Infobox Anatomy Name Endochondralossification Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Hypertrophic Zone of Epiphyseal Plate.jpg Caption Endochondralossification progressing from normal chondrocytes top to degenerating ones, characteristically displaying a calcified matrix, bottom . Image2 Caption2 Width 300 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf Endochondralossification ref Etymology from lang el endon , within , and chondros , cartilage ref ref cite web url http www.myetymology.com english endochondral.html title Etymology of the English word endochondral publisher myEtymolgy accessdate December 2009 ref , also known as enchondral ossification , is one of the two ... bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification , which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, Hyaline cartilage cartilage is present during endochondralossification. It is also .... Shrunken cartilage cells. From Atlas of Histology, Klein and Noble Smith. During endochondralossification ... through the process of endochondralossification. References Reflist See also Intramembranous ossificationOssification Bone and cartilage Category Developmental biology Category Skeletal system es ... by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium. Primary center of ossification Image Bone growth.png thumb 450px The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification .... Calcification of matrix Chondrocyte s in the primary center of ossification begin to grow hypertrophy ... center of ossification About the time of birth, a secondary ossification center appears in each ... is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center. The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate, and it continues to form new cartilage ... by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal ... cartilage. Zone of ossification . Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts ... more details
wiktionary ossification refimprove date May 2011 Image Bonemetabolism.svg thumb 300 px right Bone is broken down by osteoclasts, and rebuilt by osteoblasts, both of which communicate through cytokine TGF , Insulin like growth factor IGF signalling. Ossification or osteogenesis is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblast s. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue ref cite journal author Caetano Lopes J, Canh o H, Fonseca JE title Osteoblasts and bone formation journal Acta reumatol gica portuguesa volume 32 issue 2 pages 103 10 year 2007 pmid 17572649 ref Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue mesenchyme , while endochondralossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing , endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster ... may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis. Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation ... confused with ossification. Calcification is synonymous with the formation of calcium based salts and crystals within cells and tissue. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not vice ... growth factor s and cytokines in some way. Timetable for human ossification class wikitable Time ... Holton Third month of embryonic development Ossification in long bones beginning Fourth month Most primary ossification centers have appeared in the diaphyses of bone. Birth to 5 years Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses 5 years to 12 years in females, 5 to 14 years in males Ossification is spreading rapidly from the ossifcation centers and various bones are becoming ossified ... Mechanostat , a model describing ossification and bone loss Ossicone , the horn like or antler ... physiology Ossification Category Animal physiology Category Skeletal system Category Tissues Ossification ... more details
Image Gray206.png thumb Figure 5 Plan of ossification of the scapula. From seven centers. The scapula is ossified from 7 or more centers one for the body, two for the coracoid process, two for the acromion , one for the vertebral border , and one for the inferior angle . Ossification of the body begins about the second month of fetal life, by an irregular quadrilateral plate of bone forming, immediately behind the glenoid cavity. This plate extends to form the chief part of the bone, the Spine of scapula scapular spine growing up from its dorsal surface about the third month. Ossification starts as membranous ossification before birth http www.medcyclopaedia.com library topics volume vii o ossification.aspx http books.google.com books?id t70Ij7jHLIkC&pg PA97&lpg PA97&dq 22membranous ossification 22 scapula&source web&ots RUWL51g7YN&sig tAu1oyrdRHvWKvRdaDkc0e7DZZk&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 23&ct result . After birth, the cartilaginous components would undergo endochondralossification . At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the glenoid cavity , the coracoid process , the acromion , the vertebral border , and the inferior angle are cartilaginous . From the 15th to the 18th month after birth, ossification takes place in the middle of the coracoid process, which as a rule becomes joined with the rest of the bone about the 15th year. Between the 14th and 20th years, the remaining parts ossify in quick succession, and usually in this order first, in the root of the coracoid process, in the form of a broad scale secondly, near the base of the acromion thirdly, in the inferior angle and contiguous part of the vertebral border fourthly, near the extremity of the acromion fifthly, in the vertebral border. The base of the acromion is formed by an extension from ...&dq 22membranous ossification 22 scapula&source web&ots RUWL51g7YN&sig tAu1oyrdRHvWKvRdaDkc0e7DZZk&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 23&ct result Facial Trauma Ossification Category Skeletal disorders sv ... more details
