisy MarketHypothesis , Wall Street Journal , Jeremy Siegel , June 14, 2006 ref References reflist econ theory stub investment management stock market Category Financial markets Category Economic efficiency Category Economic theories Category Financial economics Category Behavioral finance ... more details
nofootnotes date December 2009 The market timing hypothesis is a theory of how firms and corporation s in the Economics economy decide whether to finance their investment with Ownership equity equity or with debt instruments. It is one of many such corporate finance theories, and is often contrasted with the pecking order theory and the trade off theory , for example. The idea that firms pay attention to market conditions in an attempt to time the market is a very old hypothesis. Baker and Wurgler 2002 , claim that market timing is the first order determinant of a corporation s capital structure use of debt and equity. In other words, firms do not generally care whether they finance with debt or equity, they just choose the form of financing which, at that point in time, seems to be more valued by financial markets . ref Baker and Wurgler, Market Timing and Capital Structure , The Journal of Finance, 2002. http www.blackwellpublishing.com content BPL Images Journal Samples JOFI0022 1082 57 1 414 5C414.pdf ref Market timing is sometimes classified as part of the behavioral finance literature, because it does not explain why there would be any asset mis pricing , or why firms would be better ... problem within a market timing model. The typical version of the market timing hypothesis is thus ... makers are behavioral or rational. The empirical evidence for this hypothesis is at best, mixed ... events. He found that the effect of market timing disappears after only two years. ref AYDO AN ALTI. How Persistent Is the Impact of Market Timing on Capital Structure? , The Journal of Finance, 2006 ... are generally able to beat the market is not supportive. Even for the most active issuers it is hard to reject the hypothesis that the timing of the issuing decisions is random. ref Frank, M. and Nezafat, P. 2010, Credit Market Timing. Available at SSRN http ssrn.com abstract 1571798 ref Beyond such academic studies, a complete market timing theory ought to explain why at the same moment in time ... more details
Wiktionary Efficient may refer to Efficiency , the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose Efficient horse foaled 2003 , a Thoroughbred racehorse Efficient Networks , a modem manufacturer once a division of Siemens now part of Gigaset Communications See also Efficiency disambiguation Inefficiency , a term with a number of meanings in economics disambiguation ... more details
Infobox book name The Efficient Society Why Canada is as Close to Utopia as it Gets title orig translator image Image Efficientsocietycover.jpg thumb right The cover of the 2002 paperback edition image caption author Joseph Heath illustrator cover artist country language series subject genre publisher pub date english pub date media type pages isbn 0 67089149 5 oclc dewey congress preceded by followed by The Efficient Society Why Canada is as Close to Utopia as it Gets is a popular book by Canada Canadian philosopher and author Joseph Heath . First released in 2001, the book is Heath s attempt to explain why Canada works . He argues that Canada s successes as a nation are largely attributable to its commitment to Efficiency economics efficiency as a value. The book was released to positive reviews, and became a national best seller. Overview Drawing on rational choice and game theory , Heath argues that a vast of array of social problems are in fact the result of Prisoner s Dilemma prisoner s dilemmas and collective action problems. While capitalism as a means of production alleviates many of these such as Efficiency wages Shirking shirking , it creates many others. Government intervention in the economy can further help to relieve these collective action problems. Heath argues that the government should operate only in markets where a collective action problem occurs and not in markets where this problem is absent where it is a race to the bottom not a race to the top . This is one of the reasons, Heath argues, that the United Nations Annual Human Development Report consistently ranks Canada as the best place in the world to live. Canadians throughout their history have shown ... in welfare, not market based, economies. Heath also argues that by maintaining physicians on a fee schedule, as opposed to letting the market establish the price of services, the Canadian health ... reflist DEFAULTSORT Efficient Society Category 2001 books Category Books about Canada ... more details
