unreferenced date May 2009 In thermochemistry chemical thermodynamics , an endergonicreaction also called an unfavorable reaction or a nonspontaneous reaction is a chemical reaction in which the standard ... in Free Energy process. Pull Reagents can be pulled through an endergonicreaction, if the reaction products are cleared rapidly by a subsequent exergonic reaction. The concentration of the products of the endergonicreaction thus always remains low, so the reaction can proceed. A classic example of this might be the first stage of a reaction which proceeds via a transition state . The process of getting to the top of the activation energy activation energy barrier to the transition state is endergonic. However, the reaction can proceed because having reached the transition state, it rapidly evolves via an exergonic process to the more stable final products. Push Endergonic reactions can be pushed by coupling them to another reaction which is strongly exergonic, through a shared intermediate ... to make an endergonicreaction occur, is so common in cell biochemistry that ATP is often called the universal energy currency of all living organisms. See also Endergonic Exergonic Exergonic reaction ... the total amount of energy is a loss it takes more energy to start the reaction than what you ... Exergonic reaction Exergonic Reaction . Under constant temperature and constant pressure conditions ... 0 math for the reaction at standard state i.e. at standard pressure 1 Bar unit bar , and standard concentrations ... constant for the reaction is related to G by the relation math K e frac Delta G circ RT math where ... math K 1 , math so that starting from molar stoichiometric quantities such a reaction would move backwards toward equilibrium, not forwards. Nevertheless, endergonic reactions are quite common in nature, especially in biochemistry and physiology . Examples of endergonic reactions in cells include ... conduction and muscle contraction . Making Endergonic reactions happen Endergonic reactions can ... more details
For Exergonic and Endergonic reactions , see the separate articles Endergonicreaction Exergonic reaction See also Exergonic Endergonic Exothermic Endothermic Disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 Merge to Endergonicreaction date January 2012 Endergonic from the prefix endo , derived from the Greek word endon , within , and the Greek word ergon , work thermodynamics work means absorbing energy in the form of work. Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous. By thermodynamic standards, positive work, a form of energy , is defined as moving from the wikt surroundings surroundings the external region to the system the internal region . Thus, an endergonic process, as contrasted with an exergonic process, is one wherein the system absorbs energy from the surroundings. As a result, during an endergonic process, energy is put into the system. If the transformation occurs at constant pressure and temperature, G 0 . An endergonicreaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs energy in the form of work. A good example of a net endergonic process is photosynthesis . Also, in metabolism , an endergonic process is anabolic , meaning, that energy is stored. In metabolism, catabolic and anabolic processes are coupled by Adenosine triphosphate ATP . See also col begin col break Exergonic Exergonic reaction Exothermic Endothermic col break Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction Warm blooded Endotherm Warm blooded Exotherm col end Category Thermodynamics Category Chemical thermodynamics ar hu Endergonikus reakci nl Endergoon ... more details
Wiktionary reactionReaction may refer to Response disambiguation Response to another event Adverse drug reaction Chemical reaction Emotional reaction Light reaction Nuclear reaction TNA Reaction , a documentary show of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA behind scenes. Reaction physics , as defined by Newton s third law Reactionary , a political tendency Reflex reaction other uses Reaction Records , a record label ReAction GUI a GUI toolkit used on AmigaOS Reaction software , a Perl application framework Reaction song Reaction song , a 1986 song by American R&B singer Rebbie Jackson Reaction , a 2008 single by Dead Letter Circus Disambiguation als Reaktion ar bg cs Reakce de Reaktion et Reaktsioon el es Reacci n eo Reakcio fa fr R action gl Reacci n ko hr Reakcija it Reazione nl Reactie ja no Reaksjon pl Reakcja pt Rea o ro Reac ie ru simple Reaction sr Reakcija fi Reaktio uk zh ... more details
An exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the change in the Gibbs free energy is negative, ref IUPAC Gold Book definition http www.iupac.org goldbook E02262.pdf search Exergonic 20reaction exergonic exoergic reaction ref indicating a spontaneous reaction . Symbolically, the release of Gibbs free energy, G , in an exergonic reaction is denoted as math Delta G G rm products G rm reactants 0. , math Although exergonic reactions are said to occur spontaneously , this does not imply that the reaction will take place at an observable Reaction rate rate . For instance, the Catalysis Background disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide is very slow in the absence of a suitable catalyst. It has been suggested that eager would be a more intuitive term in this context. ref cite journal doi 10.1021 ed061p710 last Hamori first Eugene coauthors James E. Muldrey year 1984 title Use of the world eager instead of spontaneous for the description of exergonic reactions journal Journal of Chemical Education volume 61 issue 8 pages 710 ref More generally, the terms exergonic and endergonic relate to the Gibbs free energy change in any process, not just chemical reactions. An example of an exergonic reaction is cellular respiration. The terms exothermic and endothermic reactions relate to the enthalpy change of a process. See also Endergonicreaction References reflist Category Thermochemistry de Exergon pl Reakcja egzoenergetyczna ... more details
scanning calorimetry Endergonic Exergonic Endergonicreaction Exergonic reaction Exothermic ...unreferenced date November 2011 Image ThermiteReaction.jpg thumb right An exothermic thermite reaction .... An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of light or heat . It is the opposite of an endothermic reaction . Expressed in a chemical equation reactants products energy Overview An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that is accompanied by the release of heat. In other words, the energy needed for the reaction to occur is less than the total energy ... of the system. This means that when the medium in which the reaction is taking place gains heat, the reaction is exothermic. The absolute amount of energy in a chemical system is extremely difficult to measure or calculate. The enthalpy change, H, of a chemical reaction is much easier to measure ... reaction. Measured and calculated H values are related to bond energies by H energy used in bond ... An energy profile of an exothermic reaction by definition the enthalpy change has a negative value H 0 in an exothermic reaction, gives a negative value for H, since a larger value the energy released in the reaction is subtracted from a smaller value the energy used for the reaction . For example ... chemistry Neutralization reactions such as direct reaction of acid and base Adding concentrated acid to water Burning of a substance Adding water to anhydrous copper II sulfate The thermite reaction ... number endothermic relate to the enthalpy change in any process, not just chemical reactions. In endergonicreaction s and exergonic reaction s it is the sign of the Gibbs free energy that determines the equilibrium point, and not enthalpy . The related concepts endergonic and exergonic apply ... reaction causes heating of the reaction vessel which is not controlled, the rate of reaction ... production or absorption in either a physical process or chemical reaction is measured using calorimetry ... more details
A reaction step of a chemical reaction is defined as An elementary reaction , constituting one of the stages of a stepwise reaction in which a reaction intermediate or, for the first step, the reactants is converted into the next reaction intermediate or, for the last step, the product chemistry products in the sequence of intermediates between reactants and products . ref http goldbook.iupac.org R05178.html IUPAC Gold Book definition of reaction step ref Notes reflist Category Chemical kinetics physical chemistry stub et Reaktsiooni staadium pt Etapa de rea o ... more details
Gomberg reaction may refer to Gomberg Bachmann reaction , an aryl aryl coupling reaction via a diazonium salt . Gomberg Free radical reaction , a reaction in which triphenylmethyl radical is prepared by treating triphenylmethyl chloride with a metal like Silver Ag or Zinc Zn in presence of diethyl ether or benzene . See also Moses Gomberg , the scientist whom the reaction names honor. disambig ... more details
The Carbylamine reaction is a chemical test for detection of primary amine s. In this reaction, the analyte is heated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and chloroform. If a primary amine is present, the isocyanide is formed. For example, the reaction with ethylamine Image Carbylamine.png 500px The carbylamine reaction with ethyl amine The reaction with aniline File Aniline carbylamine reaction.png 500px The carbylamine reaction with aniline The carbylamine test does not give a positive reaction with secondary and tertiary amines. References http www.books about california.com Pages Experimental Organic Chemistry Ex Organic Chem Chap 09.html Carbylamine reaction Category Organic reactions Category Chemical tests es Reacci n carbilamina ta ... more details
