In optics , stimulated emission is the process by which an atomic electron or an excited molecular state ... of the incident wave. This is in contrast to spontaneous emission which occurs without regard ... equilibrium, absorption exceeds stimulated emission because there are more electrons in the lower ... the rate of stimulated emission exceeds that of absorption, and a net optical amplification can be achieved ... . Lacking a feedback mechanism, laser amplifier s and Amplified spontaneous emission superluminescent sources also function on the basis of stimulated emission. Stimulated emission was a theoretical discovery by Einstein ref name Einstein1916 cite journal last Einstein first A title Strahlungs emission ... year 1916 volume 18 pages 318 323 ref within the framework of quantum mechanics , wherein the emission is described in terms of photons that are the quanta of the EM field. Stimulated emission ... stimulated emission journal JOSA B year 1987 volume 4 issue 1 pages 78 85 ref Overview Electron ... in between discrete energy levels such as the two shown above. This leads to emission line s and Spectral ... spontaneous emission . The phase associated with the photon that is emitted is random. A material ... emission . An external electromagnetic field at a frequency associated with a transition can affect ... two stationary states is enhanced beyond that due to spontaneous emission. Such a transition ... of stimulated emission . Mathematical model Stimulated emission can be modelled mathematically ... emission , releasing the difference in energies between the two states as a photon. The photon ... is known as stimulated emission . In a group of such atoms, if the number of atoms in the excited state is given by N sub 2 sub , the rate at which stimulated emission occurs is given by math frac ... . The rate of emission is thus proportional to the number of atoms in the excited state N sub 2 ... must be identical to that for stimulated emission math B 12 B 21 math . Thus absorption and stimulated ... more details
Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Within the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation ref An emission intensity is the average emission rate of a given pollutant from a given source relative to the intensity ..., or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to GDP . Emission intensities are used to derive ... traveled or similar activity data. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. The related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are often ... other pollutants. File AirPollutionSource.jpg thumb right 155px An air pollution emission source Estimating emissions Emission factors assume a linear relation between the intensity of the activity and the emission resulting from this activity Emission sub pollutant sub Activity Emission Factor ... 95 text align right class wikitable sortable border 0 Emission factors of common fuels Fuel br Resource ... is due to increased use of energy carriers with lower emission factors Total CO sub 2 sub emissions ... of final consumers include the emissions of auto producers. ref Emission factors for greenhouse gas inventory reporting One of the most important uses of emission factors is for the reporting of national ... Panel on Climate Change IPCC as the emission estimation methods that must be used by the parties ... Guidelines are the primary source for default emission factors. Recently IPCC has published ... gas emission factors can be found on IPCC s Emission Factor Database http www.ipcc nggip.iges.or.jp ... associated with these emission factors when applied to individual countries. In general, the use of country specific emission factors would provide more accurate estimates of emissions than the use of the default emission factors. According to the IPCC, if an activity is a major source of emissions for a country key source , it is good practice to develop a country specific emission factor for that activity. Emission factors for air pollutant inventory reporting National Air Pollution Emission ... more details
An otoacoustic emission OAE is a sound which is generated from within the inner ear . Having been predicted by Thomas Gold in 1948, its existence was first demonstrated experimentally by David Kemp hearing David Kemp in 1978 ref Kemp DT. Stimulated acoustic emissions from within the human auditory system. J Acoust Soc Am. 1978 64 1386 1391, doi 10.1121 1.382104 ref and otoacoustic emissions have since been shown to arise by a number of different cellular mechanisms within the inner ear . Fact date July 2008 Studies have shown that OAEs disappear after the inner ear has been damaged, so OAEs are often used in the laboratory and the clinic as a measure of inner ear health. Broadly speaking, there are two types of otoacoustic emissions spontaneous otoacoustic