TOC right Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass exceeding that related Brain to body mass ratio to an animal s total body mass . Quantifying an animal s encephalization has been argued to be directly related to that animal s level of intelligence . Aristotle wrote in 335 B.C. Of all the animals, man has the brain largest in proportion to his size. ref name RussellNorvigAI Also, in 1871, Charles Darwin wrote in his book The Descent of Man No one, I presume, doubts that the large proportion which the size of man s brain bears to his body, compared to the same proportion in the gorilla or orang, is closely connected with his mental powers. ref name Darwin1871reprintp145 In 2004, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman proposed that early Homo genus Homo were scavengers that used stone tools to harvest meat off carcasses and to open bones. They proposed that humans specialized in long distance running to compete with other scavengers in reaching carcasses. ref name running It has been suggested that such an adaptation ensured a food supply that made large Human brain brains possible. More encephalized species tend to have longer spinal shock duration. Encephalization may also refer to the tendency for a species toward larger brains through evolutionary time. Antropology Anthropological studies indicate that bipedal ism preceded encephalization in the human evolutionary lineage after divergence from the chimpanzee lineage. Compared to the chimpanzee brain, the human brain ... after birth. ref name Heterochrony see Heterochrony ref Encephalization quotient see also Encephalization ..., M.F. date April 2002 title Primate encephalization and intelligence journal Medical Hypotheses volume ... Int3.html ref The Encephalization Quotient EQ is the ratio of C over the expected value for C of an animal ... C. D. last5 Jonxis first5 J. H. P. title Ecology and energies of encephalization in hominid evolution ... appx2.shtml Encephalization quotients, Kleiber s Law, and statistical methods Category Evolutionary ... more details
class wikitable sortable align right style margin left 10px Species Encephalization quotient EQ ref name Roth2005 cite journal title Evolution of the brain and Intelligence author Gerhard Roth und Ursula Dicke journal TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences volume 9 issue 5 pages 250 7 date 2005 05 url doi 10.1016 j.tics.2005.03.005 accessdate 2011 02 12 pmid 15866152 ref Human 7.4 7.8 Bottlenose dolphin 4.14 ref name Marino cite journal last Marino first Lori title Cetacean Brain Evolution Multiplication Generates Complexity journal International Society for Comparative Psychology issue 17 pages 1 16 publisher The International Society for Comparative Psychology year 2004 url http www.cogs.indiana.edu spackled 2005readings CetaceanBrainEvolution.pdf format PDF accessdate 2010 08 29 ref Orca 2.57 3.3 ref name Marino ref name Marino2006 cite journal author Marino, L. and Sol, D. and Toren, K. and Lefebvre, L. year 2006 title Does diving limit brain size in cetaceans? journal Marine Mammal Science volume 22 issue 2 pages 413 425 url http biology.mcgill.ca faculty lefebvre articles Marinoetal 2006.pdf doi 10.1111 j.1748 7692.2006.00042.x ref Chimpanzee 2.2 2.5 Rhesus monkey 2.1 Elephant 1.13 2.36 ref Cite journal doi 10.1016 j.brainresbull.2006.03.016 last Shoshani first Jeheskel last2 Kupsky first2 William J. last3 Marchant first3 Gary H. title Elephant brain Part I Gross morphology, functions,comparative anatomy, and evolution journal Brain Research Bulletin volume 70 issue 2 pages 124 157 date 30 June 2006 pmid 16782503 ref Dog 1.2 Cat 1.00 Horse 0.9 Sheep 0.8 Mouse 0.5 Rat 0.4 Rabbit ... species EQ cat 1 Encephalization Quotient EQ , or encephalization level is a measure of relative ... Jay Gould noted that if one looks at vertebrates with very low encephalization quotient s, their brains ... measure of cognitive abilities than EQ for primates at least. ref Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization ... capacity Encephalization Brain to body mass ratio References references External links http www.tufts.edu ... more details
with very low encephalization quotient , their brains are slightly less massive than their spinal ... sample only if the frontal lobe is adjusted for spacial relation. ref Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization ... than an overweight person, and higher in infants than adults. See also Encephalization quotient Cranial capacity Encephalization References reflist External links http www.tufts.edu as wright center ... more details