The Fernandez reaction is reaction that occurs to signal a positive result in the lepromin skin test for leprosy . The reaction occurs in the skin at the site of injection if the body possesses antibody antibodies to the Dharmendra antigen , one of the antigen s found in Mycobacterium leprae , the bacteria that causes leprosy. The reaction occurs via a delayed type hypersensitivity mechanism. This reaction occurs within 48 hours of injection of lepromin and is seen in both lepromatous and tuberculoid forms of leprosy. In contrast, the Mitsuda reaction occurs 5 6 weeks after injection of lepromin and is only seen in patients with the tuberculoid form of leprosy not the lepromatous form, in which the body does not mount a strong response against the bacterium . In terms of mechanism of action and appearance, the reaction is similar to the tuberculin reaction of a positive Mantoux test for tuberculosis . Category Skin tests Category Leprosy medical stub ... more details
The Povarov reaction is an organic reaction described as a formal cycloaddition between an aromatic imine and an alkene . The imine in this organic reaction is a condensation reaction product from an aniline ... be able to donate electrons. Such alkenes are enol ether s and enamine s. The reaction product in the original Povarov reaction is a quinoline . Because the reactions can be carried out with the three components premixed in one reactor it is an example of a multi component reaction . Image Povarov reaction general.svg Povarov reactionReaction mechanism The reaction mechanism for the Povarov reaction ... base in a condensation reaction . The Povarov reaction requires a lewis acid such as boron trifluoride to activate the imine for an electrophilic addition of the activated alkene . This reaction ... substitution . Two additional elimination reaction s create the quinoline ring structure. Image PovarovReaction.gif frame center Scheme 1 . The Povarov reaction The reaction is also classified as a subset of aza Diels Alder reaction s ref Recent synthetic developments in a powerful imino Diels Alder reaction Povarov reaction application to the synthesis of N polyheterocycles and related alkaloids ... ref Examples The reaction depicted in scheme 2 illustrates the Povarov reaction with an imine ... in Povarov reaction of benzylidene 3 nitrophenyl amine Paul J. Stevenson and Isla Graham ... ref . This reaction is regioselective because the iminium ion preverentially attacks the nitro ..., the most electron rich ring position is now ortho and not para. The reaction is also Diastereomer ... 2 regio and diastereoselective Povarov reaction Variations One variation of the Povarov reaction is a four component reaction ref Straightforward Access to a Structurally Diverse Set of Oxacyclic Scaffolds through a Four Component Reaction Oscar Jim nez, Guillermo de la Rosa, Rodolfo Lavilla Angewandte ... cgi bin abstract 112092897 ABSTRACT Abstract ref . Whereas in the traditional Povarov reaction ... more details
The Doebner reaction is the chemical reaction of an aniline with an aldehyde and pyruvic acid to form quinoline 4 carboxylic acid s. ref Doebner, O. Ann. 1887 , 242 & 265. ref ref Bergstrom, F. W. Chem. Rev. 1944 , 35 , 156. Review ref Image Doebner Reaction Scheme.png center 350px The Doebner reaction References Reflist See also Conrad Limpach reaction Doebner Miller reactionreaction stub Category Carbon carbon bond forming reactions Category Condensation reactions Category Quinoline forming reactions Category Multiple component reactions Category Name reactions ar ca Reacci de Doebner es S ntesis de quinolinas de Doebner zh ... more details
A stepwise reaction ref http www.iupac.org goldbook S05970.pdf IUPAC Gold Book definition ref is a chemical reaction with one or more reaction intermediate s and involving at least two consecutive elementary reaction s. The rate law of an elementary reaction is rather simple. On the other hand, when combining multiple elementary steps, the rate law can become rather complex. Moreover, when speaking about catalytic reactions, the diffusion may also limit the reaction. In general, however, there is one very slow step, which is the rate determining step, i.e. the reaction doesn t proceed any faster than the rate determining step proceeds. Organic reactions, especially when involving catalysis , are often stepwise. For example, a typical enol reaction consists of at least these elementary steps Deprotonation next to to the carbonyl HC&ndash C O C C&ndash O sup &ndash sup Attack of enolate R sup sup C C&ndash O sup &ndash sup R&ndash C&ndash C O R sup sup is an electron acceptor, for example, the carbon of a carbonyl C O . A very strong base, usually an alkoxide , is needed for the first step. Reaction intermediates may be trapped in a trapping reaction . This proves the stepwise nature of the reaction and the structure of the intermediate. For example, superacid s were used to prove the existence of carbocation s. See also Lindemann mechanism External links references Category Chemical kinetics reaction stub et Astmeline reaktsioon pt Rea o em etapas ... more details