emissions SOAEs , which can occur without external stimulation, and evoked otoacoustic emissions EOAEs , which require an evoking Stimulus physiology stimulus . Mechanism of occurrence OAEs are considered to be related to the amplification function of the cochlea . In the absence of external stimulation, the activity of the cochlear amplifier increases, leading to the production of sound. Several lines of evidence suggest that, in mammals, outer hair cells are the elements that enhance cochlear sensitivity and frequency selectivity and hence act as the energy sources for amplification. One theory is that they act to increase the discriminability of signal variations in continuous noise by lowering the masking effect of its cochlear ampli cation. ref Lilaonitkul W, Guinan JJ Jr. 2009 . Reflex control of the human inner ear a half octave offset in medial efferent feedback that is consistent with an efferent role in the control of masking. J Neurophysiol. 101 3 1394 406. PMID 19118109 doi 10.1152 jn.90925.2008 ref Evoked OAEs OAEs are currently evoked using three different methodologies. Stimulus Frequency OAEs SFOAEs are measured ... back a signal to the microphone could subvert the identification process. ref IEEE Spectrum Online ... more details
pressure mercury gas discharge lamp showing white thermionic emission mix coating on the central portion ... emission is the heat induced flow of charge carriers from a surface or over a potential energy barrier ... literature are sometimes referred to as thermions . After emission, a charge will initially be left ..., and finally the emitter will be in the same state as it was before emission. The thermionic emission of electrons is also known as thermal electron emission. The classical example of thermionic emission is the emission of electrons from a hot cathode , into a vacuum archaism archaically known as the Edison ..., or a separate structure of metal or carbides or borides of transition metals. Vacuum emission from ... thermionic emission is now also used to refer to any thermally excited charge emission process ... 2003 title Thermionic Emission from Hot Bodies url http books.google.com books?id PrbOIoMnxnwC&pg PA196 ... enough to emit charge later called thermionic emission . However, when the foil was given a more positive ... is occasionally used to refer to thermionic emission itself . He found that the current emitted by the hot ... emission as the Edison Effect. ref name Josephson cite book last1 Josephson first1 M. year ... physicist Owen Willans Richardson began work on the topic that he later called thermionic emission ... that the emission law should have the mathematical form ref name Crowell math J A mathrm G T 2 mathrm e W over k T math where J is the emission current density , T is the temperature of the metal ... emission in Schottky barrier diodes journal Solid State Electronics volume 8 issue 4 pages 395 ... as they reached the emitter surface, so the emission current density would be reduced, and sub R sub would have the value 1 r sub av sub . Thus, one sometimes sees the thermionic emission equation written ... W . For essentially every material, melting occurs well before kT W . Schottky emission In electron emission devices, especially electron gun s, the thermionic electron emitter will be biased negative ... more details
class wikitable align right Neutron emitters to left of lower dashed line Isotones 2 0 Isotones 1 0 Isotones 0 0 Isotones 1 0 Isotones 2 0 Isotones 3 0 Isotones 4 0 Isotones 5 0 Isotones 6 0 Isotones 7 0 Isotones 8 0 Isotones 9 0 Isotones 10 0 Isotones 11 0 Isotones 12 0 Isotones 13 0 Isotones 14 0 Neutron emission is a type of radioactive decay of atoms containing excess neutron s, in which a neutron is simply ejected from the nucleus. Two examples of isotopes which emit neutrons are helium 5 and beryllium 13 . However, the decay of helium 5 is also by definition a case of alpha decay. Many heavy isotopes, most notably californium 252 , emit neutrons among the products of a different radioactive decay process, spontaneous fission . Neutrons are absorbed and emitted in the process of nuclear fission , a nuclear chain reaction propagated by neutrons. Delayed neutron s emitted by neutron rich fission product s aid control of nuclear reactor s by making reactivity change much slower than it would be for prompt neutron s alone. See also Neutron radiation External links Image Ndslivechart.png http www nds.iaea.org livechart The LIVEChart of Nuclides IAEA with filter on delayed neutron emission decay Image Queryensdf.jpg 45 px http www nds.iaea.org queryensdf Nuclear Structure and Decay Data IAEA with query on Neutron Separation Energy nuclear stub Nuclear processes Category Nuclear physics Category Radioactivity Category Neutron Emission ca Emissi de neutrons de Neutronenemission fr mission de neutron ja ko pl Emisja neutronu sv Neutronemission tr N tron emisyonu zh ar ... more details