Image Gray105.png thumb 300px The axis is ossified from five primary and two secondary centers. The axis anatomy axis is Endochondral ossification ossified from five primary and two secondary centers. The body and vertebral arch are ossified in the same manner as the corresponding parts in the other vertebrae , viz., one center for the body, and two for the vertebral arch . The centers for the arch appear about the seventh or eighth week of fetal life, while the centers for the body appear in about the fourth or fifth month. The dens or odontoid process consists originally of a continuation upward of the cartilaginous mass, in which the lower part of the body is formed. About the sixth month of fetal life, two centers make their appearance in the base of this process they are placed laterally, and join before birth to form a conical bilobed mass deeply cleft above the interval between the sides of the cleft and the summit of the process is formed by a wedge shaped piece of cartilage. The base of the process is separated from the body by a cartilaginous disk, which gradually becomes ossified at its circumference, but remains cartilaginous in its center until advanced age. In this cartilage, rudiments of the lower epiphysial lamella of the atlas and the upper epiphysial lamella of the axis may sometimes be found. The apex of the odontoid process has a separate center which appears in the second and joins about the twelfth year this is the upper epiphysial lamella of the atlas. In addition to these there is a secondary center for a thin epiphysial plate on the under surface of the body of the bone. Gray s Category Skeletal system Axis ossification ... more details
Intramembranous ossification ref Literally bone formation within membrane . ref is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammal ian skeleton skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike endochondralossification , which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification. It is also an essential process during the natural healing of bone healing bone fractures ref name Brighton Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt 1991 , Early histological and ultrastructural changes in medullary fracture callus , Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , 73 A 6 832 847 ref and the rudimentary formation of bone s of the Human skull head . ref name Netter Frank H. Netter Netter, Frank H. 1987 , Musculoskeletal system anatomy, physiology, and metabolic disorders . Summit, New Jersey Ciba Geigy Corporation ISBN 0914168886, p.129 ref Creation of bone tissue Image Mesenchymal Stem Cell.jpg thumb 264px Mesenchymal stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell s, or MSCs, within mesenchyme or the medullary cavity of a bone fracture initiate the process of intramembranous ossification. A MSC is an unspecialized cell whose Morphology biology morphology undergoes characteristic changes as it develops into an osteoblast . Before it begins to develop, the morphological characteristics of a MSC are a small cell body with a few cell processes that are long and thin a large, round Cell nucleus nucleus with a prominent nucleolus that is surrounded by finely dispersed chromatin particles, giving the nucleus a clear appearance ... trabecular network. Primary center of ossification The periosteum is formed around the trabeculae by differentiating mesenchymal cells. The primary center of ossification is the area where ... bone occurs, this blood vessel becomes the central canal of the osteon. See also EndochondralossificationOssification References Reflist Martin, RB DB Burr NA Sharkey 1998 , Skeletal Tissue ... more details
refimprove date May 2011 Infobox Anatomy Name Ossification center Latin centrum ossificationis GraySubject 18 GrayPage 93 Image Gray79.png Caption Section of fetal bone of cat. ir. Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue. p. Fibrous layer of the periosteum. o. Layer of osteoblasts. im. Subperiosteal bony deposit. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 20 DorlandsSuf 12227335 The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed an ossification center , enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. ref Gray and Spitzka 1910 , page 44. ref The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areol . Types of ossification centers There are two types of ossification centers primary and secondary. A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing .... A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification .... Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centres ... false Gray s Ossification Category Skeletal system Category Tissues Ossification musculoskeletal ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Generalize date October 2009 Image Gray217.png thumb Figure 1 Plan of ossification of the radius. From three centers. Image Gray218.png thumb Figure 2 Epiphysial lines of radius in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The line of attachment of the articular capsule of the wrist joint is in blue. The radius is one of the two bone s in the forearm . The radius bone radius is ossified from three centers one for the body, and one for either extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life. About the end of year, ossification commences in the lower end and at the fifth year, in the upper end. The upper epiphysis fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year. Ossification DEFAULTSORT Ossification Of Radius Category Upper limb anatomy ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Image Gray215.png thumb Plan of ossification of the ulna. From three centers. Image Gray216.png thumb Epiphysial lines of ulna in a young adult. Lateral aspect. The lines of attachment of the articular capsules are in blue. The ulna is ossified from three centers one each for the body, the inferior extremity, and the top of the olecranon . Ossification begins near the middle of the body, about the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends through the greater part of the bone. At birth the ends are cartilaginous. About the fourth year, a center appears in the middle of the head, and soon extends into the styloid process . About the tenth year, a center appears in the olecranon near its extremity, the chief part of this process being formed by an upward extension of the body. The upper epiphysis joins the body about the sixteenth, the lower about the twentieth year. Ossification DEFAULTSORT Ossification Of Ulna Category Skeletal system ... more details