Notability date March 2010 Reaction is a Perl application framework built upon Catalyst software Catalyst , using Moose Perl Moose , DBIx Class and Template Toolkit . It is inspired by Apache Wicket . External links http search.cpan.org perldoc?Reaction Manual Reaction documentation Compu prog stub Category Perl software Category Web application frameworks ... more details
The Bunsen Reaction is a chemical reaction that describes water, sulfur dioxide , and iodine reacting to form sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide . This reaction is the first step in the Sulfur iodine cycle to produce hydrogen . 2H sub 2 sub O SO sub 2 sub I sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub 2HI The reaction is named after Robert Bunsen . A similar reaction is the basis for Karl Fischer titration . unreferenced date October 2007 Category Inorganic reactions reaction stub nl Bunsen reactie ... more details
The Pellizzari reaction is the chemical reaction of an amide and a hydrazide to form a 1,2,4 triazole . ref Pellizzari, G. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1911 , 41 , 20. ref Image Pellizzari Reaction Scheme.png center 400px The Pellizzari reaction References Reflist See also Einhorn Brunner reactionreaction stub Category Condensation reactions Category Heterocycle forming reactions Category Name reactions es Reacci n de Pellizzari id Reaksi Pellizzari nl Pellizzari reactie ja zh ... more details
The Kochi reaction is an organic reaction for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acid s to alkyl halide s with lead tetraacetate and a lithium chloride or other lithium salts ref A New Method for Halodecarboxylation of Acids Using Lead IV Acetate Jay K. Kochi J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965 87 11 2500 2502. DOI 10.1021 ja01089a041 ref . Image Kochi reaction.png The Kochi reaction 550px The reaction is a variation of the Hunsdiecker reaction . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Kochi Reaction Category Organic reactions Category Name reactions de Kochi Reaktion pl Reakcja Kochiego zh Kochi ... more details
In chemistry , a concerted reaction is a chemical reaction in which all bond breaking and bond making occurs in a single step. Reactive intermediate s or other unstable high energy intermediates are not involved. Concerted reaction rate s tend not to depend on solvent Chemical polarity polarity ruling out large buildup of electrical charge charge in the transition state . Pericyclic reactions are concerted reactions. In the SN2 S sub N sub 2 reaction a concerted reaction also takes place. Because the reaction rate is bimolecular there are two molecular species controlling the rate of the reaction. Because the rate is dependent on two molecules the reaction does not have any intermediate steps, only a transition state . This means that all the bond making and bond breaking takes place in a single step. In order for the reaction to occur both molecules must be situated correctly. Therefore, the reaction is said to be concerted because it occurs in one step. References Carey, Francis A. Sundberg, Richard J. 1984 . Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms 2nd ed. . New York N.Y. Plenum Press. ISBN 0 306 41198 9. Category organic reactions ar es Reacci n concertada fr R action concert e nl Concerted reactie pl Reakcja skoordynowana pt Rea o concertada zh ... more details
The Thorpe reaction is a chemical reaction described as a self condensation of aliphatic nitrile s catalyzed by Base chemistry base to form enamine s. Ref Baron1904 Ref Ziegler1933 Ref Schaefer1967 The reaction was discovered by Jocelyn Field Thorpe . Image Thorpe Reaction Scheme.png center 500px The Thorpe reaction Thorpe Ziegler reaction The Thorpe Ziegler reaction named after Jocelyn Field Thorpe and Karl Ziegler , or Ziegler method , is the intramolecular modification with a dinitrile as a reactant and a cyclic ketone as the final reaction product after acidic hydrolysis. The reaction is conceptually related to the Dieckmann condensation . External links Thorpe Ziegler reaction 4 Phosphorinanone, 1 phenyl Organic Syntheses , Coll. Vol. 6, p.932 1988 Vol. 53, p.98 1973 http www.orgsynth.org orgsyn pdfs CV6P0932.pdf Link References Note Baron1904 Baron, H. Remfry, F. G. P. Thorpe, Y. F. J. Chem. Soc. 1904 , 85 , 1726. Note Ziegler1933 Karl Ziegler et al. Ann. 1933 , 504 , 94. Note Schaefer1967 Schaefer, J. P. Bloomfield, J. J. Org. React. 1967 , 15 , 1. Review Category Carbon carbon bond forming reactions Category Condensation reactions Category Name reactions de Thorpe Ziegler Reaktion ja ru zh es Reacci n de Thorpe ... more details
