Image Cell nucleus.jpg thumb 350px right Entry of material into the nucleus through endocytosis. The phagosome ... its contents. Endocytosis is a process by which cell biology cell s absorb molecule s such as proteins ... membrane . The process which is the opposite to endocytosis is exocytosis . ref volume 180 issue ... science.285.5425.215 ref Endocytosis pathways Image with unknown copyright status removed Image Endocytosis.jpg thumb 300px Endocytosis Pathways. Phagocytosis & 3 different mechanisms for Pinocytosis ... Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis BR &nbsshaggin p ... Macropinocytosis Endocytosis pathways could be subdivided into four categories namely, clathrin mediated endocytosis , caveolae , macropinocytosis , and phagocytosis . ref name endo00 cite book author Marsh, Mark title Endocytosis publisher Oxford University Press year 2001 page vii isbn 978 0 19 963851 2 ref Clathrin mediated endocytosis is mediated by small approx. 100 nm in diameter ... receptors responsible for the receptor mediated endocytosis of ligands, e.g. low density lipoprotein ... cells. These processes involve the uptake of larger membrane areas than clathrin mediated endocytosis ... and clathrin independent endocytosis. Mechanistic insight into non phagocytic, clathrin independent endocytosis has been lacking, but a recent study has shown how Graf1 regulates a highly prevalent ... surface via tubules . ref name endo1 cite journal author Mellman I title Endocytosis and molecular ... S, Ghosh RN, Maxfield FR title Endocytosis journal Physiological Reviews volume 77 issue 3 ... in the Golgi Apparatus. ref Weissmann, G. Studies on Lysosomes,1965 ref Clathrin mediated endocytosis The major route for endocytosis in most cells, and the best understood, is that mediated ... endocytosis journal The Biochemical Journal volume 412 issue 3 pages 415 23 year 2008 month June ... B, Royle SJ, Lagnado L title Clathrin mediated endocytosis the physiological mechanism of vesicle ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Trans endocytosis is the biological process where material created in one cell biology cell undergoes endocytosis enters into another cell. If the material is large enough, this can be observed using an electron microscope . ref Cite journal author Spacek J coauthors Harris K. year 2004 month April title Trans endocytosis via spinules in adult rat hippocampus journal J Neurosci. volume 24 issue 17 pages 4233 4241 pmid 15115819 doi 10.1523 JNEUROSCI.0287 04.2004 ref Trans endocytosis from neurons to glia has been observed using time lapse microscopy . ref Cite journal author Lauterbach J coauthors Klein R. year 2006 month November title Release of full length EphB2 receptors from hippocampal neurons to cocultured glial cells journal J Neurosci. volume 26 issue 45 pages 11575 11581 pmid 17093078 doi 10.1523 JNEUROSCI.2697 06.2006 ref Trans endocytosis also applies to molecule s. For example, this process is involved when a part of the protein Notch signaling Notch is cleavage chemistry and biochemistry cleaved off and undergoes endocytosis into its neighboring cell. ref Cite journal author Kr mer H. title RIPping notch apart a new role for endocytosis in signal transduction? journal Sci STKE. year 2000 month April volume 2000 issue 29 pages 1pe 1 pmid 11752592 doi 10.1126 stke.2000.29.pe1 ref ref Cite journal author Parks AL coauthors Klueg KM, Stout JR, Muskavitch MA. year 2000 month April title Ligand endocytosis drives receptor dissociation and activation in the Notch pathway journal Development volume 127 issue 7 pages 1373 1385 pmid 10704384 ref Without Notch trans endocytosis, there would be too many neurons in a developing embryo . ref Cite journal ... and trans endocytosis of Delta, Serrate and Notch members of the Notch signalling pathway in Drosophila journal J Cell Sci. volume 112 issue 19 pages 3289 3297 pmid 10504334 ref Trans endocytosis ... S, Nobes CD. year 2003 month October title Rac dependent trans endocytosis of ephrinBs regulates ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2011 cleanup March 2010 orphan January 2011 Bulk endocytosis refers to a form of endocytosis of synaptic vesicles at Chemical synapse nerve terminals . In bulk endocytosis, compared to clathrin mediated endocytosis , a larger area of presynaptic plasma membrane is internalised as cisternae or endosomes from which multiple synaptic vesicles can