Infobox Television episode Title Emission Impossible Series Family Guy Image File FGEmissionImpossible.jpg 250px Caption Stewie prepares to exterminate Peter s sperm. Season 3 Episode 11 Airdate November 8, 2001 Production 3ACX01 Writer Dave Collard and Ken Goin Director Peter Shin Episode list Family Guy season 3 Family Guy season 3 br List of Family Guy episodes List of Family Guy episodes Guests Majel Barrett as Ship Director Carol Kane as Carol Wallace Shawn as Bertram Prev A Fish out of Water Family Guy A Fish out of Water Next To Love and Die in Dixie Emission Impossible is the 11th episode of the Family Guy season 3 third season of Family Guy , that first aired November 8, 2001. The episode was originally scheduled to air on September 19, but was postponed due to the September 11 attacks , which made A Fish out of Water Family Guy A Fish Out of Water air instead. The episode was written by Dave Collard and Ken Goin, directed by Peter Shin. Majel Barrett guest starred as the voice of Stewie s microbionautical ship, and Wallace Shawn as List of characters from Family Guy Peter s family Bertram , one of Stewie s potential brothers. Plot summary Glenn Quagmire Quagmire babysits Meg Griffin Meg , Chris Griffin Chris , and Stewie Griffin Stewie while Peter Griffin Peter accompanies Lois Griffin Lois on a visit to her pregnant, newly single sister Carol. When Carol goes into childbirth labor , Peter drives her to the hospital stopping to get drive thru on the way . Carol s obstetrics obstetrician , List of characters from Family Guy Other characters Dr. Hartman mistakenly jabs ... emission impossible episode 72407 summary.html ref The concept of miniaturizing a ship to go inside ... Jason Patric References Reflist 1 No footnotes date February 2008 S. Callaghan, Emission Impossible ... 2006 02 05 page B4 External links Wikiquote Family Guy Season 3 Emission Impossible Emission Impossible ... Category 2001 television episodes es Emisi n imposible pt Emission Impossible ru Emission Impossible ... more details
ejaculation as a result of a nocturnal emission. ref Kinsey, Alfred C. Sexual Behavior in the Human ... emission were older than those experiencing their first ejaculation by means of masturbation . The study indicates that such a first ejaculation resulting from a nocturnal emission was delayed a year ... emission incurred ritual defilement. bquote If a man has an emission of semen, he shall bathe ... , literally is not clean because of a nocturnal emission literally by reason of what happens to him ... has had an emission of semen, among other causes of ritual defilement, to abstain from eating holy ... fast by ejaculating on purpose during either masturbation or intercourse , nocturnal emission ... DEFAULTSORT Nocturnal Emission Category Orgasm Category Sleep physiology Category Sleep ar ... droom ne ja pl Polucja pt Polu o noturna ru simple Nocturnal emission sk ... more details
Inverse compton scattering Non continuous line spectra Emissionspectrum Absorption spectrum Mathematically rigorous point of view Decomposition of spectrum functional analysis References reflist Category Scattering theory he nl Continu spectrum pt Espectro cont nuo ...no footnotes date December 2011 unreferenced date December 2011 The Spectrum functional analysis spectrum of a linear operator is commonly divided into three parts point spectrum, continuous spectrum, and residual spectrum. If math H math is a topological vector space and math A H to H math is a linear map, the spectrum of math A math is the set of complex numbers math lambda math such that math A lambda I H to H math is em not em invertible. We divide the spectrum depending on why this is not invertible. If math A lambda I math is not injective , we say that math lambda math is in the point spectrum of math A math . Elements of the point spectrum are called eigenvalues of math A math and non zero elements of the null space of math A lambda I math are known as eigenvectors of math A math . Thus math lambda math is an eigenvalue of math A math if and only if there is a non zero vector math v in H math such that math A v lambda v math . If math A lambda I math does not have closed Range mathematics ... spectrum of math A math . The union of the point spectrum and the continuous spectrum is known ... spectrum of math A math . Quantum mechanical interpretations The position operator usually has a continuous spectrum, much like the momentum operator in an infinite space. But the momentum in a compact ... physical systems, specially bound state s, tend to have a discrete quantized spectrum that is where ... spectrum density of states of the Hamiltonian. This is particularly true when broad resonance quantum ... and the hydrogen atom are examples of physical systems in which the Hamiltonian has a discrete spectrum. In the case of the hydrogen atom, it has both continuous as well as discrete part of the spectrum ... more details