wiktionary EQ EQ may refer to Businesses Embarq NYSE stock symbol , a local exchange carrier in the United States TAME airline IATA airline designator , an airline based in Quito, Ecuador eQ Bank , a Finnish bank EQ Recordings , an in house record label of Stomp Entertainment, an Australian entertainment group and record house Medicine and psychology Emotional quotient , a psychological measure, the average is 100 Encephalization quotient , a value for the brain to body mass ratio Natural science Equation in mathematics Equatorial in geography Equivalent chemistry , a measurement unit used in chemistry Other uses Earthquake E a de Queiroz , a realistic and critical Portuguese writer English Qaballa , a system of numerology Equalization audio in audio processing Equals disambiguation Equality relational operator , used in computer programming for an equality operator Equestrianism , a term pertaining to horses or their riders Evangelical Quarterly , religious journal EverQuest , a massively multiplayer online role playing game disambiguation cs EQ da EQ de EQ fa EQ fr EQ ko EQ it EQ sw EQ nl EQ ja EQ no EQ pl EQ fi Eq sv EQ zh EQ ... more details
Refimprove date November 2011 The phylogenic evolution of the brain s structure is not particularly well understood. The triune brain attempted to model the brain as a set of ever increasing structures. This is now discredited, and neurologists are cautious against making categorical distinctions. Intelligence is not a clear cut measurement. A simple statistic is the absolute brain size which has been demonstrated to predict mental flexibility in non human primates Gibson et al. 2001 . This allows paleoanthropologists to understand the cognitive abilities of our ancestors based on fragmentary fossil evidence. Brain size is usually measured in terms of the brain to body size ratio. Brain to body size does not scale isometric ally in a linear fashion but rather allometric ally. The brains and bodies of mammals do not scale linearly. Small bodied mammals have relatively large brains compared to their bodies and large mammals such as whales have small brains similar to growth. If we plot the brain weight against body weight for primates, the regression line of the sample points can indicate the brain power of a primate species. Lemurs fall below this line which means that for a primate of equivalent size, we would expect a larger brain size. Humans lie well above the line i.e. humans are more Encephalization Quotient encaphalized than lemurs. In fact, humans are more encephalized than all other primates. Encephalization Quotient Encaphalization quotients give us an indication of how much brain power a species has in comparison with other mammals. Primates as expected lie at the top of this range with humans having the highest EQ score. EQ has a high degree of correlation with the ecological conditions of an animal such as it s feeding behaviours and food it consumes. Leaf eating monkeys have lower EQ than fruit eating or omnivorous monkeys since they have to work harder to forage than monkeys which eat abundant, easy to find leaves. Human brain size in the fossil record ... more details
Professor Robert Andrew Foley born 1953 is Director of the Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies and Leverhulme Professor of Human Evolution at the University of Cambridge . He was educated at Ardingly College and Peterhouse, Cambridge where he earned an MA and PhD in anthropology. He is a Fellow of King s College, Cambridge . Foley is the leading light of the Cambridge school in evolutionary biology which argues, within the context of the Out of Africa theory of human evolution human origins , for two waves of migrations by Homo sapiens . The competing Oxford school, championed by Stephen Oppenheimer , holds that there was just one migration across the Bab el Mandeb strait at the end of the Red Sea . The two schools also diverge on when they date the migrations. While the Oxford school places it around 85,000 years ago, before the Toba catastrophe theory Toba eruption 74,000 years ago, the Cambridge school believes the first migration occurred nearer to 60,000 years ago. This dispute should eventually be settled by the Genographic Project initiated by the National Geographic Society and IBM due to be completed in 2010. Publications citation last Foley first Robert last2 Dunbar first2 Robin authorlink Robin Dunbar date 14 October 1989 title Beyond the bones of contention journal New Scientist volume 124 issue 1686 pages 21 25 citation last Foley first R.A last2 Lee first2 P.C year 1991 title Ecology and energies of encephalization in hominid evolution journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences volume 334 pages 223 232 External links http www.human evol.cam.ac.uk Members Foley foley.htm Robert A. Foley s homepage https www5.nationalgeographic.com genographic atlas.html The Genographic Project Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Foley, Robert ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1949 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Foley, Robert Category 1949 births Category Living peopl ... more details