subsequently bud off. Bulk endocytosis is activated specifically during intense stimulation, such as during high frequency trains of action potential s or in response to membrane depolarization by high extracellular concentrations of potassium. Mechanisms The molecular mechanisms of bulk endocytosis have not been determined in detail. However some important signaling events have been described. For example, during high levels of neural activity, presynaptic intracellular calcium activates calcineurin which Dephosphorylation dephosphorylates dynamin . Syndapin then interacts with dephosphorylated dynamin and induce bulk endocytosis, possibly through the interaction of the F BAR domain BAR protein syndapin with Arp2 3 and N WASP . ref name pmid15226389 cite journal author Kessels MM, Qualmann B title The syndapin protein family linking membrane trafficking with the cytoskeleton journal Journal of Cell Science volume 117 pages 3077 3086 year 2004 pmid 15226389 doi 10.1242 10.1242 jcs.01290 url http jcs.biologists.org cgi content abstract 117 15 3077 issue 15 ref The GTPase dynamin then pinches off the large membrane vacuole, which is either degraded or reused for synaptic vesicle production possibly through clathrin coating . Clathrin mediated endocytosis and bulk endocytosis appear to occur concurrently in highly active synaptic terminals. The dephosphorylation of dynamin does not prevent the association ... bulk endocytosis of synaptic vesicles journal Journal of Neurochemistry volume 111 issue 4 ... members HRB cousin index.htm res DEFAULTSORT Bulk Endocytosis Category Cellular processes ... more details
Image Itrafig2.jpg thumb 300px Mechanism of clathrin dependent endocytosis. Receptor mediated endocytosis RME , also called clathrin dependent endocytosis , is a process by which cells internalize molecules endocytosis by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. Process After the binding of a ligand to plasma membrane spanning receptors, a signal is sent through the membrane, leading to membrane coating, and formation of a membrane invagination . The receptor and its ligand are then opsonized in clathrin coated vesicles. Once opsonized, the clathrin coated vesicle uncoats a pre requisite for the vesicle to fuse with other membranes and individual vesicles fuse to form the early endosome . Since the receptor is internalized with the ligand, the system is saturable and uptake will decline until receptors are recycled to the surface. Common for biology. Function The function of receptor mediated endocytosis is diverse. It is widely used for the specific uptake of certain substances required by the cell examples include LDL via the LDL receptor or iron via transferrin . The role of receptor mediated endocytosis is also well recognized in the downregulation of transmembrane signal transduction. The activated receptor becomes internalised and is transported to late endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. However, receptor mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. This became apparent when it was found that the association and formation of specific signaling complexes is required for the effective signaling of hormones e.g. Epidermal growth factor EGF . Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active .... title Four Dimensional Organisation of Protein Kinase Signaling Cascades the Roles of Diffusion, Endocytosis ... Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Category Cellular processes Membrane transport Vesicular transport ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Eisosomes are large immobile protein assemblies at the plasma membrane which mark the site of endocytosis in Eukaryote eukaryotes . Prior to their identification in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , sites of endocytosis were thought to be chosen at random. References Walther, Tobias C., et al. http www.nature.com nature journal v439 n7079 pdf nature04472.pdf Eisosomes mark static sites of endocytosis Nature . Vol. 439, 23 February 2006 998 1003. cell biology stub Category Cell anatomy ... more details