About the financial math concept the company with the name Efficient Frontier Efficient Frontier company Image markowitz frontier.jpg right frame Efficient Frontier. The hyperbola is sometimes referred to as the Markowitz Bullet , and its upward sloped portion is the efficient frontier if no risk free asset is available. With a risk free asset, the straight line is the efficient frontier. The efficient frontier is a concept in modern portfolio theory introduced by Harry Markowitz and others. A combination of assets, i.e. a portfolio finance portfolio , is referred to as efficient if it has the best possible expected value expected level of return finance return for its level of risk measure risk usually proxied by the standard deviation of the portfolio s return . ref cite book title Investments and Portfolio Performance author Edwin J. Elton and Martin J. Gruber publisher World Scientific year 2011 isbn 9789814335393 pages 382 383 url http books.google.com books?id aJ7Cp5ZwZ9kC&pg PA382 ref Here, every possible combination of risky assets, without including any holdings of the Risk free interest rate risk free asset , can be plotted in risk expected return space, and the collection of all such possible portfolios defines a region in this space. The upward sloped part of the left boundary of this region, a hyperbola , is then called the efficient frontier . For more information see Modern portfolio theory The efficient frontier with no risk free asset modern portfolio theory . The efficient frontier is the positively sloped portion of the opportunity set that offers the highest expected return for a given level of risk. The efficient frontier lies at the top of the opportunity set or the feasible set. References reflist Econ theory stub Category Financial economics Category Finance theories Category Mathematical finance Category Portfolio theories ... more details
horsename Efficient image caption sire Zabeel grandsire Sir Tristram dam Refused the Dance damsire ... ASB Efficient NZ Retrieved on 2009 10 6 ref race Victoria Derby 2006 br Melbourne Cup 2007 br Turnbull Stakes 2009 awards honours updated 6 October 2009 Efficient foaled 2003 is a grey Thoroughbred ... TheAge07 cite news url http www.theage.com.au news sport efficient wins melb cup 2007 11 06 1194118018578.html title Efficient wins Melbourne Cup publisher The Age date 6 November 2007 accessdate 2007 ... http www.theage.com.au news horse racing hayes fears efficient 2006 11 04 1162340095970.html title Hayes fears Efficient publisher The Age date 5 November 2006 accessdate 2007 11 06 ref Efficient was by the outstanding ... Valley and ending with a win in the VRC Derby by 2 lengths. Following his Derby win Efficient was entered ... was scratched from the race and spelled instead. Returning in the autumn Efficient had a very ... over 1,600 metres. As a four year old in the Spring of 2007 Efficient resumed in the Memsie Stakes ... metre Group 1 Turnbull Stakes . Three weeks later Efficient lined up in the Weight for Age Group ... El Segundo. Efficient s next start was the Melbourne Cup, his first start in a handicap race since ... since their 2006 Victoria Derby win, Efficient settled back in the field and travelled well. He was pulled to the outside to make a run and in the closing stages Efficient went on to defeat Purple Moon ... years. He became the first grey to win the Melbourne Cup since Subzero horse Subzero in 1992. Efficient ... One success in the 2009 Turnbull Stakes. Efficient was trained by expatriate New Zealand trainer ... name TheAge07 In winning the Melbourne Cup, Efficient became the first horse since Phar Lap to win the Melbourne Cup the year after winning the Victoria Derby. Efficient has had twenty starts for seven ... last first title Efficient s racing record publisher 2KY.com date url http www.2ky.com.au horse results known.php?type R&name Efficient format doi accessdate 2007 11 07 ref See also List of Melbourne ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup May 2009 expert May 2009 Contract law In legal theory, particularly in law and economics , efficient breach is a voluntary breach of contract and payment of damages by a party who concludes that they would incur greater economic loss by performing under the contract. Development of the theory According to Black s Law Dictionary, efficient breach theory is the view that a party should be allowed to breach a contract and pay damages, if doing so would be more economically efficient than performing under the contract. The first statement of the theory of efficient breach appears to have been made in a law review article by Robert Birmingham in Breach of Contract, Damage Measures, and Economic Efficiency , 24 Rutgers L.Rev. 273, 284 1970 Repudiation of obligations should be encouraged where the promisor is able to profit from his default after placing his promisee in as good a position as he would have occupied had performance been rendered . The theory was named by Charles Goetz and Robert Scott, Liquidated Damages, Penalties, and the Just Compensation Principle A Theory of Efficient Breach , 77 Colum.L.Rev. 554 1977 . Efficient breach theory is associated with Richard Posner and the Law and Economics school of thought. It has been used to defend the traditional common law rule that a tort non tortious breach of contract cannot be remedy law remedied by punitive damages and penal damages unreasonably excessive liquidated damages that are seen as a punishment for breach rather than a means to fairly compensate the other party . Such penalties would discourage efficient breach, and therefore economic efficiency efficient behavior, which would be undesirable for society as a whole. Posner explains his views in his majority opinion in Lake River Corp. v. Carborundum Co. , 769 F.2d 1284 7th Cir. 1985 . Posner s illustration Judge Richard Posner gave this well known illustration of efficient breach in Economic Analysis of Law blockquote Suppose I sign ... more details