Spectrum , also known as emission spectrochemical analysis , is the original scientific method of charting ... spectrum . A hot gas under low pressure emits a bright line or emissionspectrumemission line spectrum . A continuous spectrum source viewed through a cool, low density gas produces an absorption spectrum absorption line spectrum . Origins Image Dispersion prism.jpg thumb right 300px Light can be separated into a spectrum by a prism. The resulting spectrum can then be analyzed Anders Jonas ngstr m ... spectrum . The empirical laws of spectrum analysis are commonly known as Kirchhoff s Three Laws ... to early spectroscopy through the discovery and exploitation of spectral emission lines. ref ... http books.google.com books?id We0EAAAAYAAJ&pg PA179&dq Wheatstone Angstrom spectrum bunsen kirchoff ... reported that different metals could be easily distinguished by the different bright lines in the emission spectra of their sparks, thereby launching the science of spectrum analysis. ref cite book ... spectrum analysis metals&lr &as brr 3&ei yqN3StmSN5qGkgTRrpScAQ v onepage&q Wheatstone 20spectrum ... visualized the application of spectrum analysis to astronomy , mentioning the study and detection of elements ... the dark lines of the solar spectrum. ref name Johnson Johnson, 1974. ref Alter s spectral discoveries ... rays of the same refrangibility as those it can absorb&mdash a fundamental principle of spectrum ... research on the nature of spectral Absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption . Spectrum analysis ..., these laws integrated both Alter and ngstr m s discoveries of radiance and Emission electromagnetic radiation emission with Kirchhoff s fundamental discoveries of absorption. ref name Johnson ref name ... equation on the spectrum of the star Sirius in 1868 to determine its axial speed. ref Simon Singh 2004 Big Bang. p. 238 246. ref They were the first to take a spectrum of a planetary nebula when the Cat ... from Galaxy galaxies . In the early twentieth century, spectrum analysis led to atomic spectroscopy ... more details
Infobox Company company name Spectrum Aeronautical, LLC company logo Image Spectrum logo.png company slogan company type Private foundation 1995 location Carlsbad, California Carlsbad , California , United States key people Linden Blue industry Aerospace products Very Light Jets revenue operating income ... Spectrum Aeronautical is headquartered in Carlsbad, California with its development center located in Spanish Fork, Utah . Management Spectrum management s history of technologically sophisticated ... brings to Spectrum a keen understanding of the materials, science, design nuances and limitations of advanced ..., evaluate, test, refine, and improve Spectrum s design, and manufacturing processes. Spectrum ... url http www.vljmag.com interviews linden austin blue spectrum aeronautical llc.html title Linden & Austin Blue, Spectrum Aeronautical LLC ref ref cite news publisher Business Wire url http www.allbusiness.com services business services 4337067 1.html title Spectrum Aeronautical to Open Operations in Carlsbad, California date May 2007 ref . Products The company is developing two jets Spectrum ... Spectrum S 33 Independence , an eight place light jet, scheduled for certification and initial deliveries ... in fuel consumption and emission of green house gasses ref cite news publisher Business Wire url http www.reuters.com article pressRelease idUS194400 25 Feb 2008 BW20080225 title Spectrum Aeronautical ... engine Stinson Voyager over the jungles of Honduras in 1958 made Spectrum CEO Linden Blue a believer .... ref http www.spectrum.aero aircraft Aircraft , Spectrum Aeronautical . Accessed 9 September 2011. ref Spectrum Aeronautical will incorporate the PhostrEx fire suppression system into its future aircraft. ref http www.flightglobal.com articles 2007 09 25 217051 spectrum to get eclipse fire protection.html Spectrum to get Eclipse fire protection FlightGlobal , 25 September 2007 ref References ... Spanish Fork, Utah de Spectrum Aeronautical ja ... more details