Image Pinocytosis.svg thumb right 250px Pinocytosis Non specific, adsorptive pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis , a process in which small particles are taken in by a Cell biology cell by splitting off small Vesicle biology vesicles from the cell surface. Cation ic proteins bind to the negative cell surface and are taken up via the clathrin mediated system, thus the uptake is intermediate between receptor mediated endocytosis and pinocytosis non specific, non adsorptive pinocytosis . The clathrin clathrin coated pits occupy about 2 of the surface area of the cell and only last about a minute, with an estimated 2500 leaving the average cell surface each minute. The clathrin coats are lost almost immediately, and the membrane is subsequently recycled to the cell surface. References Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell , Fourth Edition, Copyright 2002 P.748 See also receptor mediated endocytosis pinocytosis phagocytosis Membrane transport DEFAULTSORT Non Specific, Adsorptive Pinocytosis Category Cellular processes Cell biology stub ... more details
unreferenced date February 2009 Cytosis is an active transport mechanism for the movement of large quantities of molecule s into and out of Cell biology cells . There are two types of cytosis Exocytosis , where a cell directs the contents of Secretion secretory Vesicle biology vesicles out of the cell membrane . The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and their content, usually protein, is released out of the cell. Endocytosis , where a cell absorbs molecules, such as proteins, from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane. It is used by most cells, because many critical substances are large Chemical polarity polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane. Phagocytosis , literally cell eating is a form of endocytosis wherein large particles are enveloped by the cell membrane of a usually larger cell and internalized to form a phagosome, or food vacuole. Pinocytosis , cell drinking is a form of endocytosis, a process in which small particles are taken in by a cell by splitting into smaller particles. The particles then form small vesicles which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles. Category Cell biology biology stub ... more details
Image Pinocytosis.svg thumb right 250px Pinocytosis In cellular biology , pinocytosis cell drinking , bulk phase pinocytosis , non specific, non absorptive pinocytosis , fluid endocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicle biology vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosome s to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles. This process requires a lot of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate , the chemical compound used as energy in the majority of cells. Pinocytosis is used primarily for the absorption of extracellular fluids ECF , and, in contrast to phagocytosis , generates very small vesicles. Unlike receptor mediated endocytosis , pinocytosis is nonspecific in the substances that it transports. The cell takes in surrounding fluids, including all solutes present. Pinocytosis also works as phagocytosis, the only difference being that phagocytosis is specific in the substances it transports. Phagocytosis actually engulfs whole particles, which are later broken down by enzymes, such as lysosomes, and absorbed into the cells. Pinocytosis, on the other hand, is when the cell engulfs already dissolved or broken down food. In contrast, molecule specific endocytosis is called receptor mediated endocytosis . References Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology , Sixth Edition, Copyright 2002 P. 151 Marshall, Ben, Incredible Biological Advancements of the 20th Century, Copyright 2001 p. 899 Alrt, Pablo, Global Society Harvard study, copyright 2003 p. 189 Brooker, Robert Biology , Second Edition, Copyright 2011 p. 116 Further reading Macropinosome Category Cellular processes bs Pinocitoza bg ca Pinocitosi cs Pinocyt za da Pinocytose de Pinozytose et Pinots toos es Pinocitosis eu Pinozitosi fr Pinocytose gl Pinocitose id Pinositosis it Pinocitosi jv Pinositosis kk nl Pinocytose pl Pinocytoza pt Pinocitose ru sr sh Pinocitoza sv Pinoc ... more details
