Orphan date February 2009 Henry Kronenberg floruit fl. 2000s is an American physician and academic. As of 2006 he is Division Head of Endocrinology at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston , MA and a Professor of Medicine at the Harvard Medical School . He is noted for his work on parathyroid hormone and the use of genetic mouse models to understand the role of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone related protein in the regulation of bone formation and remodeling. Accomplishments Dr. Kronenberg has made a series of fundamental observations of importance to the understanding of how several peptides regulate the formation and remodeling of bone. These include the cloning of a cDNA for parathyroid hormone , ref Cloning and nucleotide sequence of DNA coding for bovine preproparathyroid hormone. Kronenberg HM, McDevitt BE, Majzoub JA, Nathans J, Sharp PA, Potts JT Jr, Rich A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Oct 76 10 4981 5 ref the identification of a role for parathyroid hormone related protein in endochondral ossification through indian hedgehog IHH activation, ref Ihh signaling is directly required for the osteoblast lineage in the endochondral skeleton. Long F, Chung UI, Ohba S, McMahon J, Kronenberg HM, McMahon AP. Development. 2004 Mar 131 6 1309 18. ref ref Indian hedgehog signals independently of PTHrP to promote chondrocyte hypertrophy. Mak KK, Kronenberg HM, Chuang PT, Mackem S, Yang Y. Development. 2008 Jun 135 11 1947 56. ref and studies that identified a role for parathyroid hormone in the regulation of the bone marrow stem cell niche. ref Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Calvi LM, Adams GB, Weibrecht KW, Weber JM, Olson DP, Knight MC, Martin RP, Schipani E, Divieti P, Bringhurst FR, Milner LA, Kronenberg HM, Scadden DT. Nature. 2003 October 23 425 6960 841 6 ref He has served as the President of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. He is currently a member of the Board of Advisors of the Rolanette a ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Calvaria skull Latin GraySubject 47 GrayPage 189 Image Kort lang skalle.gif Caption Image2 Caption2 Origins Insertions Articulations MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 03 DorlandsSuf 12206548 The calvaria or calva , skullcap , plural calvariae is the upper part of the Human cranium cranium and surrounds the cranial cavity containing the brain. The calvaria skull cap is made up of the frontal, occipital and right and left parietals. The outer surface of the skull possess a number of landmarks. The point at which the two parietal bones and frontal bones meet is known as Bregma . The point at which the two parietal and occipital bone meet is known as Lambda Not only do these landmarks indicate the fontanelle in newborns they also act as reference points in medicine and surgery In the fetus, the formation of the Calvaria involves a process known as intramembranous ossification , although the base of the skull underlying the brain develops through endochondral ossification . Inner surface of the skull cap The inner surface of the skull cap is concave and presents depressions for the convolutions of the cerebrum , together with numerous furrows for the lodgement of branches of the meningeal vessels. File Functional architecture of cranium 2.jpg thumb 300px Resistance structures of calvaria Along the middle line is a longitudinal groove, narrow in front, where it commences at the frontal crest, but broader behind it lodges the superior sagittal sinus, and its margins afford attachment to the falx cerebri . File Functional architecture of cranium.jpg thumb 300px Resistance structures of calvaria On either side of it are several depressions for the arachnoid granulations , and at its back part, the openings of the parietal foramina when these are present. It is crossed, in front, by the coronal suture , and behind by the lambdoidal , while the sagittal lies in the medial plane between the parietal bones. References cite journal last Tubbs first R Shane autho ... more details
this portion of the cranium does not ossify it is not replaced via endochondralossification . See ... parts, by the frontal suture , which normally closes ossification of frontal bone during postnatal ... more details
occurs by two processes Intramembranous ossification and endochondralossification . Intramembranous ossification Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones ... ossificationEndochondralossification Osteoblast Osteoclast Bone marrow Bone mineral Mineralized ... such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The steps in intramembranous ossification are Development of ossification center Calcification Formation of trabeculae Development of periosteum Endochondralossification File Bone growth.png 450px right thumb EndochondralossificationEndochondralossification, on the other hand, occurs in long bones and most of the rest of the bones in the body it involves an initial hyaline cartilage that continues to grow. The steps in endochondralossification are Development of cartilage model Growth of cartilage model Development of the primary ossification center Development of the secondary ossification center Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate Endochondralossification begins with points in the cartilage called primary ossification centers. They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth . They are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones and certain parts of irregular bones. Secondary ossification occurs after birth ... bone region of primary ossification. Also known as the shaft . epiphysis The end regions of a long bone regions of secondary ossification. epiphyseal plate Also known as the growth plate or physis . In a long ... more details
is a complex structure its bones are formed both by intramembranous ossification intramembranous and endochondralossification . The skull roof , comprising the bones of the splanchnocranium face and the sides and roof of the neurocranium, is formed by intramembranous or dermal ossification, though the temporal bone s are formed by endochondralossification. The endocranium , the bones supporting ... formed by endochondralossification. Thus frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous. ref cite ... of the Great cerebral vein great cerebral vein of Galen . As growth and ossification progress ... more details
