from where Egressive start from where Terminative end up where Prolative along ... from from a village egressive case starting from starting from a village terminative ... my village The possessive suffix follows the instrumental, inessive, illative, elative egressive ... egressive terminative prolative colspan 8 style background efefef Singular first ..., egressive, terminative and prolative cases. The suffix forms follow the same structure as in the singular ... my villages egressive starting from my villages terminative ending up ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 Infobox Writing system name Abkhaz Alphabet type Alphabet time 1865 present languages Abkhaz language Abkhaz fam1 Phoenician alphabet fam2 Greek alphabet fam3 Early Cyrillic alphabet fam4 Cyrillic script creator Peter von Uslar , Aleksey Chochua The Abkhaz alphabet is an alphabet for the Abkhaz language which consists of 62 letters. Abkhaz did not become a written language until the 19th century. Hitherto, Abkhazians, especially princes, had been using Greek language Greek up to c. 9th century , Georgian language Georgian 9 19th centuries , and partially Turkish language Turkish 18th century languages. ref http www.unicode.org udhr n abk bgazhba.pdf . . . . 1967. . 34 ref The Abkhaz word for alphabet is anban . Citation needed date April 2012 see talk page The first dedicated Abkhaz alphabet was created in 1862 by the Russia n general Peter von Uslar . It had 37 letters and was based on the Cyrillic script . In 1909, it was expanded to 55 letters by Aleksey Chochua to adjust to the extensive consonant consonantal inventory of Abkhaz. In 1926, during the korenizatsiya policy in the Soviet Union , the Cyrillic alphabet was replaced by a Latin alphabets Latin alphabet devised by Nikolay Marr . It featured 77 letters and was called the Abkhaz analytical alphabet . In 1928, this was replaced by another Latin based alphabet. See illustration at right. From 1938 to 1954 the Abkhaz language was written in the Georgian alphabet . Since 1954, the Abkhaz language has been written in a new 62 letter Cyrillic alphabet see chart below . Of these, 38 are graphically distinct the rest are digraphs with unicode and unicode which indicate palatalization and labialization , respectively. Unusually, the Cyrillic plosive letters represent ejective consonant s the non ejectives Pulmonic egressive pulmonic consonants are derived from these by means of a descender at the bottom of the letter. In th ... more details
Refimprove date January 2010 Manner of articulation IPA chart non pulmonic consonants with audio In phonetics , ejective consonants are voiceless consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis . In the phonology of a particular language , ejectives may contrast with aspiration phonetics aspirated or tenuis consonant s. Additionally, some languages have sonorants with creaky voice that pattern with ejectives while other languages have ejectives that pattern with implosives this has led to phonologists positing a phonological class of glottalized consonants see glottalic consonant and below for further discussion . Description In producing an ejective, the stylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle contract causing the hyoid bone and the connected glottis to raise while the forward articulation at the velum in the case of IPA k is held, raising air pressure greatly in the mouth, so that when the oral articulators separate, there is a dramatic burst of air. ref Harvcoltxt Ladefoged 2005 pp 147 148 ref The Adam s apple may be seen moving when the sound is pronounced. In the languages where they are more obvious, ejectives are often described as sounding like spat consonants but ejectives are often quite weak and, in some contexts, and in some languages, are easy to mistake for tenuis or even voiced plosives. ref name Fallon Fallon, 2002. The synchronic and diachronic phonology of ejectives ref These weakly ejective articulations are sometimes called intermediates in older American linguistic literature and are notated with different phonetic symbols IPA C strongly ejective, IPA C weakly ejective. Strong and weak ejectives have not been found to be contrastive in any language. In strict, technical terms, ejectives are Initiation phonetics glottalic egressive consonants. The most common ejective is IPA k , not because it is easier to produce than other ejectives like IPA t or IPA p it isn t but because the auditory distinction between IPA k and ... more details
Infobox Language name Dahalo states Kenya region Coast Province, Kenya Coast Province speakers 400 date 1992 familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Cushitic languages Cushitic fam3 East Cushitic languages East Cushitic ref Tosco 1991 ref iso3 dal notice IPA Dahalo is an endangered language endangered South Cushitic languages South Cushitic language spoken by at most 400 people on the Kenya n coast near the mouth of the Tana River Kenya Tana River . The Dahalo, former elephant hunters, are dispersed among Swahili and other Bantu peoples, with no villages of their own, and are bilingual in those languages. It may be that children are no longer learning the language. ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref Dahalo has a highly diverse sound system using all four airstream mechanism s found in human language click consonant clicks , ejective consonant ejectives , and implosive consonant implosives , as well as the universal pulmonic egressive pulmonic sounds. In addition, Dahalo makes a number of uncommon distinctions. It contrasts laminal consonant laminal and apical consonant apical stops, as in Basque language Basque and languages of Australia and California epiglottal consonant epiglottal and glottal consonant glottal stops and fricatives, as in the Mideast , the Caucasus , and the American Pacific Northwest and is perhaps the only language in the world to contrast alveolar consonant alveolar and palatal consonant palatal lateral consonant lateral fricatives and affricates. It is suspected that the Dahalo may have once spoken a Sandawe language Sandawe or Hadza language Hadza like language, and that they retained clicks in some words when they language shift shifted to Cushitic, because many of the words with clicks are basic vocabulary. If so, the clicks represent a Stratum linguistics Substratum substratum . Sounds Consonants Dahalo has 62 consonants ref Maddieson, Ian Spaji , Sini a ... more details
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