In chemistry , a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reaction s by which overall ... observable for most chemical reaction s, experiment s can often be designed that suggest the possible sequence of steps in a reaction mechanism. Recently, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ... ref has been used to corroborate the mechanism of several organic reaction proposals. Description ... chemical reaction transformation . It also describes each reactive intermediate , activated complex ... the relative rates of the steps are. Reaction intermediates are chemical species, often unstable and short lived, which are not reactants or products of the overall chemical reaction, but are temporary products and reactants in the mechanism s reaction steps. Reaction intermediates are often free ... small.png thumb center 540px SN2 reaction S sub N sub 2 reaction mechanism. Note the negatively ... a reaction mechanism for example, see the illustration of the mechanism for benzoin condensation in the following examples section. A reaction mechanism must also account for the order in which molecules react. Often what appears to be a single step conversion is in fact a multistep reaction. Examples Consider the following reaction CO NO sub 2 sub &rarr CO sub 2 sub NO In this case, it has been experimentally determined that this reaction takes place according to the rate law math r k NO 2 2 math . Therefore, a possible mechanism by which this reaction takes place is 2 NO sub 2 sub &rarr ... reaction. When determining the overall rate law for a reaction, the slowest step is the step that determines the reaction rate. Because the first step in the above reaction is the slowest ..., it is a bimolecular reaction with a rate law of math r k NO 2 2 math . If we were to cancel out all the molecules that appear on both sides of the reaction, we would be left with the original reaction. In organic chemistry , one of the first reaction mechanisms proposed was that for the benzoin ... more details
The Betti reaction is a chemical reaction of aldehyde s, primary aromatic amine s and phenol s producing aminobenzylphenols. The Betti reaction is a special case of the Mannich reaction . Image Betti Reaction Scheme.png center 300px The Betti reaction References Betti, M. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1900 , 30 II , 301. Betti, M. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1903 , 33 II , 2. Organic Syntheses , Coll. Vol. 1, p.381 1941 Vol. 9, p.60 1929 . http www.orgsyn.org orgsyn prep.asp?prep cv1p0381 Article Pirrone, F Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1936 , 66 , 518. Pirrone, F Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1937 , 67 , 529. Phillips, J. P. Chem. Rev. 1956 , 56 , 286. Phillips, J. P. Barrall, E. M. J. Org. Chem. 1956 , 21 , 692. Category Addition reactions Category Multiple component reactions reaction stub Category Name reactions es Reacci n de Betti nl Betti reactie ja zh Betti ... more details
The Perkow reaction is an organic reaction in which a trialkyl phosphite ester reacts with a haloketone to form a dialkyl vinyl phosphate and an alkyl halide . Ref Perkow Image Perkow reaction.png center 500px The Perkow reaction In the related Michaelis Arbuzov reaction the same reactants are known to form a beta keto phosphonate which is an important reagent in the Horner Wadsworth Emmons reaction on the road to alkene s. The Perkow reaction, in this respect is considered a side reaction. Reaction mechanism The reaction mechanism of the Perkow reaction consists of a nucleophilic displacement of the halogen atom by the phosphorus nucleophile . The phosphite ester salt is subject to keto enol tautomerism and if the enol isomer is predominant the Perkow adduct is formed otherwise the keto form results in the Michaelis Arbuzov adduct. The second step of the reaction is a second nucleophilic displacement of the halide anion on one of the phosphite alkoxide substituent s forming an enol phosphonium oxide . Image Perkow mechanism.png center 550px Perkow reaction mechanism. The Arbusov product is shown in gray Scope The Perkow reaction has been applied in the synthesis of a novel insect repellent Ref Baldur based on hexachloroacetone and triethylphosphite which is able to engage