of removal of original cortical bone and enhances endochondralossification of new bone and through ... 2012 Ossification , osteoblast differentiation, and mineralization are all enhanced during the hard ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Styloid process temporal Latin processus styloideus ossis temporalis GraySubject 34 GrayPage 145 Image Gray137.png Caption Left temporal bone . Outer surface. Styloid process visible at center bottom. Image2 Gray907.png Caption2 External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side. Label for styloid process is bottom center. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 34 DorlandsSuf 12667662 The styloid process is a pointed piece of bone that extends down from the human skull, just below the ear. Structure The styloid process is a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone , and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx . Its proximal part tympanohyal is ensheathed by the vaginal process of the tympanic portion . Its distal part stylohyal gives attachment to the following stylohyoid ligament stylomandibular ligament styloglossus muscle innervated by the hypoglossal nerve stylohyoid muscle innervated by the facial nerve stylopharyngeus muscle innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve The stylohyoid ligament extends from the apex of the process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone , and in some instances is partially, in others completely, ossified. A small percentage of the population will suffer from an elongation of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament calcification. This condition is also known as Eagle syndrome . The tissues in the throat rub on the styloid process during the act of swallowing with resulting pain along the glossopharyngeal nerve. There is also pain upon turning the head or extending the tongue. Other symptoms may include voice alteration, cough, dizziness, migraines, occipital neuralgia , pain in teeth and jaw and sinusitis or bloodshot eyes. Development The styloid process arises from endochondral ossification of the cartilage from the second branchial arch . Additional images gallery Image Gray ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Deltoid tuberosity Latin tuberositas deltoidea humeri GraySubject 51 GrayPage 211 Image HumerusFront.png Caption Left humerus. Anterior view. Deltoideus labeled at center right. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre t 21 DorlandsSuf 12829141 In human anatomy , the deltoid tuberosity is a rough, triangular ref name Gray s cite book author Gray, Henry year 1918 title Gray s Anatomy isbn 1859580181 See link in infobox. ref area on the Anatomical terms of location Anterior and posterior antero Anatomical terms of location Left and right lateral , and medial lateral exterior front surface of the middle of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. ref name Feneis 36 cite book last Feneis first Heinz title Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy year 2000 publisher Thieme edition 4th isbn 3 13 511204 7 page 36 ref Variation It has been reported as very prominent in less than 10 of cases. ref name Fink Bennett 1980 cite journal title The deltoid tuberosity a potential pitfall the delta sign in bone scan interpretation concise communication journal The Journal of Nuclear Medicine year 1980 volume 21 issue 3 pages 211 212 url http jnm.snmjournals.org cgi reprint 21 3 211 quote ...in seven out of 100 scans reviewed. author Fink Bennett D, Vicuna Rios J. ref Development The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two phase process. The initiating signal is tendon dependent, whilst the growth phase is muscle dependent. ref name Blitz 2009 cite journal title Bone ridge patterning during musculoskeletal assembly is mediated through SCX regulation of Bmp4 at the tendon skeleton junction journal Dev Cell year December 2009 issue 17 volume 6 pages 861 73 pmid 20059955 author Blitz E et al. doi 10.1016 j.devcel.2009.10.010 ref Evolutionary variation In mammals, the humerus displays a wide Morphology biology morphological variation. The size and orientation of its functionally important featur ... more details
of the metaphysis with possible impairment of endochondralossification Type IX &ndash Injury of the periosteum which may impair intramembranous ossification SALTER mnemonic for classification The mnemonic ... more details
The parasphenoid is a bone which can be found in the cranium of some vertebrates . See also Ossification of frontal bone Terms for anatomical location Cranium Category Bones of the head and neck de Parasphenoid ... more details
ossification while medially it is formed by endochondralossification. It consists ... limb to the axial skeleton . Development The clavicle is the first bone to begin the process of ossification ... and 6th weeks of gestation. However, it is one of the last bones to finish ossification at about ... ossification centres , one medial and one lateral, which fuse later on. The compact forms as the layer of fascia covering the bone stimulates the ossification of adjacent tissue. The resulting compact ... more details
Embryology The iliac crest is derived from endochondral bone . Clinical significance The iliac crest ... Plan of ossification of the hip bone. Image Gray395.png The Obliquus internus abdominis. Image Gray430.png ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 9562 Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MINPP1 gene . ref name pmid10087200 cite journal author Chi H, Tiller GE, Dasouki MJ, Romano PR, Wang J, O keefe RJ, Puzas JE, Rosier RN, Reynolds PR title Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase evolution as a distinct group within the histidine phosphatase family and chromosomal localization of the human and mouse genes to chromosomes 10q23 and 19 journal Genomics volume 56 issue 3 pages 324 36 year 1999 month May pmid 10087200 pmc doi 10.1006 geno.1998.5736 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene MINPP1 multiple inositol polyphosphate histidine phosphatase, 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 9562 