of the spectrum of the sun . Chemical element s can be detected in astronomical objects by emission ... spectrum. The visible spectrum is the Balmer series portion of the electromagnetic spectrum ... 555 nanometre nm 540 THz , in the green region of the optical spectrum see luminosity function . The spectrum does not, however, contain all the color s that the human eyes and brain can ... wavelengths pass through the optical window , the region of the electromagnetic spectrum which allows ... visible response spectrum. The near infrared NIR window lies just out of the human vision, as well ... spectrum, which is defined in terms of human vision. Bee s and many other insects can detect ... completes a full octave , from D to D. Newton s circle places red, at one end of the spectrum, next ... century the explanations of the optical spectrum came from Isaac Newton , when he wrote his book ... the visible spectrum in a glass of water, four centuries before Newton discovered that prisms could ... Thought first Peter last Coffey year 1912 publisher Longmans ref Newton first used the word spectrum ... spectrum Spektrum was strictly used to designate a ghostly optical afterimage by Johann Wolfgang ... through the prism, creating a spectrum of colors. Newton divided the spectrum into seven named ... argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon. Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum, but rather reddish yellow and blue cyan edges with white between them. The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap. In the early 19th century, the concept of the visible spectrum ... spectrum 22thomas young 22 herschel ritter ref Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different ... The connection between the visible spectrum and color vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann ... 1em colspan 3 style background FFF File Linear visible spectrum.svg center 200px sRGB rendering of the spectrum ... more details
pp semi small yes File EM Spectrum Properties edit.svg thumb 330px A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum ... spectrum is the Spectrum range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation . ref cite web url http imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov docs dict ei.html em spectrum title Imagine the Universe Dictionary ref The electromagnetic spectrum of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object. The electromagnetic spectrum extends ... of an atom . It is for this reason that the electromagnetic spectrum is highly studied for spectroscopic purposes to characterize matter. ref name em spectrum cite web last Mehta first Akul url http pharmaxchange.info press 2011 08 introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum and spectroscopy title Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy publisher Pharmaxchange.info ... 2011 10 16 ref although in principle the spectrum is infinity infinite and Continuum theory continuous ... Glenn Elert url http hypertextbook.com physics electricity em spectrum title The Electromagnetic Spectrum ... spectrum. The ancient Greeks recognized that light traveled in straight lines ... that you could not see. The next year, Johann Ritter worked at the other end of spectrum and noticed ... portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of gamma ray s. In 1900 ... electromagnetic waves. Range of the spectrum Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any ... frequency, ref name em spectrum so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size ... wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible range of 400 nm to 700 nm. A common laboratory ... are widely used in astrophysics . For example, many hydrogen atom s Emission electromagnetic ... sources. ref cite journal doi 10.1086 513696 title Discovery of TeV Gamma Ray Emission from ... of the spectrum. The types of interaction can be so different that it seems to be justified to refer ... more details
Taxobox name Apopestes spectrum image Apopestes spectrum.jpg image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Noctuidae tribus genus Apopestes species A. spectrum binomial Apopestes spectrum binomial authority Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper Esper , 1787 synonyms Noctua spectrum Phalaena genistae Phalaena socrus Apopestes spectrum is a moth of the Noctuidae family. It is found from Maghreb , to western Turkey , Lebanon , Israel and Jordan . There is one generation per year. Adults are on wing from April to May. The larvae feed on Papilionaceae species, including Genista , Sarothamnus , Spaltium , Glycyrrhiza and Retama raetam . External links http kmk.entomology.ru pdf rej13 2004 ent13 3 20175 186 20Kravchenko.pdf Species info Category Toxocampina Catocalini stub de Apopestes spectrum nl Apopestes spectrum ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Funa spectrum image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Neogastropoda superfamilia Conoidea familia Turridae subfamilia Crassispirinae genus Funa sea snails Funa species F. spectrum binomial Funa spectrum binomial authority Reeve, 1845 synonyms ref ref name WoRMS synonyms Pleurotoma spectrum small Reeve, 1845 small Funa spectrum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Turridae , the turrids. ref name WoRMS WRMS species 433826 Funa spectrum Reeve, 1845 4 April 2010 ref Description Empty section date April 2010 Distribution Empty section date April 2010 References reflist External links Use dmy dates date January 2011 DEFAULTSORT Funa Spectrum Category Turridae Category Animals described in 1845 turridae stub pt Funa spectrum vi Funa spectrum ... more details