Refimprove date May 2010 In statistics , an efficient estimator is an estimator that estimates the quantity of interest in some best possible manner. The notion of best possible relies upon the choice of a particular loss function the function which quantifies the relative degree of undesirability of estimation errors of different magnitudes. The most common choice of the loss function is quadratic loss function quadratic , resulting in the mean squared error criterion of optimality. ref harvtxt Everitt 2002 p 128 ref Finite sample efficiency Suppose nowrap P sub sub is a parametric model and nowrap 1 X X sub 1 sub , , X sub n sub is the data sampled from this model. Let nowrap 1 T T X be the estimator for the parameter . If this estimator is bias of an estimator unbiased that is, nowrap 1 E &thinsp T &thinsp , then the celebrated Cram r Rao inequality states the variance of this estimator is bounded from below math operatorname Var ,T , geq mathcal I theta 1 , math where math scriptstyle mathcal I theta math is the Fisher information matrix of the model at point . Generally, the variance measures the degree of dispersion of a random variable around its mean. Thus estimators ... that the estimator is finite sample efficient estimator in the class of unbiased estimators if it reaches the lower bound in the Cram r Rao inequality above, for all nowrap . Efficient estimators ... has some limitations Finite sample efficient estimators are extremely rare. In fact, it was proved that efficient estimation is possible only in an exponential family , and only for the natural ... encountered in practice, efficient estimators exist for the mean of the normal distribution ... of the Fisher information from the sample. Thus, the sample mean is a finite sample efficient ... s, they can attain efficiency asymptotically and are thus called asymptotically efficient estimators ... de Gruyter location Berlin isbn 3 11 01 3863 8 mr 1291393 DEFAULTSORT Efficient Estimator Category ... more details
. An alternative release of Hypothesis was titled Visions of the Future . In Germany Hypothesis and The Dragon were issued together as a double album titled Portrait . The cover artwork for Hypothesis .... Track listing Hypothesis, Part 1 16 00 Hypothesis, Part 2 16 10 References http www.vangelismovements.com ... 1978 albums Category Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky 1970s album stub electronic album stub ko Hypothesis it Hypothesis The Dragon pt Hypothesis ... more details
According to the Porter Hypothesis , strict environmental regulation s can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that help improve commercial competitiveness. The hypothesis was formulated by the economist Michael Porter in an article in 1995. The hypothesis suggests that strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of cleaner technologies and environmental improvements, the innovation effect , making production processes and products more efficient. sup 1 sup The cost savings that can be achieved are sufficient to overcompensate for both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs. In the first mover advantage , a company is able to exploit innovation by learning curve effects or patent ing and attains a dominating competitive position compared to companies in countries where environmental regulations were enforced much later. The Porter hypothesis has been applied to Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals REACH . In one conclusion sup 2 sup , companies that adopt a cost leadership business strategy and have a relatively small product portfolio will fare better than companies that compete by product differentiation and have a larger number of chemicals that require regulation. Notes sup 1 sup Wagner, M. The Porter Hypothesis Revisited. A Literatur Review of Theoretical Model and Empirical Test. L neburg Centre for Sustainability Management, 2003, p.2 http www2.leuphana.de umanagement csm content nama downloads download publikationen 38 2downloadversion.pdf CSM L neburg sup 2 sup Chemicals Regulation and the Porter Hypothesis A Critical Review of the New European Chemicals Regulation Torsten Frohwein, Bernd Hansj rgens Journal of Business Chemistry January 2005 http www.wirtschaftschemie.de journal 20051 19 36.pdf open access publishing open access publication References Michael E. Porter and Claas van der Linde, Toward a New Conception of the Environment Competitiveness Relationship ... more details
The Expectations Hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates also known as Term structure Yield Curve is the proposition that the long term rate is determined by the market s expectation for the short term rate plus a constant risk premium Sarno et al., 2007 . It has been found that the expectation hypothesis has been tested and rejected using a wide variety of interest rates, over a variety of time periods and monetary policy regimes Guidolin et al., 2008 . This analysis is supported in a study conducted by Sarno, where it is concluded that while conventional bivariate procedure provides mixed results, the more powerful testing procedures, for example expanded Vector Autoregression test, suggest rejection of the EH throughout the maturity spectrum examined. A common reason given for the failure of the EH is that the risk premium is not constant as the expectation hypothesis requires, but is time varying. However, research by Guidolin and Thornton 2008 suggest otherwise. It is postulated that the expectation hypothesis fails because short term interest rates are not predictable to any significant degree. While traditional term structure tests mostly indicate that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts, Froot 1989 has an alternative take on it. At short maturities, the expectation hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield ... 1 i st year n This hypothesis assumes that the various maturities are perfect substitutes and suggests that the shape of the yield curve depends on market participants expectations of future interest ..., D., & Valente, G. 2007 . The Empirical Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ..., D. 2008 . Predictions of Short Term Rates and the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ... for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Journal of Finance, XLIV 2 , 283 305. Category Economics curves Category Fixed income market ... more details