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text MINPP1 hydrolyzes the abundant metabolites inositol pentakisphosphate and inositol hexakisphosphate and, like PTEN MIM 601728 , has the ability to remove 3 phosphate from inositol phosphate substrates. supplied by OMIM ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Romano PR, Wang J, O Keefe RJ, et al. title HiPER1, a phosphatase of the endoplasmic reticulum with a role in chondrocyte maturation journal J. Cell. Sci. volume 111 issue 6 pages 803 13 year 1998 pmid 9472008 doi cite journal author Caffrey JJ, Hidaka K, Matsuda M, et al. title The human and rat forms of multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase functional homology with a histidine acid phosphatase up regulated during endochondral ossification journal FEBS Lett. volume 442 issue 1 pages 99 104 year 1999 pmid 9923613 doi 10.1016 S0014 5793 98 01636 6 cite journal author Chi H, Yang X, Kingsley PD, et al. title Targeted deletion of Minpp1 provides new insight into the activity of multipl ... more details
10.1115 1.1287161 pmid 11036562 ref See also Bonesetter Chondrocyte Endochondralossification Intramembranous ossification References Reflist Further reading Frank H. Netter Netter, Frank H. 1987 . Musculoskeletal ... more details
title Indian hedgehog coordinates endochondral bone growth and morphogenesis via parathyroid hormone ... signaling in the endochondral skeleton reveals a direct role in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation ... more details
See also Commons category Skeletons col begin col break Bonesetter Chondrocyte Endochondralossification nb10 col break Intramembranous ossification Osteoblast Osteometric points col end References ... key adaptation is the fusing of bone s into single ossification s, such as the pygostyle . Because ... more details
Image Human skeleton front en.svg thumb 350px Anterior view of an adult human skeleton Image Human skeleton back en.svg thumb 350px Posterior view of an adult human skeleton The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bone s supported and supplemented by ligament s, tendon s, muscle s and cartilage . It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the human brain brain , human lung lung s and human heart heart . Citation needed date February 2012 The biggest bone in the body is the Nicole Bone in the thigh and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear . Several factors contribute to the bone density and average mass of the human skeleton including gender, race, hormonal factors, nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle behaviors. ref http www.niams.nih.gov Health Info Bone Osteoporosis bone mass.asp ref Because of these and other factors affecting an individual s weight the human skeleton may comprise between 12 and 20 percent of a person s total body weight with the average being 15 percent. ref Bones the Skeletal System Gillian Houghton, 2007 ref Fused bones include those of the human pelvis pelvis and the Human skull cranium . Not all bones are interconnected directly there are three bones in each middle ear called the ossicles that articulate only with each other. The hyoid bone , which is located in the neck and serves as the point of attachment for the tongue , does not articulate with any other bones in the body, being supported by muscles and ligaments. Development Early in gestation , a fetus has a cartilaginous skeleton from which the long bone s and most other bones gradually form throughout the remaining gestation period and for years after birth in a process called endochondral ossification . The flat bones of the human skull skull and the clavicle s are formed from connective tissue in a process known as intramembranous ossification , and ossification of the mandible occurs in the fibro ... more details
cavity. Development main ossification of scapula The larger part of the scapula undergoes membranous ossification. http www.medcyclopaedia.com library topics volume vii o ossification.aspx . Some of the outer parts of the scapula are cartilaginous at birth, and would therefore undergo endochondralossification http www.bartleby.com 107 50.html . The head, processes, and the thickened parts ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range Early Permian , fossil range 284 279.5 image Tambachia.jpg authority Sumida et al. , 1998 in paleontology 1998 type species extinct Tambachia trogallas type species authority Sumida et al. , 1998 Tambachia is an extinct genus of Dissorophoidea dissorophoid temnospondyl within the family biology family Trematopidae . It is known from the Early Permian Tambach Formation the lowermost unit of the Rotliegend Upper Rotliegend near the town of Tambach Dietharz in Thuringia , Germany . Tambachia is the first trematopid to have been discovered outside the United States . Discovery The holotype specimen of Tambachia trogallas , known as MNG 7722, has been found from an outcrop of the Tambach Formation at the Bromacker locality in the Thuringian Forest of central Germany. ref name SBM98 cite journal last Sumida first S.S coauthors Berman, D.S. and Martens, T. year 1998 title A new trematopid amphibian from the Lower Permian of central Germany journal Palaeontology volume 41 issue 4 pages 605 629 url http palaeontology.palass pubs.org pdf Vol 2041 Pages 20605 629.pdf ref It consists of a skull and much of the postcranial skeleton. The only major portion of the skeleton that is missing is the presacral vertebra l column. The Bromacker locality is a sandstone quarry that is well known for tetrapod Ichnite trackways and articulated skeletons of terrestrial and semiterrestrial amphibian s and reptile s. MNG 7722 was found in red bed fluvial deposits consisting of well Compaction geology consolidated mudstone s in flat bedded channel fills. Although it is difficult to determine the maturity of MNG 7722, it is thought to be an early adult. Poor ossification of the carpal s, tarsus skeleton tarsals , and endochondral portion of the braincase suggest that MNG 7722 represents an early stage of development, while the pitted skull roof , with tightly closed sutures between bones, indicates a mature individual. The name Tambachia refers to the Tambach Format ... more details
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