The AP2 adaptor complex is a multimeric protein that works on the plasma membrane to internalize cargo in clathrin mediated endocytosis . ref name pmid10753805 cite journal author Pearse BM, Smith CJ, Owen DJ title Clathrin coat construction in endocytosis journal Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. volume 10 issue 2 pages 220 8 year 2000 month April pmid 10753805 doi 10.1016 S0959 440X 00 00071 3 url ref It is a stable complex of four adaptin s which give rise to a structure that has a core domain and two appendage domains attached to the core domain by polypeptide linkers. These appendage domains are sometimes called ears. The core domain binds to the membrane and to cargo destined for internalisation . The alpha and beta appendage domains bind to accessory proteins and to clathrin . Their interactions allow the temporal and spatial regulation of the assembly of clathrin coated vesicles and their endocytosis . The AP 2 complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two large adaptins alpha or beta , a medium adaptin mu , and a small adaptin sigma complex 2 AP2A1 AP2A2 AP2B1 AP2M1 AP2S1 See also Amphiphysin AP180 Epsin References Reflist External links http www.endocytosis.org Adaptors Adaptor models and structures membrane protein stub Category Membrane biology Category Proteins Category Peripheral membrane proteins ... more details
AP2 may refer to Activating protein 2 , a mammalian transcription factor Adipocyte protein 2 , a carrier protein for fatty acids AP2 adaptors , which aid clathrin mediated endocytosis Apetala 2 , a plant transcription factor Amiga Power , the follow up website to Amiga gaming magazine American Pie 2 , a movie Argyle Park , industrial experimental band Letter NumberCombDisambig it AP2 ... more details
Renal protein reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered protein s, preventing them from disappearing from the body through the urine. Almost all reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule . Only 1 ref name boron798 is left in the final urine. The proteins cross the apical membrane by endocytosis . They are subsequently degraded in lysosome s. The remaining free amino acids are transported across the basolateral membrane by amino acid transporter s. ref name boron798 Overview table Class wikitable Characteristics of oligopeptide reabsorption rowspan 2 Characteristic colspan 3 proximal tubule rowspan 2 loop of Henle rowspan 2 Distal convoluted tubule rowspan 2 Collecting duct system S1 S2 S3 reabsorption colspan 3 99 ref name boron798 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 798 ref colspan 3 reabsorption m Mole unit moles day Concentration apical membrane apical transport colspan 3 endocytosis ref name boron798 basolateral membrane basolateral transport proteins colspan 3 amino acid transporter ref name boron798 Other reabsorption features References reflist renal physiology Category Renal physiology ... more details
Potocytosis is a type of receptor mediated endocytosis in which small molecule s are transported across the plasma membrane of a Cell biology cell . The molecules are transported by caveolae rather than clathrin coated vesicles and are deposited directly into the cytosol . ref name Widmaier cite book author Widmaier, Eric P. coauthors Hershel Raff, Kevin T. Strang title Vander s Human Physiology, 11th Ed. publisher McGraw Hill pages 114 year 2008 isbn 978 0 07 304962 5 ref Like other types of receptor mediated endocytosis, potocytosis typically begins when an extracellular ligand binds to a Receptor biochemistry receptor protein on the surface of a cell, thus beginning the formation of an Vesicle biology endocytotic vesicle . The ligand is usually of low molecular mass e.g. vitamins , but some larger molecules such as lipids can also act as ligands. ref name Widmaier ref name Mineo cite journal journal Histochem Cell Biology year 2001 month August volume 116 issue 2 pages 109 18 title Potocytosis. Robert Feulgen Lecture. author Mineo, C. coauthors Anderson, R.G. pmid 11685539 doi 10.1007 s004180100289 ref References reflist External links http www.encyclo.co.uk define potocytosis Encyclo.co.uk definition Membrane transport Category Cellular processes ... more details
AP180 is a protein that plays an important role in clathrin mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicle s. It is capable of simultaneously binding both Biological membrane membrane lipid s via an ANTH domain and clathrin and is therefore thought to recruit clathrin to the membrane of newly invagination invaginating Vesicle biology vesicles . In Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies , deletion of the AP180 homology biology homologue , leads to enlarged but much fewer vesicles and an overall decrease in neurotransmitter transmitter release ref cite journal author Bao H, Daniels RW, MacLeod GT, Charlton MP, Atwood HL, Zhang B title