Infobox disease Name Heterotopic ossification Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB 32261 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM ... GeneReviewsID GeneReviewsName Heterotopic ossification HO is the process by which bone tissue forms outside of the skeleton . Diagnosis File Heterotopic Ossification Elbow1.JPG thumb Heterotopic ossification of the elbow, after comminuted fracture and arthroplasty. File Heterotopic Ossification Elbow2.JPG thumb Heteropic ossification of the elbow, after comminuted fracture and arthroplasty. During ... www.spinalcord.ar.gov Publications FactSheets sheets1 5 fact1.html title Heterotopic Ossification ... or trauma to the hip and lower legs. About every third patient who has to face heterotopic ossification ... extremities will develop pain and dysfunction resulting from extensive heterotopic ossification. Heterotopic ossification jeopardizes functional outcome, impairs rehabilitation and is costly because ... ossification after a previous hip arthoplasty are at greatest risk of developing additional heterotopic ossification, with incidence between 50 and 90 . It has also been shown that patients who sustained traumatic brain injuries undergo heterotopic ossification, which may been a reason for the clinical ... ossification seven to ten days earlier than an x ray. The three phase bone scan is perhaps the earliest ... cite web url http www.spinalcord.uab.edu show.asp?durki 21485 title Heterotopic Ossification SCI InfoSheet .... It is a preventative drug, and has no effect on existing ossification. It also has no effect on the underlying ... flare up of the heterotopic ossification following discontinuation of Didronel, and some cases an increase ... ossification is inactive and treatment can be safely stopped. However, if the treatment ... Heterotopic Ossification accessdate 2008 06 28 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080505034718 ... 2008 05 05 ref EHDP Didronel has been used for the prevention of postoperative heterotopic ossification ... injury information network info sheet 12 ref Radiation Therapy. File Heterotopic Ossification Elbow ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Gray210.png thumb Figure 4 Plan of ossification of the humerus. Image Gray211.png thumb Figure 5 Epiphysial lines of humerus in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The lines of attachment of the articular capsules are in blue. The humerus is ossified from eight centers, one for each of the following parts the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle. One primary and seven secondary centres . The center for the body appears near the middle of the diaphysis in the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends toward the extremities. This is the primary centre At birth the humerus is ossified in nearly its whole length, only the extremities remaining cartilaginous. During the first year, sometimes before birth, ossification commences in the head of the bone, and during the second year the center for the greater tubercle, and during the fifth that for the lesser tubercle, make their appearance. By the sixth year the centers for the head and tubercles have joined, so as to form a single large epiphysis, which fuses with the body about the twentieth year. The lower end of the humerus is ossified as follows. At the end of the second year ossification begins in the capitulum, and extends medialward, to form the chief part of the articular end of the bone the center for the medial part of the trochlea appears about the age of twelve. Ossification begins in the medial epicondyle about the fifth year, and in the lateral about the thirteenth or fourteenth year. About the sixteenth or seventeenth year, the lateral epicondyle and both portions of the articulating surface, having already joined, unite with the body, and at the eighteenth year the medial epicondyle becomes joined to it. Ossification DEFAULTSORT Ossification Of Humerus Category Skeletal disorders ... more details
Image Gray260.png thumb Plan of ossification of the tibia. From three centers. Image Gray261.png thumb Epiphysial lines of tibia and fibula in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The tibia a bone in the Human Body is ossified from three centers one for the body and one for either extremity. Ossification begins in the center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually extends toward the extremities. The center for the upper epiphysis appears before or shortly after birth at close to 34 weeks gestation it is flattened in form, and has a thin tongue shaped process in front, which forms the tuberosity that for the lower epiphysis appears in the second year. The lower epiphysis fuses with the tibial shaft at about the eighteenth, and the upper one fuses about the twentieth year. Two additional centers occasionally exist, one for the tongue shaped process of the upper epiphysis, which forms the tuberosity, and one for the medial malleolus. Gray s Ossification Category Bones of the lower limb ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Ossification of ethmoid Latin GraySubject 36 GrayPage 153 Image Gray194.png Caption Sagittal section of skull. Ethmoid bone visible as white structure to left. Image2 Caption2 Origins Insertions Articulations MeshName MeshNumber The ethmoid is ossified in the cartilage of the nasal capsule by three centers one for the perpendicular plate, and one for each labyrinth. The labyrinths are first developed, ossific granules making their appearance in the region of the lamina papyracea between the fourth and fifth months of fetus fetal life, and extending into the conch . At birth, the bone consists of the two labyrinths, which are small and ill developed. During the first year after birth, the perpendicular plate and crista galli begin to ossify from a single center, and are joined to the labyrinths about the beginning of the second year. The cribriform plate is ossified partly from the perpendicular plate and partly from the labyrinths. The development of the ethmoidal cells begins during fetal life. Gray s Ossification Category Skull musculoskeletal stub developmental biology stub ... more details
