infarction , ischemia of the myocardium can extend to the endocardium, disrupting the inner lining ... the endocardium. Subendocardial infarctions are much more dangerous than transmural infarctions ... from endocardium to epicardium, and during repolarization the impulse moves from epicardium to endocardium. In endocarditis infective endocarditis , the endocardium especially the endocardium ... Heart and AV valve atrial endocardium OklahomaHistology 64 07 Heart and AV valve ventricular endocardium ... eo Endokardio fa fr Endocarde io Endokardio it Endocardio la Endocardium hu Endocardium nl Endocard ja pl Wsierdzie pt Endoc rdio simple Endocardium sk Endokard sh Endokard fi Endokardium ... more details
Carditis is the inflammation of the heart ref DorlandsDict two 000017437 carditis ref or its surroundings. It is usually studied and treated by specifying it as Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart heart muscle Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium Reflux carditis refers to a possible outcome of esophageal reflux also known as Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD Pancarditis inflammation of the entire heart the epicardium and the myocardium and the endocardium carditis inflammation of the heart References reflist Heart diseases Inflammation Category Heart diseases disease stub ar de Karditis es Carditis it Pancardite pt Cardite fi Syd ntulehdus ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In the electrocardiogram , the time of the onset of the intrinsicoid deflection , also referred to as the R wave peak time , is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the peak of the R wave. The intrinsicoid deflection reflects the depolarization vector from the endocardium to the epicardium. In the presence of bundle branch block or ventricular hypertrophy, the depolarization impulse takes a longer than normal period of time to reach the recording electrode. This delays the onset of the intrinsicoid deflection. This prolongation or delay is an important criterion for diagnosing bundle branch block and ventricular hypertrophy. Onset of intrinsicoid deflection 0.05 seconds just over one small box is used as a non voltage related criterion to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy . ref The Complete Guide to ECGs 2009 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Intrinsicoid Deflection Category Cardiac electrophysiology Med stub ... more details
The embryonic heart starts developing from two distinct vasculature vascular tubes of the embryo around day 19 of the embryo s existence, under the signals of genetic expression arrived from the surrounding cardiogenic region the embryonic human cranium cranium , lateral to the neural plate . ref http www.bios.niu.edu hubbard anatomyweb EmbryonicDevelopment.pdf ref Migration with Differentiation For the next 3 days the embryonic folding will push the Endocardial heart tube endocardial tubes from the cardiogenic region to a midline position, inside the future thoracic region. Once the endocardial tubes have reached this midline position they fuse, initiating the development of the future endocardium . A primitive heart tube is formed. Initial Beats This heart attains functionality and starts beating at 22 days after the conception ref http www.drspock.com article 0,1510,9851,00.html ref about 5 weeks after the last menstrual period . It can sometimes be seen as a flickering in the embryonic chest by an ultrasound performed during the fourth week after conception. references Category Embryology of cardiovascular system ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Epicardium Latin lamina visceralis pericardii serosi GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray968.png Caption A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum. The pleural and pericardial cavities are exaggerated since normally there is no space between parietal and visceral pleura and between pericardium and heart. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 02 DorlandsSuf 12476850 Epicardium describes the outer layer of heart tissue from Greek language Greek epi outer, cardium heart . When considered as a part of the pericardium , it is the inner layer, or visceral pericardium , continuous with the serous layer. Its largest constituent is connective tissue and functions as a protective layer. The visceral pericardium apparently produces the pericardial fluid , which lubricates motion between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium . During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from endocardial to epicardial surface. See also Myocardium The middle muscle layer of the heart Endocardium The innermost layer of the heart External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca embryology cvs heart tube.html UMichAtlas ht pericard2 MRI of chest, lateral view Heart Category Cardiac anatomy circulatory stub az Epikard bs Epikard ca Epicardi de Epikard es Epicardio fr picarde it Epicardio hu Epicardium nl Epicard pl Nasierdzie ro Epicard sk Epikard ... more details