in a secondary .... The authors report mediocre yields. Image Perkow reaction hexachloroacetone 2.png center 800px Perkow reaction hexachloroacetone triethylphosphine adduct The Perkow reaction is also used in the synthesis of novel quinoline s. Ref Paleta When the substituent is butyl n butyl the reaction product is the classical Perkow adduct. In this reaction the leaving group is an electron deficient ... is phenyl not shown the phospite has a preference for reaction with the acyl group leading to an ethyl ... enol phosphates formed in good yields ca. 90 in the Perkow reaction can be used as phosphorylation ... of the Perkow Reaction Halocarboxylate Anions as Leaving Groups in 3 Acyloxyquinoline 2,4 1H,3H dione ... more details
The Ullmann reaction or Ullmann coupling ref cite journal title The Ullmann Synthesis of Biaryls author P.E. Fanta journal Synthesis volume 1974 issue pages 9 21 year 1974 url doi 10.1055 s 1974 23219 ref is a coupling reaction between aryl halide s with copper . The reaction is named after Fritz Ullmann . ref cite journal title Ueber Synthesen in der Biphenylreihe author F. Ullmann, Jean Bielecki ... reaction, note the unusual reaction medium, which, at these temperatures , is ordinary sand The traditional version of the Ullmann reaction requires harsh reaction conditions, and the reaction ... of the Ullmann Reaction author J. Hassan, M. Sevignon, C. Gozzi, E. Schulz, M. Lemaire journal Chemical ... ref The reaction mechanism of the Ullmann reaction is extensively studied. Electron spin resonance .... The reaction probably involves the formation of an organocopper compound RCuX which reacts with the other ... bond bond Metathesis reaction metathesis ref Derek van Allen, PhD Thesis, University of Massachusetts ... ref . The classical Ullmann reaction is limited to electron deficient aryl halides and requires harsh reaction conditions. Modern variants of the Ullman reaction employing palladium and nickel have widened the substrate scope of the reaction and rendered reaction conditions more mild. Yields are generally ... 0471264180.or063.03 ref In organic synthesis this reaction is often replaced by palladium coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction , the Hiyama coupling and the Sonogashira coupling . In a variation of the Ullmann reaction, 2 bromo vinyl benzene is reacted with imidazole in an ionic liquid ... promoted Ullmann type reaction of vinyl bromides with imidazoles in ionic liquids , Chemical Communications ... ref The reaction requires L proline L proline catalysis . Image UllmannReactionWang2005.svg center Imidazole Ullmann reaction. Note the reaction medium BMIMBF4 Note BMIMBF4 stands for the ionic liquid ... reagent used in the Ullmann reaction References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Ullmann Reaction Category Condensation ... more details
The Tishchenko reaction is a chemical reaction that involves disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position in the presence of an alkoxide . Ref 1 The reaction product is an ester . Catalyst s are aluminium alkoxides or sodium alkoxides. Benzaldehyde reacts with sodium benzyloxide generated from sodium and benzyl alcohol to benzyl benzoate . Ref 2 Image Tishchenko reaction.gif center The Tishchenko reaction benzaldehyde reacts to benzyl benzoate, the catalyst is generated in situ from sodium and benzyl alcohol formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde reacts with boric acid to methyl formate . Ref 3 The key step in the reaction mechanism for this reaction is a 1,3 hydride shift in the hemiacetal intermediate formed from two successive nucleophilic addition reactions, the first one from the catalyst. The hydride shift regenerates the alkoxide catalyst. Image Tishchenko reaction mechanism.gif center The Tishchenko reactionreaction mechanism In the related Cannizzaro reaction the base is sodium hydroxide and then the organic oxidation oxidation product is a carboxylic acid and the organic reduction reduction product is an alcohol . Related reactions Aldol Tishchenko reaction Baylis Hillman reaction Cannizzaro reaction Meerwein Ponndorf Verley Reduction Oppenauer Oxidation References Note 1 V. Tishchenko, J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc. 1906 , 38 , 355, 482, 540, 547. Note 2 OrgSynth author Kamm, O. Kamm, W. F. title Benzyl benzoate collvol 1 collvolpages 104 year 1941 prep cv1p0104 Note 3 cite journal author Paul R. Stapp journal J. Org. Chem. year 1973 volume 38 issue 7 pages 1433 1434 doi 10.1021 jo00947a049 title Boric acid catalyzed Tishchenko reactions Category Organic reactions Category Name reactions de Claisen Ti enko Reaktion ja zh es Reacci n ald lica de Tishchenko ... more details
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