In linguistics , an endocentric construction e.g. phrase or compound word is a grammatical construction that fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts. An endocentric construction is not an exocentric construction, and an exocentric construction is not an endocentric construction. In other ... , and is therefore impossible in dependency grammar s, where all constructions are necessarily endocentric. ref Osborne et al. 2011 325 ref Endocentric construction An endocentric construction consists ... phrase VP small very long small Adjective phrase AP small These phrases are indisputably endocentric. They are endocentric because the one word in each case carries the bulk of the semantic content and determines ... terms, the distribution of an endocentric construction is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its parts, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. An endocentric ... abandoned and replaced by an endocentric analysis, whereby the sentence is viewed as an inflection ... VP in a sense . Thus with the advent of X bar Theory, the endocentric vs. exocentric distinction started .... In other words, dependency based structures are necessarily endocentric, i.e. they are necessarily ... endo and exocentric structures Theories of syntax and morphology represent endocentric ... File E endo 01.jpg Endocentric and exocentric structures The upper two trees on the left are endocentric ... trees show the manner in which dependency based structures are inherently endocentric. Since the number ... and Y. Traditional phrase structure trees are mostly endocentric, although the initial binary division ... one . The other five divisions are endocentric because the mother node has the same basic ... dependency tree File E endo 03.jpg Endocentric structure Dependency positions the finite verb is the root ... endocentric. A note about coordinate structures While exocentric structures have largely ... the conjuncts. Coordinate structures like these do not lend themselves to an endocentric analysis ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In the field of user interface s, an endocentric environment refers to a virtual reality or some other immersive environment which is introduced directly into the user s senses for example by using Stereoscopy Head mounted displays VR goggles . Systems which display a virtual reality indirectly to the user for example by placing the viewer in a room made up entirely of rear projection screen s do not qualify. See also Exocentric environment DEFAULTSORT Endocentric Environment Category Virtual reality ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In the field of user interface s, an exocentric environment refers to a virtual reality or some other immersive environment which completely encompasses the user, e.g. by placing the viewer in a room made up entirely of rear projection screen s. Systems which merely display a virtual reality directly to the user e.g. using a Stereoscopy Head mounted displays head mounted display do not qualify. They are endocentric environment s. DEFAULTSORT Exocentric Environment Category User interfaces ... more details
classification classify Ogea verbal suffixes into two major categories endocentric and exocentric , following the lead of Staalesen and Wells. Endocentric suffixes occur between the verb root and the exocenter. Endocentric suffixes include manner, object, and benefactive suffixes, among others. The same set of endocentric suffixes are used with varying sets of exocentric suffixes. The endocenter is composed of the verb root plus the endocentric suffixes. Exocentric suffixes encode inter clausal ... more details
phrase that has been used in linguistics to describe endocentric compounds. Endocentric compound ... of an endocentric compound is the word car wash . By contrast, some compound words are exocentric ... more details
but may be less difficult for readers. endocentric digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is the same ... to writers and often to readers. The distinction between endocentric digraphs and empty letters is somewhat arbitrary. For example, in such words as little and bottle one might view le as an endocentric ... more details
In linguistics, the head of a phrase is the word that determines the syntax syntactic type of that phrase or analogously the word stem stem that determines the semantic category of a compound linguistics compound of which it is a part. The other elements modify the head and are therefore the head s dependents . Headed phrases and compounds are endocentric , whereas endocentric exocentric phrases and compounds if they exist lack a clear head. Heads are crucial to establishing the direction of branching linguistics branching . Head initial phrases are right branching, head final phrases are left branching, and head medial phrases combine left and right branching. Basic examples Examine the following expressions big red dog br bird song The word dog is the head of big red dog , since it determines that the phrase is a noun phrase , not an adjective phrase. Because the adjectives big and red modify this head noun, they are its dependents . ref Discerning head from dependent is not always easy. The exact criteria that one employs to identify the head of a phrase vary, and definitions of head have been debated in detail. See the exchange between between Zwicky 1985, 1993 and Hudson 1987 in this regard. ref Similarly, in the compound noun birdsong, the stem song is the head, since it determines the basic meaning of the compound. The stem bird modifies this meaning and is therefore dependent on bird . The birdsong is a kind of song, not a kind of bird. The heads of phrases like the ones here can often be identified by way of constituent linguistics constituency tests . For instance, substituting a single word in for the phrase big red dog requires the substitute to be a noun or pronoun , not an adjective. Representing heads Trees Many theories of syntax represent heads by means of tree structures. These tree tend to be organized in terms of one of two relations either in terms of the constituency relation of phrase structure grammar phrase structure grammars or the dependen ... more details