The endocardial heart tubes are paired regions in the embryo that appear in its ventral pole by the middle of the third week of gestation and consist of precursor cells for the development of the embryonic heart . The endocardial heart tubes derive from the Lateral plate mesoderm visceral mesoderm and initially are formed by a confluence of angioblast ic blood vessels on either side of the embryonic midline. The endocardial tubes have an intimate proximity to the foregut or pharyngeal endoderm . ref cite book title Cardiac development last Kirby first Margaret L. authorlink coauthors year 2007 publisher Oxford University Press location isbn 019517819X page 119 pages url http books.google.com books?id fjhCQ QbtbsC accessdate 20 April 2011 ref As folding of the embryo in the horizontal plane initiates in the 4th week of gestation, the endocardial tubes meet in the midline to form the primitive heart tube , which will eventually develop into the histologically definitive endocardium . The myocardium forms from mesoderm cells surrounding the heart tube, while the epicardium develops from other cells, most likely from neural crest cells. References reflist External links EmbryologyTemple Heart98 heart97a sld018 EmbryologyTemple Heart98 heart97a sld019 Development of circulatory system Category Embryology of cardiovascular system Anatomy stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 Infobox Disease Name Loeffler endocarditis Image Caption DiseasesDB 4291 ICD10 ICD10 I 42 3 i 30 ICD9 ICD9 421.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 1318 MeshID D017681 Loeffler endocarditis is a form of restrictive cardiomyopathy which affects the endocardium and occurs with white blood cell proliferation, specifically of eosinophils . ref name emed http emedicine.medscape.com article 155340 overview ref Restrictive cardiomyopathy is defined as a disease of the heart muscle which results in impaired filling of the heart ventricles during diastole. ref name emed ref http www.nhlbi.nih.gov health health topics topics cm ref Pathogenesis This condition is initially caused by a worm helminth that invokes the chronic persistence of these eosinophils, resulting in a condition known as hypereosinophilic syndrome . ref name pmid19375183 cite journal author Kleinfeldt T, Ince H, Nienaber CA title Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A rare case of Loeffler s endocarditis documented in cardiac MRI journal Int. J. Cardiol. volume 149 issue 1 pages e30 e32 year 2009 month April pmid 19375183 doi 10.1016 j.ijcard.2009.03.059 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0167 5273 09 00326 X ref The eosinophilia and eosinophilic penetration of the cardiac myocytes leads to a fibrotic thickening of portions of the heart similar to that of endomyocardial fibrosis . Commonly the heart will develop large mural thrombi thrombi which lay against ventricle walls due to the deterioration of left ventricular wall muscle. Symptoms include edema and breathlessness. The disease is commonly contracted in temperate climates due to the favorable conditions for parasites , and is rapidly fatal ref name pmid19375183 . Eponym It is named for Wilhelm L ffler doctor Wilhelm L ffler . ref WhoNamedIt synd 582 ref ref W. L ffler. Endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica mit Bluteosinophilie. Ein eigenartiges Krankheitsbild. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, Ba ... more details
Infobox Vein Name PAGENAME Latin venae cardiacae minimae venae cordis minimae GraySubject 166 GrayPage 643 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 DrainsFrom DrainsTo Artery MeshName MeshNumber The smallest cardiac veins or Thebesian veins are minute valveless vein s in the walls of all four heart chambers. They are most abundant in the right atrium and least in the left ventricle . They drain the myocardium ref name AgurDalley2009 cite book author1 A. M. R. Agur author2 Arthur F. Dalley title Grant s atlas of anatomy url http books.google.com books?id H20V4pCpACYC&pg PA53 accessdate 31 October 2010 year 2009 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9780781770552 pages 53 ref and pass through the endocardium endocardial layer to empty directly into the right atrium. The openings of the chambers are called the foramina venarum minimarum . The Thebesian venous network is considered an alternative secondary pathway of venous drainage of the myocardium . It is named after German anatomist Adam Christian Thebesius , who described them in a 1708 treatise called Disputatio medica inauguralis de circulo sanguinis in corde . ref WhoNamedIt synd 4013 ref ref A. C. Thebesius. Disputatio medica inauguralis de circulo sanguinis in corde. Doctoral dissertation, Leiden, 1708. ref References reflist External links http www.gpnotebook.co.uk simplepage.cfm?ID 107347908 GPnotebook venae cordis minimae http www.medscape.com viewarticle 550354 2 Medscape Today Coronary Venous System Veins of the thorax and vertebral column Category Cardiac anatomy Cardiology stub pl y y najmniejsze serca ... more details