Refimprove date November 2009 Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the cranium also called the braincase or brainpan of those vertebrates who have both a cranium and a brain . The most commonly used unit of measure is the cubic centimetre or cc. The volume of the cranium is used as a rough indicator of the size of the brain, and this in turn is used as a rough indicator of the potential intelligence of the organism. However, larger cranial capacity is not always indicative of a more intelligent organism, since larger capacities are required for controlling a larger body, or in some cases are an adaptive feature for life in a colder environment Citation needed date February 2010 . Neurological functions are determined more by the organization of the brain rather than the volume. Individual variability is also important when considering cranial capacity, for example the average Neanderthal cranial capacity for females is 1300 cc and 1600 for males Stanford, 2009, 301 . In an attempt to use cranial capacity as an objective indicator of brain size, the encephalization quotient EQ was developed in 1973 by Harry Jerison. It compares the size of the brain of the specimen to the expected brain size of animals with roughly the same weight Campbell et al., 2006, 346 . This way a more objective judgement can be made on the cranial capacity of an individual animal. Examples of cranial capacity Orangutan s 275&ndash 500 cc Chimpanzee s 275&ndash 500 cc Gorilla s 340&ndash 752 cc Human s 1000&ndash 1850 cc Neanderthal s 1200&ndash 1900 cc Examples of early Hominidae hominid s class wikitable Taxon Size cc Number of specimens Age megannum Australopithecus afarensis align right 438 align center 4 3.6&ndash 2.9 Australopithecus africanus align right 452 align center 7 3.0&ndash 2.4 Paranthropus boisei align right 521 align center 1 2.3&ndash 1.4 Paranthropus robustus align right 530 align center 1 1.9&ndash 1.4 Homo habilis align ri ... more details
Refimprove date May 2010 The term australopithecine refers generally to any species in the related genus genera Australopithecus or Paranthropus . These species occurred in the Plio Pleistocene era, and were bipedal and dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than modern apes, lacking the encephalization characteristics of the genus Homo . ref name CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp45 They are classified within the Hominina subtribe of the Hominini tribe biology tribe . They appeared in the Pliocene Australopithecus , appeared about 4 million years ago Paranthropus , appeared about 2.7 million years ago. When used alone, the term refers to both genera together. Australopithecus is sometimes referred to as the gracile slender australopithecines , while Paranthropus are also called the robust australopithecines . ref name CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolGeneral A likely ancestor of the Australopithecines is the genus Ardipithecus , which lived in East Africa. The Homo genus Homo genus human s, appear about 2.4 million years ago with Homo habilis appear to be descended from australopithecine ancestors, more precisely from Kenyanthropus platyops branching off Australopithecus some 3.5 million years ago. An alternative possibility is the derivation of Homo directly from Ardipithecus with an as yet undiscovered link connecting Ardipithecus and Homo habilis existing in parallel to the Australopithecines in the period 4 to 2.5 million years ago. See also wiktionary Human taxonomy References reflist 2 refs ref name CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp45 citation date 2005 author Larry L Mai Marcus Young Owl M Patricia Kersting title The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution page 45 place Cambridge & New York publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 978 0 521 66486 8 ref ref name CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolGeneral Larry L Mai Marcus Young Owl M Patricia Kersting, 2005 . While there are spedific discussions of these terms, description and definition of is found t ... more details
Taxobox name Bare tailed Woolly Opossum status LC status system iucn3.1 status ref ref IUCN2008 assessors Brito, D., Astua de Moraes, D., Lew, D., Soriano, P. & Emmons, L. year 2008 id 3649 title Caluromys philander downloaded 28 December 2008 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern ref trend unknown image Caluromys philander.JPG image width 220px regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia infraclassis Marsupialia ordo Didelphimorphia familia Caluromyidae genus Caluromys subgenus Caluromys species C. philander binomial Caluromys philander binomial authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 10th edition of Systema Naturae 1758 subdivision ranks Subspecies subdivision Caluromys philander affinis Caluromys philander dichurus Caluromys philander philander Caluromys philander