Spectrum pooling is a spectrum management strategy in which multiple radio spectrum users can coexist within a single allocation of radio spectrum space. ref cite doi 10.1109 MCOM.2004.1273768 ref One use of this technique is for primary users of a spectrum allocation to be able to rent out use of unused parts of their allocation to secondary users. ref cite web title Dynamic Spectrum Access and Overlay Systems url http www.its.bldrdoc.gov isart art10 slides and videos10 Jondral Berthold Burgkhardt Weiss V2.pdf author Friedrich K. Jondral, Ulrich Berthold, Dennis Burgkhardt, Timo A. Wei ref Spectrum pooling schemes generally require cognitive radio techniques to implement them. ref cite web url http ursi france.institut telecom.fr pages pages evenements journees scient docs journees 2006 Jondral JS06.pdf title Cognitive Radio A Necessity for Spectrum Pooling author Friedrich K. Jondral date March 28, 2006 publisher Universit t Karlsruhe Communications Engineering Lab ref References reflist Category Radio spectrum radio comm stub ... more details
IDT Spectrum , a subsidiary of IDT Corp. IDT Corporation , holds and leases fixed wireless spectrum. History IDT Spectrum, Inc. and IDT Spectrum, LLC, are subsidiaries of IDT Corporation New York Stock ..., IDT Corporation through its subsidiary Winstar Holdings, LLC, acquired FCC spectrum licenses and other ... company, Winstar Spectrum, LLC, to hold its spectrum licenses and then caused the spectrum licenses ... Holdings formed IDT Spectrum, LLC, and caused Winstar Spectrum, LLC to transfer and assign to IDT Spectrum ... business. In January 2005, Winstar Holdings formed IDT Spectrum and contributed to IDT Spectrum all of its interests in IDT Spectrum, LLC, as well as other assets used in its connectivity services. ref ... 76baaeb6 2549 44f5 8e1d cd700701e704&cikid 683957&tabIndex 2&coname IDT SPECTRUM 2C INC.&fnid 46162&ipo 1 IDT SPECTRUM, INC listing at EDGAR Pro ref Current Holdings IDT Spectrum, LLC s primary holdings include 633 spectrum licenses in the 39 GHz range, as well as an additional 16 LMDS licenses ... spectrum in the United States. ref name FCC http wireless2.fcc.gov UlsApp UlsSearch results.jsp?licSearchKey licSearcKey20121151731720&curPage 2&reqPage 1 FCC listing for IDT Spectrum, LLC ref The FCC s 39 GHz auctioned license band spectrum is primarily licensed in Economic Areas, or EAs. EAs .... On average, IDT Spectrum holds more than 500 MHz of spectrum in the top 200 U.S. markets Economic Areas by population and approximately 940 MHz of spectrum in the top 50 U.S. markets. IDT Spectrum s 39 GHz holdings are contiguous across the United States including Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico . ref name edgarpro In October 2010, IDT Spectrum renewed 633 of its 39 GHz licenses, which now expire in October 2020. ref name FCC The majority of IDT Spectrum s 28 GHz LMDS licenses expire in October 2018. Use of Licenses Among other business activities, IDT Spectrum leases the spectrum to customers who use their own microwave equipment. ref http biz.yahoo.com ic 140 140181.html ... more details
States radio spectrum frequency allocations chart as of 2003 Spectrum management is the process of regulating ... benefit. ref name CDW07 Martin Cave, Chris Doyle, William Webb, Modern Spectrum Management , Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 0 521 87669 8 ref The term radio spectrum typically refers to the full ... of spectrum management. Demand for wireless broadband has soared due to technological innovation ... the 1930s, spectrum was assigned through administrative licensing. Limited by technology, signal interference was once considered as a major problem of spectrum use. Therefore, exclusive licensing ... of similar services is giving way, in many countries, to a spectrum auction model that is intended to speed technological innovation and improve the efficiency of spectrum use. During the experimental process of spectrum assignment, other approaches have also been carried out, namely, lotteries , unlicensed access and privatization of spectrum. Governments and spectrum management Most countries consider RF spectrum as an exclusive property of the state. The RF spectrum is a national resource ... of spectrum management is to mitigate radio spectrum pollution and maximize the benefit of usable radio spectrum. The first sentence of the International Telecommunication Union ITU constitution ... spectrum management requires regulation at national, regional and global levels. Goals of spectrum management include rationalize and optimize the use of the RF spectrum avoid and solve interference ... coordinate wireless communications with neighbours and other administrations. Radio