In cardiology , an Austin Flint murmur is a mid diastolic Citation needed date January 2009 or presystolic murmur ref DorlandsDict five 000068086 Austin Flint murmur ref low pitched rumbling Heart murmur murmur which is best heard at the cardiac Apex of the heart apex . ref cite journal author Flint A year 1862 title On cardiac murmurs journal American Journal of the Medical Sciences volume 44 pages 29 54 pmid doi ref It is associated with severe aortic regurgitation , although the role of this sign in clinical practice has been questioned. ref name pmid12729428 cite journal author Babu AN, Kymes SM, Carpenter Fryer SM year 2003 title Eponyms and the diagnosis of aortic regurgitation what says the evidence? journal Annals of Internal Medicine volume 138 issue 9 pages 736 742 pmid 12729428 doi ref Mechanism Echocardiography , conventional and colour flow doppler ultrasound , and cine nuclear magnetic resonance cine NMR imaging suggest the murmur is the result of aortic regurgitant flow impingement on the inner surface of the heart, i.e. the endocardium . ref cite journal author Landzberg JS, Pflugfelder PW, Cassidy MM, Schiller NB, Higgins CB, Cheitlin MD year 1992 title Etiology of the Austin Flint murmur journal Journal of the American College of Cardiology volume 20 issue 2 pages 408 413 pmid 1634679 doi 10.1016 0735 1097 92 90110 9 ref ref name pmid18768939 cite journal author Weir RA, Dargie HJ year 2008 title Austin Flint Murmur url http content.nejm.org cgi content full 359 10 e11 journal New England Journal of Medicine volume 359 issue 10 pages e11 pmid 18768939 doi 10.1056 NEJMicm072437 ref Classical description Classically, it is described as being the result of mitral valve leaftlet displacement and turbulent mixing of antegrade mitral valve mitral flow and retrograde aortic valve aortic flow ref GPnotebook 167378943 Austin Flint murmur Accessed on June 4, 2007. ref Displacement The blood jets from the aortic regurgitation strike the anterior leaflet of th ... more details
A standard echocardiogram is also known as a transthoracic echocardiogram TTE , or cardiac ultrasound. In this case, the echocardiography transducer or probe is placed on the chest wall or thoracic cavity thorax of the subject, and images are taken through the chest wall. This is a non invasive, highly accurate and quick assessment of the overall health of the heart. A cardiologist or cardiac physiologist can quickly assess a patient s heart valves and degree of heart muscle contraction an indicator of the ejection fraction . The images are displayed on a monitor, and are recorded either by videotape analog or by digital techniques. Image Heart normal tte views.jpg center thumb 500px Normal heart, TTE views An echocardiogram can be used to evaluate all four chambers of the heart. It can determine strength of the heart, the condition of the heart valves, the lining of the heart the endocardium , and the aorta. It can be used to detect a heart attack, enlargement or hypertrophy of the heart, infiltration of the heart with an abnormal substance. Weakness of the heart, cardiac tumors, and a variety of other findings can be diagnosed with an echocardiogram. With advanced measurements of the movement of the tissue with time tissue doppler , it can measure diastolic function, fluid status ref name Ommen 2000 cite journal author Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, Miller FA, Oh JK, Redfield MM, Tajik AJ. title Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures A comparative simultaneous Doppler catheterization study journal Circulation year 2000 volume 102 issue 15 pages 1788 94 pmid 11023933 url http circ.ahajournals.org cgi reprint 102 15 1788.pdf format PDF ref , and dys synchrony. The TTE is highly accurate for identifying vegetations masses consisting of a mixture of bacteria and blood clots , but the accuracy can be reduced in up to 20 of adults because of obesity , chronic obstructive pulmo ... more details
both the heart muscle and the endocardium and it was given various names such as idiopathic hypertrophy ... Hopkins Hosp. volume 72 page 299 ref In their pathology laboratory they noted that usually the endocardium ... of the operators, have made it no longer necessary to see the endocardium at autopsy. EFE can ... more details