trinitatis range map Bare tailed Woolly Opossum area.png range map caption Bare tailed Woolly Opossum range The bare tailed woolly opossum Caluromys philander , also called the white eared opossum , is an opossum species from South America . Its range includes Bolivia , Brazil , French Guiana , Guyana , Suriname , Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela . It is a species restricted only to moist forests. Like other members of the genus Caluromys , the bare tailed woolly opossum is a strongly arboreal species of marsupial , differing from other Didelphidae didelphid opossums in having a comparatively large encephalization quotient and smaller litter size. Its name comes from its naked, prehensile tail. It feeds on fruits, nectar, invertebrates and small vertebrates. Bare tailed woolly opossums actively climb through the upper canopy of trees as they look for fruit and insects. References reflist Cite book last Eisenberg first John F. authorlink coauthors Redford, Kent H. title Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3 The Central Neotropics Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil publisher University of Chicago Press date May 15, 2000 location pages 624 see pp. 79 80 url http books.g ... more details
Taxobox name Brown eared Woolly Opossum status LC status system iucn3.1 status ref ref IUCN2008 assessors Costa, L., Astua de Moraes, D., Brito, S., Soriano, P., Lew, D. & Delgado, C. year 2008 id 3648 title Caluromys lanatus downloaded 28 December 2008 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern ref trend unknown regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia infraclassis Marsupialia ordo Didelphimorphia familia Caluromyidae genus Caluromys subgenus Mallodelphys species C. lanatus binomial Caluromys lanatus binomial authority Ignaz von Olfers Olfers , 1818 subdivision ranks Subspecies subdivision Caluromys lanatus cicur Caluromys lanatus lanatus Caluromys lanatus nattereri Caluromys lanatus ochropus Caluromys lanatus ornatus Caluromys lanatus vitalinus range map Brown eared Wooly Opossum area.png range map caption Brown eared Woolly Opossum range The Brown eared Woolly Opossum Caluromys lanatus , also known as the Western Woolly Opossum , is a woolly opossum species from South America . Its habitat is restricted to moist forests. Just like other members of the genus Caluromys , the Brown eared Woolly Opossum is a strongly arboreal species of marsupial , differing from other Didelphidae didelphid opossums in having a comparatively large encephalization quotient and smaller litter size. The tail is long and heavy in more than half of its extension. It is omnivorous and feeds on fruits, nectar, invertebrates and small vertebrates. References reflist John F. Eisenberg and Kent H. Redford, 2000. Mammals of Neotropics Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil. MSW3 Didelphimorphia id 10400014 page 3 Didelphimorphia C. marsupial stub Category Opossums Category Animals described in 1818 Category Mammals of South America Oppossum, Brown eared Category Mammals of Argentina Category Mammals of Bolivia Category Mammals of Brazil Category Mammals of Colombia Category Mammals of Ecuador Category Mammals of Guyana Oppossum, Brown eared Category Mammals of ... more details
for calculating relative brain size, RBS, and encephalization quotient , EQ. The corresponding body ... of paleoneurology allows researchers to examine the evolution ary nature of human encephalization . Traditionally ... studied. ref name Bruner Encephalization cite journal last1 Bruner first1 Emiliano last2 Manzi first2 Giorgio last3 Arsuaga first3 Juan Luis title Encephalization and allometric trajectories ... made from the study of endocasts. ref name Bruner Encephalization Additionally, paleoneurology ... more details
s brain size compared to what would be expected from its body size, is known as the encephalization quotient . The encephalization quotient for humans is approximately 4.6. ref refAiello Aiello ... have the largest encephalization quotient of extant animals, it is not out of line for a primate ... more details
animals, predisposing humans to choking. ref name pmid9361254 Encephalization . Morgan ref name ... books?id gfkRnv20GtsC&pg PA13 v onepage&q&f false 13 32 ref have suggested that the encephalization ..., considerable human encephalization began quite late in the development of the genus Homo, long after ... biosynthesis and dietary contingency Encephalization without aquatic constraint journal Am. J. Hum ... ref The encephalization of early Homo species predated the appearance of humans exploiting ... more details
opossum has one of the lowest encephalization quotient s of any marsupial. ref cite journal last Ashwell first K.w.s. authorlink title Encephalization of Australian and New Guinean Marsupials journal ... more details
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