spectrum items ... toward regional commissions such as CEPT in Europe, CITEL in America and toward ITU . RF spectrum ... versus market based spectrum management are found at the 2008 PhD thesis http eprints.mdx.ac.uk 133 2 MazarAug08.pdf . Spectrum use Spectrum management is a growing problem due to the growing number of spectrum uses. Over the air Broadcast television broadcasting , which started in 1920. Government ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Conus spectrum image Conus spectrum 001.jpg image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Neogastropoda superfamilia Conoidea familia Conidae subfamilia Coninae genus Conus species C. spectrum binomial Conus spectrum binomial authority Linnaeus, 1758 synonyms ref ref name WoRMS WRMS species 215432 Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758 27 March 2010 ref synonyms Conus inflatus small G. B. Sowerby II, 1833 small br Conus pica small A. Adams & Reeve, 1848 small br Cucullus carota small R ding, 1798 small Conus spectrum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Conidae , the Conus cone snails and their allies. ref name WoRMS Like all species within the genus Conus , these snails are predatory and venomous . They are capable of stinging humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. Description Empty section date March 2010 Distribution Empty section date March 2010 gallery File Conus spectrum 1.jpg Conus spectrum Linnaeus, C., 1758 File Conus spectrum 2.jpg Conus spectrum Linnaeus, C., 1758 gallery References reflist External links http biology.burke.washington.edu conus catalogue index.php The Conus Biodiversity website http www.coneshells am.ru Cone Shells Knights of the Sea Use dmy dates date January 2011 DEFAULTSORT Conus Spectrum Category Conus spectrum Category Animals described in 1758 conus stub fr Conus spectrum nl Conus spectrum pt Conus spectrum vi Conus spectrum ... more details
Het Spectrum is a Dutch publishing house. It publishes books, under its own name and two other trade marks Winkler Prins and Prisma. Since September 1999, Het Spectrum is a business unit within PCM Uitgevers PCM Algemene Boeken . Het Spectrum was established in 1935 by book sellers P.H. Bogaard and A.H. Bloemsma. From its humble beginnings in a room above a bakery in de Biltstraat in Utrecht city Utrecht the publishing developed to become one of the largest in the Netherlands. At Het Spectrum work about 50 employees. Het Spectrum started as a Progressivism progressive Catholicism Catholic e publisher that aspired to supply good reading materials to the masses. Hence it published many pocket books. After World War II , this formula continued as Prisma Pockets. Among the pocket books were translated classics for the modest price of 1,25 guilder . The Prisma dictionaries were also part of this line. Dutch authors published through Het Spectrum include Godfried Bomans , Han van Bree, Hubrecht Duijker, L. T. F. Gamut a pseudonym of five authors together , Ben Tiggelaar, and Janwillem van de Wetering . International authors include Dorothy Parker , Dr. Phil , Peter Singer , Edgar Wallace , and P. G. Wodehouse . External links http www.spectrum.nl Het Spectrum Category Publishing companies of the Netherlands Het Spectrum de Het Spectrum nl Uitgeverij Het Spectrum ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Fusinus spectrum image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Neogastropoda superfamilia Buccinoidea familia Fasciolariidae subfamilia Fusininae genus Fusinus species F. spectrum binomial Fusinus spectrum binomial authority A. Adams & Reeve, 1848 synonyms ref ref name WoRMS synonyms Fusus spectrum small A. Adams & Reeve, 1848 small br Fusus spectrum small Adams & Reeve, 1848 small Fusinus spectrum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Fasciolariidae , the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies. ref name WoRMS WRMS species 448377 Fusinus spectrum A. Adams & Reeve, 1848 18 April 2010 ref Description Empty section date April 2010 Distribution Empty section date April 2010 References reflist External links Use dmy dates date January 2011 DEFAULTSORT Fusinus Spectrum Category Fusinus spectrum Fasciolariidae stub vi Fusinus spectrum ... more details