A multiword expression MWE is a lexeme made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes that has properties that are not predictable from the properties of the individual lexemes or their normal mode of combination. For a shorter definition, MWEs can be described as idiosyncratic interpretations that cross word boundaries or spaces . Sag et al. , 2002 2 . A multiword expression can be a Compound linguistics compound , a fragment of a sentence, or a sentence. The group of lexemes which makup up a MWE can be continuous or discontinuous. It is not always possible to mark a MWE with a part of speech . A MWE may be more or less frozen. Example 1 in English to kick the bucket , which means to die rather than to hit a bucket with one s foot . In this example, that is an endocentric Compound word compound , the part of speech may be determined as being a verb . The MWE is frozen, in the sense that no variation is possible. Example 2 in English to throw somebody to the lions . The pattern somebody restricts the usage. The expression is half frozen because a certain degree of variation is possible but everything is not possible. It is not possible for instance to say to the three lions . Like the previous example, the part of speech is a verb . Example 3 in French la moutarde me,te,lui,nous,vous,leur monte au nez . This MWE is more frozen than the other examples. Let us add that a tense variation is allowed for the verb but we cannot determine what is the part of speech for the whole expression because it is a sentence. Machine Translation MT of Multiword Expressions According to Sag et al. 2002 Multiword Expressions are, apart from Disambiguation, one of the two key problems for Natural Language Processing NLP and especially for machine translation MT . The number of MWEs in a speaker s lexicon is estimated to be of the same order of magnitude as the number of single words. Specialized domain vocabulary overwhelmingly consists of MWEs, hence, the proportion of MWEs will rise as ... more details
with X bar schemata is necessary or beneficial is a matter of debate. Endocentric structures ..., it was replacing a view of syntax that allowed for endocentric exocentric structures with one that views all sentence structure as endocentric . In other words, all phrasal units necessarily have ... more details
as tatpurusha in the Sanskrit tradition. Both of the above types of compounds are called endocentric ... some unspecified connection ? This is an endocentric compound. Can you paraphrase the meaning ... with two legs, and this is exocentric. On the other hand, endocentric adjectives are also frequently formed, using the suffixal morphemes ing or er or . A people carrier is a clear endocentric determinative ... endocentric it refers to an object, which is a carrying thing or equivalent, which does carry ... more details
Tree adjoining grammar TAG is a grammar formalism defined by Aravind Joshi . Tree adjoining grammars are somewhat similar to context free grammar s, but the elementary unit of rewriting is the tree rather than the symbol. Whereas context free grammars have rules for rewriting symbols as strings of other symbols, tree adjoining grammars have rules for rewriting the nodes of trees as other trees see tree graph theory and tree data structure . History TAG originated in investigations by Joshi and his students into the family of adjunction grammars AG , ref name JoshiKosarajuYamada1969 cite paper last Joshi first Aravind coauthors S. R. Kosaraju, H. Yamada title String Adjunct Grammars year 1969 publisher Proceedings Tenth Annual Symposium on Automata Theory, Waterloo, Canada ref the string grammar of Zellig Harris . AGs handle endocentric properties of language in a natural and effective way, but do not have a good characterization of exocentric constructions the converse is true of rewrite rule rewrite grammars , or phrase structure grammar PSG . In 1969, Joshi introduced a family of grammars that exploits this complementarity by mixing the two types of rules. A few very simple rewrite rules suffice to generate the vocabulary of strings for adjunction rules. This family is distinct from the Chomsky hierarchy but intersects it in interesting and linguistically relevant ways. ref name Joshi1969 cite paper last Joshi first Aravind title Properties of Formal Grammars with Mixed Types of Rules and Their Linguistic Relevance year 1969 publisher Proceedings Third International Symposium on Computational Linguistics, Stockholm, Sweden ref Description The rules in a TAG are trees with a special leaf node known as the foot node , which is anchored to a word. There are two types of basic trees in TAG initial trees often represented as math alpha math and auxiliary trees math beta math . Initial trees represent basic valency relations, while auxiliary trees allow for recursion. r ... more details
semantic classification of compounds yields four types endocentric exocentric also bahuvrihi copulative also dvandva appositional An endocentric compound consists of a head linguistics head , i.e. the categorical ..., is understood as a house intended for a dog. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same ... the compound. class wikitable Type Description Examples endocentric A B denotes a special kind of B ... more details
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