AP180 maintains the distribution of synaptic and vesicle proteins in the nerve terminal and indirectly regulates the efficacy of Ca2 triggered exocytosis journal J. Neurophysiol. volume 94 issue 3 pages 1888 903 year 2005 pmid 15888532 doi 10.1152 jn.00080.2005 ref . In D. melanogaster it was also shown that AP180 is also required for either recycling vesicle proteins and or maintaining the distribution of both vesicle and synaptic proteins in the nerve terminal. A ubiquitous form of the protein in mammal s, CALM, Clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukaemia protein is named after its association with myeloid leukemia myeloid and lymphoid leukemia lymphoid leukemia s where some chromosomal translocation translocations map to this gene . The C terminus of AP180 is a powerful and specific inhibitor of clathrin mediated endocytosis. More information is found on http www.endocytosis.org AP180 AP180.html endocytosis.org . See also Amphiphysin Epsin Notes references 2. cite journal author Zhang B, Koh YH, Beckstead RB, Budnik V, Ganetzky B, Bellen HJ title Synaptic vesicle size and number are regulated by a clathrin adaptor protein required for endocytosis journal Neuron volume 21 issue 6 pages 1465 75 year 1998 month December pmid 9883738 doi 10.1016 S0896 ... and clathrin assembly in synaptic vesicle endocytosis journal Cell volume 104 issue 3 pages 433 40 ... more details
The coatomer is a protein complex ref MeshName Coatomer Protein ref that coats membrane bound transport vesicle biology vesicle s. Three types of coatomers are known ref Simon et al. METHODS 20, 437 454 2000 ref COPI retrograde transport from trans Golgi apparatus to cis Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum COPII anterograde transport from ER to the cis Golgi clathrin and its associated adaptin s endocytosis from the plasma membrane , and trans Golgi to lysosomes References reflist Category Proteins cell biology stub Vesicular transport proteins ... more details
Automatic taxobox authority C. Walker & A. Schuessler, 2001 ref name schuess cite journal author A. Sch ler, et al. year 2001 title A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota phylogeny and evolution. journal Mycol. Res. volume 105 issue 12 pages 1418 url http journals.cambridge.org action displayAbstract?fromPage online&aid 95091 doi 10.1017 S0953756201005196 ref display children 1 wikispecies Archaeosporales is an order biology order of fungi that may form arbuscular mycorrhiza or endocytosis endocyto symbioses with cyanobacteria . ref name schuess References reflist fungus stub Fungi classification Category Glomeromycota ko pt Archaeosporales ru Archaeosporales ... more details
An irreversible antagonist is a type of antagonist pharmacology antagonist that binds permanently to a Receptor biochemistry receptor , either by forming a covalent bond to the active site, or alternatively just by binding so tightly that the rate of dissociation is effectively zero at relevant time scales. ref Goodman and Gilman s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11th edition, 2008 . p25. ISBN 0071443436 ref This permanently deactivates the receptor and is usually followed by rapid Receptor mediated endocytosis internalisation and recycling of the non functional receptor protein. Examples Naloxazone Phenoxybenzamine See also Irreversible agonist Irreversible inhibition Irreversible enzyme inhibitor References reflist Pharmacology Category Receptor antagonists pharmacology stub ... more details
RME may refer to RME Audio , a German audio company Rapeseed Methyl Ester , a form of biodiesel Realistic Mathematics Education , a system of mathematics education math teaching originally from the Netherlands Receptor mediated endocytosis , a biological process Rich Media Environment , an Open Mobile Alliance standard for broadcasting multimedia content Ronsdorf M ngstener Eisenbahn Religious and Moral Education Rack Mounted Equipment Responsible Managing Employee , a supervisory employee holding a required license or certification disambig de RME fr RME it RME ja RME sv RME ... more details