Infobox Website name World of Spectrum favicon logo screenshot caption url http www.worldofspectrum.org commercial No type Retrocomputing registration Forum posting only owner Martijn van der Heide author launch date 1995 current status Active revenue World of Spectrum is a website devoted to cataloging and archiving material for the ZX Spectrum home computer popular in the 1980s, and has been officially endorsed by Amstrad which holds the rights to the ZX Spectrum brand. ref cite web url http www.worldofspectrum.org permits endorsement.html title Endorsement accessdate 4 August 2008 last van der Heide first Martijn work World of Spectrum ref It was started by Martijn van der Heide in 1995 as a website dedicated to hosting Spectrum games, but grew into hosting anything and everything that was remotely connected to the ZX Spectrum. The site contains an extensive database of information about ... 2002 ref ref The Daily Mirror , 23 October 2001 ref In December 2005 Retro Gamer wrote World of Spectrum ... popular archive of Spectrum related material. ref cite web url http www.worldofspectrum.org WoSFAQ.html 1A title THE WOS FAQ accessdate 25 February 2012 last van der Heide first Martijn work World of Spectrum ... accessdate 6 September 2008 last van der Heide first Martijn work World of Spectrum ref The collection of Spectrum related magazines includes CRASH magazine CRASH , Sinclair User , and Your Sinclair ... Permissions Individual Programmers Artists publisher World of Spectrum date accessdate 8 February ... 2003 03 07 games anti piracy bot fingers title Games anti piracy bot fingers ZX Spectrum archive site ... References reflist External links http www.worldofspectrum.org World of Spectrum use dmy dates date ... Category Online game databases Category ZX Spectrum videogame culture stub Videogame website stub cs World of Spectrum es World of Spectrum fr World of Spectrum pl World of Spectrum ru World of Spectrum sv World of Spectrum ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Chicoreus Triplex spectrum image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Neogastropoda superfamilia Muricoidea familia Muricidae subfamilia Muricinae genus Chicoreus subgenus Triplex subgenus Triplex species C. spectrum binomial Chicoreus Triplex spectrum binomial authority Reeve, 1846 synonyms ref ref name WoRMS synonyms Murex Chicoreus argo small Clench & Farfante, 1945 small Murex argo Clench & Farfante, 1945 Murex imbricatus small Higgins & Marratt, 1877 small Murex spectrum small Reeve, 1846 small Chicoreus Triplex spectrum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails. ref name WoRMS WRMS species 405926 Chicoreus Triplex spectrum Reeve, 1846 20 December 2010 ref Description The shell size varies between 23 mm and 165 mm Expand section date April 2010 Distribution This species is distributed in the Caribbean Sea and the Lesser Antilles in the Atlantic Ocean along Brazil . References reflist External links Use dmy dates date January 2011 DEFAULTSORT Chicoreus Spectrum Category Muricidae Muricidae stub fr Chicoreus spectrum vi Chicoreus spectrum ... more details
A harmonic spectrum is a spectrum of an operator spectrum containing only frequency components whose frequency frequencies are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency such frequencies are known as harmonic s. In other words, if math omega , math is the fundamental frequency, then a harmonic spectrum has the form math dots, 2 omega, omega, 0, omega, 2 omega, dots . math A standard result of Fourier analysis is that a function has a harmonic spectrum if and only if it is periodic function periodic . See also Fourier series Harmonic series music Periodic function Scale of harmonics Mathanalysis stub Signal processing stub Category Functional analysis ... more details
In stable homotopy theory , a branch of mathematics , the sphere spectrum S is the smallest nontrivial spectrum homotopy theory spectrum . It is the suspension spectrum of S sup 0 sup , i.e., a set of two points. Explicitly, the n th space in the sphere spectrum is the n dimensional sphere geometry sphere S sup n sup , and the structure maps from the suspension mathematics suspension of S sup n sup to S sup n 1 sup are the canonical homeomorphism s. References citation mr 402720 last Adams first J. Frank authorlink Frank Adams title Stable homotopy and generalised homology publisher University of Chicago Press series Chicago Lectures in Mathematics year 1974 Category Algebraic topology Category Homotopy theory topology stub ... more details
In mathematics , a Dirac spectrum , named after Paul Dirac , is the spectrum of eigenvalue s of a Dirac operator on a Riemannian manifold with a spin structure . The isospectral problem for the Dirac spectrum asks whether two Riemannian spin manifolds have identical spectra. The Dirac spectrum depends on the spin structure in the sense that there exists a Riemannian manifold with two different spin structures that have different Dirac spectra. ref cite journal url http www.emis.de journals SC 2000 4 pdf smf sem cong 4 17 33.pdf title Dependence of the Dirac spectrum on the spin structure author Bar year 2000 ref See also Can you hear the shape of a drum? Dirichlet eigenvalue Spectral asymmetry ARPES Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy References reflist Category Spectral theory Category Quantum mechanics quantum stub mathanalysis stub ... more details
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