the bone consists of two parts, united by a fibrous symphysis, in which ossification takes place during the first year. The foregoing description of the ossification of the mandible is based on the researches of Low 44 and Fawcett, 45 and differs somewhat from that usually given. Gray s Ossification Category Skeletal system Category Tissues Ossification musculoskeletal stub developmental biology ... more details
the third month, and almost at once undergoes ossification Fawcett . The medial joins the lateral pterygoid ... occasionally ossify. Gray s Ossification Category Skeletal system Category Tissues Ossification ... more details
Image Gray118.png thumb Figure 4 Ossification of the sternum. Image Gray119.png thumb Figure 5 Image Gray120.png thumb Figure 6 Peculiarities. Image Gray121.png thumb Figure 7 The Human sternum sternum originally consists of two cartilaginous bars, situated one on either side of the median plane and connected with the cartilages of the upper nine ribs of its own side. These two bars fuse with each other along the middle line to form the cartilaginous sternum which is ossified from six centers one for the manubrium, four for the body, and one for the xiphoid process Fig. 4 . The ossific centers appear in the intervals between the articular depressions for the costal cartilages, in the following order in the manubrium and first piece of the body, during the sixth month of fetal life in the second and third pieces of the body, during the seventh month of fetal life in its fourth piece, during the first year after birth and in the xiphoid process, between the fifth and eighteenth years. The centers make their appearance at the upper parts of the segments, and proceed gradually downward. To these may be added the occasional existence of two small episternal centers, which make their appearance one on either side of the jugular notch they are probably vestiges of the episternal bone of the monotremata and lizards. Occasionally some of the segments are formed from more than one center, the number and position of which vary Fig. 6 . Thus, the first piece may have two, three, or even six centers. When two are present, they are generally situated one above the other, the upper being the larger the second piece has seldom more than one the third, fourth, and fifth pieces are often formed from two centers placed laterally, the irregular union of which explains the rare occurrence of the sternal foramen Fig. 7 , or of the vertical fissure which occasionally intersects this part of the bone .... DEFAULTSORT Ossification Of Sternum Category Skeletal disorders ... more details
Image Gray136.png thumb 300px Figure 3 Frontal bone at birth The frontal bone is ossified in membrane from two primary centers, one for each half, which appear toward the end of the second month of fetal life, one above each supraorbital margin . From each of these centers, ossification extends upward to form the corresponding half of the squama , and backward to form the orbital plate. The spine is ossified from a pair of secondary centers, on either side of the middle line similar centers appear in the nasal part and zygomatic processes. At birth the bone consists of two pieces, separated by the frontal suture , which is usually obliterated, except at its lower part, by the eighth year, but occasionally persists throughout life. It is generally maintained that the development of the frontal sinuses begins at the end of the first or beginning of the second year, but may begins at birth. The sinuses are of considerable size by the seventh or eighth year, but do not attain their full proportions until after puberty . Gray s Ossification Category Skeletal system ... more details
image Gray131.png thumb right Figure 3 Occipital bone at birth. The planum occipitale Fig. 3 of the squama of the occipital bone is developed in membrane biology membrane , and may remain separate throughout life when it constitutes the interparietal bone the rest of the bone is developed in cartilage. The number of nuclei for the planum occipitale is usually given as four, two appearing near the middle line about the second month, and two some little distance from the middle line about the third month of fetal life . The planum nuchale of the squama is ossified from two centers, which appear about the seventh week of fetal life and soon unite to form a single piece. Union of the upper and lower portions of the squama takes place in the third month of fetal life . An occasional center Kerckring appears in the posterior margin of the foramen magnum during the fifth month this forms a separate ossicle sometimes double which unites with the rest of the squama before birth. Each of the lateral parts begins to ossify from a single center during the eighth week of fetal life . The basilar portion is ossified from two centers, one in front of the other these appear about the sixth week of fetal life and rapidly coalesce. Mall states that the planum occipitale is ossified from two centers and the basilar portion from one. About the fourth year the squama and the two lateral portions unite, and about the sixth year the bone consists of a single piece. Between the 18th and 25th years the occipital and Sphenoid bone sphenoid become united, forming a single bone. In other animals In many animals these parts stay separate through life e.g. in the dog as four parts supraoccipital the squama left and right exoccipital the lateral parts basioccipital the basilar part . Gray s Ossification Category Skeletal system Category Skull ... more details