by endocytosis and recycled to form fresh vesicles full of neurotransmitter, ready for another ... cycle. An example of this dependence is found in fruit flies. A key protein required for endocytosis ..., are arranged quite differently. Endocytosis by coated pits occurs, as in stationary cells, at random ... receptors emerge from inside the cell and return to the cell surface. As the sites of endocytosis ... is less clear. See also Endocytosis Exocytosis DEFAULTSORT Endocytic Cycle Category Cellular processes ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 RAP6 is the abbreviation for Rab5 activating protein 6 , a novel endosomal protein with a role in endocytosis . RAP6 was discovered by Alejandro Barbieri and his group of researchers Christine Hunker, Adriana Galvis, Ivan Kruk, Hugo Giambini, Lina Torres and Maria Luisa Veisaga working at Florida International University . ref name Hunker2006 cite journal author Hunker CM, Galvis A, Kruk I, Giambini H, Veisaga ML, Barbieri MA title Rab5 activating protein 6, a novel endosomal protein with a role in endocytosis journal Biochem Biophys Res Commun. volume 340 issue 3 pages 967 75 year 2006 month Feb pmid 16410077 doi 10.1016 j.bbrc.2005.12.099 ref This novel human protein has been reported to be involved in membrane trafficking. It has been shown that RAP6 has a guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF activity specific to Rab5 and a GTPase activating protein GAP activity specific to Ras superfamily RAS . ref name Hunker2006 The original GeneBank Identifications GIs have been published in the NCBI Nucleotide databases with GIs http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez viewer.fcgi?db nucleotide&val 77176718 77176718 and http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez viewer.fcgi?db nuccore&id 77176720 77176720 . Since then, many names have been coined to the validated protein such as RabGEF1, GeneID http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?db gene&cmd Retrieve&list uids 27342 27342 ref http www.gene profiles.org gene rabgef1 homo sapiens 27342 Rabgef1 Homo Sapiens 27342 Bot generated title ref . RAP6 belongs to the family of the GAPVD1, GeneID http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?db gene&cmd Retrieve&list uids 26130 26130 References reflist Category Cellular processes Category Transport proteins ... more details
Synapto pHluorin is a genetically encoded optical indicator of vesicle release and recycling. It is used in neuroscience to study transmitter release. It consists of a pH sensitive form of green fluorescent protein GFP fused to the luminal side of a vesicle associated membrane protein VAMP . At the acidic pH inside transmitter vesicles, synapto pHluorin is non fluorescent. When vesicles get released, synapto pHluorin is exposed to the neutral extracellular space and the presynaptic terminal becomes brightly fluorescent. Following endocytosis , vesicles become re acidified and the cycle can start again. Chemical alkalinization of all vesicles is often used for normalization of the synapto pHluorin signals. History Synapto pHluorin was invented by Gero Miesenb ck in 1998. ref Miesenb ck G, De Angelis DA, Rothman JE 1998 Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH sensitive green fluorescent proteins. Nature 394 6689 192 5. ref In 2006, an improved version was published, using synaptophysin to target the GFP to vesicles. ref Granseth B, Odermatt B, Royle SJ, Lagnado L. 2006 Clathrin mediated endocytosis is the dominant mechanism of vesicle retrieval at hippocampal synapses. Neuron 51 6 773 86 ref Applications Synapto pHluorin is mainly used by neurobiologists to study transmitter release and recycling at presynaptic terminals. It has also been applied to the study of insulin secretion in beta cells of the pancreas . ref Tsuboi T, Rutter GA 2003 Multiple forms of kiss and run exocytosis revealed by evanescent wave microscopy. Curr Biol. 13 7 563 7. ref References references Category Protein methods Category Recombinant proteins Category Cell imaging Category Fluorescent dyes ... more details