Image Ruperto Carola 500 09.jpg right thumb University of Heidelberg physicians, Dusch at upper right. Theodor von Dusch September 17, 1824 1890 was a German physician who was the native of Karlsruhe . He was the son of Baden statesman Alexander von Dusch 1789 1876 . He studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg , where he had as instructors Jacob Henle 1809 1895 , Karl von Pfeufer 1806 1869 and Maximilian Joseph von Chelius 1794 1876 . He earned his doctorate in 1847, and was habilitated for medicine in 1854. In 1870 he became professor and director of the policlinic at Heidelberg . In the 1850s, with Heinrich Schr der 1810 1885 , he demonstrated that a filter made of cotton wool was effective in removing microbe s such as bacteria from air. ref http books.google.com books?id G7F20VzerbgC&pg PA76&lpg PA76&dq 22Theodor von Dusch 22 Schroder&source web&ots zvBdF0sWU1&sig 1xjKKY7Q OZBkrGdSMJ7tu343Xs&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 7&ct result A Chronology of Microbiology in Historical Context ref ref http books.google.com books?id QAFXuuujZwYC&pg PA5&lpg PA5&dq Dusch Schroder cotton&source web&ots PSdcWxePlA&sig R eWaFPMKKKz0 xGmZjm46DBYA8&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 7&ct result Bacteriology by Stelle D. Buchanan ref Dusch was the author of influential works involving thrombosis of cerebral sinus es ber Hirnsinusthrombose , heart disease Lehrbuch der Herzkrankheiten and diseases of the endocardium and myocardium Krankheiten des Endo u. Myocardium . The latter work was included in Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt Carl Gerhardt s Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten Textbook of Childhood Diseases . ref http translate.google.com translate?hl en&sl de&u http www.zeno.org Pagel 1901 A Dutrieux, 2BPierre Joseph&sa X&oi translate&resnum 4&ct result&prev search 3Fq 3D 2522Dusch 2BTheodor 2522 26start 3D30 26hl 3Den 26sa 3DN Biographical Dictionary of Notable Physicians, translated from German ref References http translate.google.com translate?hl en&sl de&u http www. ... more details
SFHAM single fibre based heart activity model is a physical model describing the electric activity of the left ventricle of the heart during its depolarisation . It facilitates a precise analysis of electric potential s of different parts of the ventricle. ref http www.medengphys.com article S1350 4533 09 00182 9 abstract Janicki JS, W. Leo ski W, Jagielski J. Partial potentials of selected cardiac muscle regions and heart activity model based on single fibres , Medical Engineering & Physics ref Main principles of the model The SFHAM model is based on the following principles Each part of the cardiac muscle interventricular septum , Anterior wall of heart anterior wall , Diaphragmatic surface of heart inferior wall , lateral wall, posterior wall is the source of independent instantaneous potential. Electric potential coming from a particular part of the myocardium is the result of variation in electric charge density including endocardium , myocardium M cells and epicardium . QRS unit is the result of the sum of all instantaneous potentials generated during depolarization of particular parts of myocardium. The value of instantaneous potential depends on the quality and activity of particular parts of the ventricle walls. Time changes in the value of the potentials distribution occurring on the surface of the chest depend on physiological and pathological factors. Electrical activity of each part of the myocardium of a healthy individual forms a constant contribution expressed in percentage into the entire activity of the myocardium. The model constitutes a theoretical basis for SATRO ECG being a system to Non invasive medical non invasive diagnosing facilitating early detection coronary heart disease ischemic changes in the heart . References Reflist Bibliography Janicki JS, Leo ski W, Jagielski J. Partial potentials of selected cardiac muscle regions and heart activity model based on single fibres. Medical Engineering & Physics, 31 2009 1276 1282 http www.medengphy ... more details
deposits on the endocardium. These deposits are thought to be responsible for the fibrous degeneration ... including serotonin , fibrotic lesions of the endocardium, particularly on the right side of the heart ... more details
PBB geneid 9421 Heart and neural crest derivatives expressed protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAND1 gene . ref name pmid9337404 cite journal author Russell MW, Baker P, Izumo S title Cloning, chromosomal mapping, and expression of the human eHAND gene journal Mamm Genome volume 8 issue 11 pages 863 5 year 1998 month Jan pmid 9337404 pmc doi 10.1007 s003359900596 ref ref name pmid9931445 cite journal author Knofler M, Meinhardt G, Vasicek R, Husslein P, Egarter C title Molecular cloning of the human Hand1 gene cDNA and its tissue restricted expression in cytotrophoblastic cells and heart journal Gene volume 224 issue 1 2 pages 77 86 year 1999 month Feb pmid 9931445 pmc doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 98 00511 3 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene HAND1 heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 9421 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the basic helix loop helix family of transcription factors. This gene product is one of two closely related family members, the HAND proteins are expressed within the developing ventricular chambers, cardiac neural crest, endocardium HAND2 only and epicardium HAND2 only . HAND1 is expressed with myocardium of the primary heart field and plays an essential but poorly understood role in cardiac morphogenesis. HAND factors function in the formation of the right ventricle, left ventricle, aortic arch arteries, epicardium, and endocardium implicating them as mediators of congenital heart disease. In addition, HAND1 is uniquely expressed in trophoblasts and is essential for early trophoblast differentiation. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Srivastava D title HAND proteins molecul ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Purkinje fibers Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png Caption Isolated Heart conduction system showing purkinje fibers Image2 ECG Principle fast.gif Caption2 The QRS complex is the large peak. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre f 05 DorlandsSuf 12361434 For the nervous cells, see Purkinje cell Purkinje fibers Purkyne tissue or Subendocardial branches are located in the inner Ventricle heart ventricular walls of the heart , just beneath the endocardium . These fibers are specialized myocardium myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus physiology stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion. Histology Purkinje fibers are a unique end organ cardiac extension of the Autonomic Nervous System . Further histologic examination reveals that these fibers are split into left and right trees as well as atrial and ventricular contributions. The electrical origin of atrial Purkinje fibers arrives from the Sinoatrial Node . The following electrical origin of the ventricular Purkinje fibers arrives from the AV node Atrioventricular Node . Given no aberrant channels, the atrial and ventricular Purkinje trees are distinctly shielded from each other by collagen or the cardiac skeleton . The Purkinje fibers are uniquely dedicated to Sympathetic nervous system sympathetic electrical depolarization of the right and left atria and ventricles. The Purkinje fibers are further specialized to rapidly conduct impulses numerous sodium ion channel s and mitochondria , fewer myofibril s than the surrounding muscle tissue . Purkinje fibers take up stain differently than the surrounding muscle cells, and, on a slide, they often appear lighter and larger than their neighbours. They are binucleated. Function Heart rate is governed by many influences from the Autonomic Nervous System . The Purkinje Fibers do not have any known role in setting heart rate, but are influenced by Sympathetic ne ... more details
Image Aschoff Body in Rheumatic Myocarditis.jpg thumb Aschoff bodies are microscope microscopic structures seen in patients with rheumatic fever . In medicine , Aschoff bodies are nodule medicine nodules found in the heart s of individuals with rheumatic fever . They result from inflammation in the myocardium heart muscle and are characteristic of rheumatic heart disease. These nodules were discovered independently by Ludwig Aschoff and Paul Rudolf Geipel , and for this reason they are occasionally called Aschoff Geipel bodies . Appearance Microscopically, Aschoff bodies are areas of inflammation of the connective tissue of the heart , or focal interstitial inflammation. Fully developed Aschoff bodies are granuloma tous structures consisting of fibrin oid change, lymphocyte lymphocytic infiltration , occasional plasma cell s, and characteristically abnormal macrophage s surrounding necrosis necrotic centres. Some of these macrophages may fuse to form multinucleated giant cell s. Others may become Anitschkow cell s or caterpillar cells , so named because of the appearance of their chromatin . They are pathognomic foci of fibrinoid necrosis found in many sites, most often the myocardium. Initially they are surrounded by lymphocytes, macrophages, and a few plasma cells, but they are slowly replaced by a fibrous scar. Presence in cardiac lesions the Cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever are in the form of focal inflammatory involvement of the interstitial tissue in all 3 layers of the heart, a pathological change named pan carditis. the pathognomonic feature of pancarditis in the case of rheumatic heart disease is the presence of Aschoff nodules or Aschoff bodies. detailed description the Aschoff nodules are spheroidal or fusiform distinct tiny structures, 1 2mm in size, occurring in the interstitium of the heart. It may be visible to the naked eye. They are especially found in the vicinity of small blood vessels in the myocardium and endocardium and occasionally in ... more details
specimen with extensive eosinophil granulocyte eosinophilic infiltrate involving the endocardium and myocardium ... sample of the endocardium and myocardium is taken, and investigated by a pathological anatomy pathologist ... more details
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