Image Gray175.png thumb Vomer of infant. At an early period the nasal septum septum of the nose consists of a plate of cartilage , the ethmovomerine cartilage . The postero superior part of this cartilage is ossified to form the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid its antero inferior portion persists as the septal cartilage, while the vomer is ossified in the membrane covering its postero inferior part. Two ossific center s, one on either side of the middle line, appear about the eighth week of fetus fetal life in this part of the membrane, and hence the vomer consists primarily of two lamell . About the third month these unite below, and thus a deep groove is formed in which the cartilage is lodged. As growth proceeds, the union of the lamell extends upward and forward, and at the same time the intervening plate of cartilage undergoes absorption. By the onset of puberty the lamell are almost completely united to form a median plate, but evidence of the bilaminar origin of the bone is seen in the everted al of its upper border and the groove on its anterior margin. Embryology of bones, joints, and muscles Gray s Category Skeletal system Category Skull ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A dermal bone membrane bone bony structures derived from intramembranous ossification that form components of the vertebrate skeleton including the skull, jaws, gills, fins and exoskeleton. In contrast to endochondral ossification endochondral bone, dermal bone does not form from cartilage first and then calcify. Dermal bone is formed within the dermis and it grows by accretion only that is, the outer portion of the bone is deposited by osteocyte s. The function of dermal bone is conserved throughout vertebrates, varying in shape and numbers of bones in the skull roof and postcranial structures. In bony fish , dermal bone is found throughout the body in the fin rays and scales. Special examples of dermal bones include the clavicle , patella , and os cordis . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Dermal Bone Category Vertebrate anatomy Category Dermal and subcutaneous growths Musculoskeletal stub dermatology stub te ... more details
undergo terminal differentiation when they become hypertrophic during endochondralossification ... M gallery See also Endochondralossification Intramembranous ossification References cite journal ... more details
Image Illu long bone.jpg 200px thumb right Parts of a long bone The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones Long bone long , Short bone short , Flat bone flat , Irregular bone irregular and Sesamoid bone sesamoid . Long bones, especially the femur and tibia , are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis , with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone . The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage articular cartilage . The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate . Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone GH , a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland . The long bones include the femur femora , tibia e, and fibula e of the legs the humerus humeri , Radius bone radii , and ulna e of the arms metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet, the Phalanx bones phalanges of the fingers and toes, and the clavicle s or collar bones. The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height are the vertebra e and human skull skull . The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum . Additionally, the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone , then a deeper layer of cancellous bone spongy bone which contains red bone marrow . The interior part of the long bone is the medullary cavity with the inner core of the bone cavity being composed of yellow marrow in adults, and red marrow in young children. References http 216.251.232.159 semdweb internetsomd ASP 1496576.asp Stedman s Online Medical Dictionary, 27th Edition http www.bonefixator.com long bone anatomy 1.html Anatomy of long bone Bone and cartilage simeon lee Category Long bones musculoskeletal stub ca Os llarg da R rknogle de R hrenknochen id Tu ... more details
Chondrogenesis is the process by which cartilage is developed. ref MeshName Chondrogenesis ref Cartilage in fetal development In embryogenesis , the skeletal system is derived from the germ layer Mesoderm mesoderm germ layer. Chondrification also known as chondrogenesis is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondrocytes and begins secreting the molecules that form the extracellular matrix. Early in fetal development, the greater part of the skeleton is cartilaginous. This temporary cartilage is gradually replaced by bone Endochondral ossification , a process that ends at puberty. In contrast, the cartilage in the joints remains unossified during the whole of life and is, therefore, permanent . Mineralization Adult hyaline articular cartilage is progressively mineralization biology mineralized at the junction between cartilage and bone. It is then termed articular calcified cartilage . A mineralization front advances through the base of the hyaline articular cartilage at a rate dependent on cartilage load and shear stress. Intermittent variations in the rate of advance and mineral deposition density of the mineralizing front, lead to multiple tidemarks in the articular calcified cartilage. Adult articular calcified cartilage is penetrated by vascular buds, and new bone produced in the vascular space in a process similar to endochondral ossification at the physis . A cement line demarcates articular calcified cartilage from subchondral bone. Repair Once articular cartilage damage damaged , cartilage has limited repair capabilities. Because chondrocytes are bound in Lacuna histology lacunae , they cannot migrate to damaged areas. Also, because hyaline cartilage does not have a blood supply, the deposition of new matrix is slow. Damaged hyaline cartilage is usually replaced by fibrocartilage scar tissue. Over the last years, surgeons and scientists have elaborated a series of articular cartilage repair ca ... more details
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