orphan date May 2010 Back fusion is the fusion of internal intraluminal vesicles within multivesicular bodies or late endosome s with the endosome s limiting membrane. The process is believed to be mediated by lysobiphosphatidic acid LBPA , phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate, Alix , and an apparent dependence on an acidic pH. ref name Endocytosis cite journal last Miaczynska first Marta month January year 2008 title Mechanisms and functions of endocytosis journal Journal of Cell Biology volume 180 pages 7 11 doi 10.1083 jcb.200711073 last1 Miaczynska first1 M last2 Stenmark first2 H pmid 18195098 issue 1 pmc 2213624 ref Myosin MHC class 2 and other proteins CD63 and MPR utilize such a process to effectively transport to locations in the cytosol and back to the plasma membrane . However, pathogen s also exploit this mechanism to efficiently enter the cytosol of the cell e.g. Vesicular stomatitis virus VSV , anthrax . ref name Endocytosis2 cite journal last Gruenberg first Jean month July year 2006 title Mechanisms of pathogen entry through the endosomal compartments journal Journal of Cell Biology volume 7 issue 7 pages 495 504 doi 10.1038 nrm1959 last1 Gruenberg first1 J last2 van der Goot first2 FG pmid 16773132 ref Unlike regular fusion in the cell between endosomes and organelle s, back fusion requires the exoplasmic leaflets of the internal vesicles and outer membrane to fuse similar to sperm egg fusion. Notes CytogenetGenomeResRes96 97,117 103,117 120,117 165. Reflist 2 Category Cell anatomy ... more details
In biology , caveolae Latin for little caves , singular caveola , which are a special type of lipid raft , are small 50 100 nanometer invagination s of the plasma membrane in many vertebrate cell biology cell types, especially in endothelium endothelial cells and adipocyte s. These flask shaped structures are rich in protein s as well as lipid s such as cholesterol and sphingolipid s and have several functions in signal transduction . ref cite journal author Anderson RG title The caveolae membrane system journal Annu. Rev. Biochem. volume 67 issue pages 199 225 year 1998 pmid 9759488 doi 10.1146 annurev.biochem.67.1.199 url http arjournals.annualreviews.org doi abs 10.1146 annurev.biochem.67.1.199?url ver Z39.88 2003&rfr id ori rid crossref.org&rfr dat cr pub 3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov ref They are also believed to play a role in endocytosis , oncogenesis , and the uptake of pathogen ic bacteria and certain virus es. ref cite journal author Frank P, Lisanti M title Caveolin 1 and caveolae in atherosclerosis differential roles in fatty streak formation and neointimal hyperplasia journal Curr Opin Lipidol volume 15 issue 5 pages 523 9 year 2004 pmid 15361787 doi 10.1097 00041433 200410000 00005 ref ref cite journal author Li X, Everson W, Smart E title Caveolae, lipid rafts, and vascular disease journal Trends Cardiovasc Med volume 15 issue 3 pages 92 6 year 2005 pmid 16039968 doi 10.1016 j.tcm.2005.04.001 ref ref cite journal author Pelkmans L title Secrets of caveolae and lipid raft mediated endocytosis revealed by mammalian viruses journal Biochim Biophys Acta volume 1746 issue 3 pages 295 304 year 2005 pmid 16126288 doi 10.1016 j.bbamcr.2005.06.009 ref Caveolae are one source of clathrin independent endocytosis involved in turnover of adhesive complexes. Formation and maintenance of caveolae is primarily due to the protein caveolin , ref MeshName Caveolae ref a 21 kD protein. This protein has both a cytoplasm ic C terminus and a cytoplasmic N terminus, linked together by ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Invagination means to fold inward or to sheath. In biology , this can refer to a number of processes. Invagination is the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation , the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of Cell biology cells , the blastula , into a multi layered organism , with differentiated germ layer s endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development, to form coelom, etc. Invagination is the formation of a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in animal cells. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion invaginates to form cristae, thus providing a much greater surface area to accommodate the protein complexes and other participants that produce ATP. Invagination occurs during endocytosis and exocytosis when a vesicle forms within the cell and the membrane closes around it. Invagination of a part of the intestine into another part is called Intussusception medical disorder intussusception . In the humanities Used to explain a special kind of metanarrative . Used by Rosalind Krauss and Jacques Derrida The Law of Genre , Glyph 7 1980 . In Geology Used to describe a deep depression of strata. Used by Donald L. Baars in The Colorado Plateau Category Cellular processes Category Developmental biology Developmental biology stub es Invaginaci n pt Invagina o ... more details
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