main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters such hypotheses are usually of no practical ... of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its ... whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced June 2007 orphan February 2009 original research September 2007 Efficient contract theory suggests that in a perfectly competitive market, if a contract exists, then it must be efficient due to the survivorship principle. For example, the Initial Public Offering market in the United States US has an underwriting spread of approximately 7 in the majority of cases despite some offerings being of differing size or difficulty. Some argue that this cannot reflect the true costs to the investment bank, as it does not account for economies of scale that the bank would no doubt benefit from for larger deals. Efficient contract theory would suggest that given the investment banking market is competitive and there is freedom of entry and exit, 7 must be an efficient contract otherwise it would not exist. Category Economic efficiency econ theory stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2011 The matching hypothesis also known as the matching phenomenon is a social psychology theory, first proposed by Elaine Hatfield and her colleagues in 1966, ref name wal1966 Walster, E., Aronson, V., Abrahams, D., & Rottman, L. 1966 . Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4 5 , 508 516. ref which suggests why people become attracted to their Significant other partner . It claims that people are more likely to form long standing Intimate relationship relationships with someone who is as equally physically attractive as they are. This is influenced by realistic choices, desire of the match and good probability of obtaining the date. ref name spha09 Hatfield, E. & Sprecher, S. 2009 . Matching hypothesis. In H. T. Reis & S. K. Sprecher Eds. Encyclopedia of human relationships pp. 1065 1067 . New York ..., it had no effect on the partner so this study did not support the hypothesis. However, the study ... more likely to have continued dating a finding that supports the matching hypothesis. Walster and Walster ... expressed the most liking for each other a finding that supports the matching hypothesis. Murstein ... the matching hypothesis. Photos of 197 couples, mutually exclusive or engaged, were rated in terms .... The matching hypothesis was supported for judgment on photographs and self perception ratings. The study ... for the matching hypothesis didn t come from matching but instead on the tendency of people ... Brown argued for the matching hypothesis, but maintained that it results from a learned sense of what ... others, instead of a fear of rejection. Other Studies Further evidence supporting the matching hypothesis ..., W.G. 1971 . Physical attractiveness and dating choice A test of the matching hypothesis. Journal ... 1986 ref name kaha86 Kalick, S. M., & Hamilton, T. E., III 1986 . The matching hypothesis ... on the personality market. Erich Fromm ref name eri55 The Sane Society, 1955 ref References Reflist ... more details
and 25.011. Millennium Problems In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis , proposed by harvs txt first ..., such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields . The Riemann hypothesis implies ... problem in pure mathematics harv Bombieri 2000 . The Riemann hypothesis is part of Hilbert s eighth ... i.e. at s 2, 4, 6, ... . These are called the trivial zeros . The Riemann hypothesis ... books on the Riemann hypothesis, such as harvtxt Derbyshire 2003 , harvtxt Rockmore 2005 ... hypothesis discusses zeros outside the region of convergence of this series, so it needs ... of my investigation. source Riemann s statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from harv Riemann ... 1 2 and suggested that they all do this is the Riemann hypothesis. Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the best possible bound for the error of the prime ... hypothesis is equivalent to math pi x operatorname Li x frac 1 8 pi sqrt x , log x , qquad text for all x ge 2657. math Growth of arithmetic functions The Riemann hypothesis implies strong ... on the right hand side converging, is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. From this we can also ... that math M x O x 1 2 varepsilon , math for every positive is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... n Redheffer matrix is equal to M n , so the Riemann hypothesis can also be stated as a condition on the growth of these determinants. The Riemann hypothesis puts a rather tight bound on the growth ... M x le sqrt x. math The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to many other conjectures about the rate ... , math then math sigma n e gamma n log log n , math for all n 5040 if and only if the Riemann hypothesis ... Landau 1924 showing that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to a statement that the terms of the Farey ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman ... negation of the null hypothesis it predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis ... standard. It is important to understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven . A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it . For example, if comparison of two groups ... to reject the null hypothesis in other words, the experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis . ref cite web url http stattrek.com Lesson5 HypothesisTesting.aspx title Can We Accept the Null Hypothesis? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling ... hypothesis is true. If the data set is very unlikely, defined as belonging to a set of data that only ... rejects the null hypothesis concluding it probably is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then only a weak conclusion can be made namely that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis. As the null hypothesis could be true or false, in this case ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation social psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2011 Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event . See also Extinction event Local Bubble Nemesis hypothetical star Tyche hypothetical planet References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html Asteroid Comet Impact Craters and Mass Extinctions and Shiva Hypothesis of Periodic Mass Extinctions , by Michael Paine http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1996EM 26P...72..441R The Shiva Hypothesis Impacts, Mass Extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino and Haggerty http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1998PlR....18....6R The Shiva hypothesis impacts, mass extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino, M. R. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1999PPMtO..18..405S The correlation between mas extinctions and impacts of near Earth objects. The review of Shiva hypothesis , by Yang Su, Yi Xia and Yanan Zhang. Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
a theory in the history of the Romanian language R sler theory , see Origin of Romanians Migration from the south a theory Renfrew 1999 placing Proto Indo European proper in the Balkans at a time of around 5000 BC, see Anatolian hypothesis . disambig ... more details
orphan date March 2010 The Portia Hypothesis claims women with masculine sounding names will be more successful in the legal profession than an otherwise identical counterpart. The hypothesis is named after William Shakespeare s Portia Merchant of Venice character from the Merchant of Venice , who disguises herself as a man so she can argue as a lawyer . Evidence A study of South Carolina judge s by Bentley Coffey Clemson University , Department of Economics & Patrick McLaughlin George Mason University , Mercatus Center found evidence supporting the hypothesis. References http www.abajournal.com weekly female lawyers with masculine names may have a better shot at judgeships st ABA Journal story http taxprof.typepad.com taxprof blog 2009 09 the portia effect .html Category Gender equality Category Sociology of law ... more details
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno s hypothesis , first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, ref name Ohno70 Ohno ... hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate ..., and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999 variations in the number of duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis. ref name Hokamp cite journal last1 Hokamp first1 K last2 McLysaght first2 A last3 Wolfe first3 KH title The 2R hypothesis and the human ... of it in Evolution by Gene Duplication , the 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research, but even ... According to Hokamp et al. 2003 , ref name Hokamp the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes its name appears in Holland et al. 1994 ref name Holland cite journal ... proteins do not support the hypothesis of two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrate history ... doi 10.1007 PL00006499 ref blockquote Ohno s argument Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis ... history of one hypothesis journal Genome Research volume 11 issue 5 pages 667 70 year 2001 pmid 11337465 doi 10.1101 gr.188801 ref Later evidence The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s ... for the hypothesis relies on the number of genes in mammals, which was previously estimated at around ... with the 2R hypothesis. Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive of the hypothesis, do not rule it out. According to a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Maka owski, the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early stages of vertebrate evolution has as many ... that cast doubt on the hypothesis are of questionable validity. ref name Hokamp A review in 2007 by Masanori Kasahara states that there is now incontrovertible evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis and that a long standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end . ref name Kasahara cite journal last1 Kasahara first1 M title The 2R hypothesis an update journal Current opinion in immunology ... more details
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