The Penja are a Muslim community found in the state of Punjab, India Punjab in India and the Punjab Pakistan Punjab province of Pakistan .. Thet are also known as Naddaf , and in Pakistan their preferred designation is Shaikh Mansoori . ref People of India Punjab Volume XXXVII edited by I.J.S Bansal and Swaran Singh pages 353 to 357 Manohar ref Origin The Penja like many communities in India have acquired their name from their traditionall occupastion. In the case of the Penja, they were and many still are cotton carders and produce a course thread. They are said to be by origin members of the Muslim Teli Teli caste who formed an endogamy endogamous sub group when they changed their occupation from oil pressing to cotton carding. Historically, the Penja community was concentrated in what is now Indian or East Punjab , which led to the migration of the majority of the community to Pakistan at the time of the partition of India in 1947. A rump community is still found in the districts Ropar , Patiala and Sangrur. In Pakistan, the community is found mainly in Faisalabad , Sahiwal , Khanewal and Toba Tek Singh districts, and prefers to be known as Shaikh Mansoori or sometimes just Shaikh. The Penja speak Punjabi language Punjabi , but most who are now settled in Pakistan also speak Urdu . They are entirely Sunni , and are now fairly orthodox. ref People of India Punjab Volume XXXVII edited by I.J.S Bansal and Swaran Singh pages 353 to 357 Manohar ref Present Circumstances The Penja historically practiced the custom of clan exogamy. This practice has now been discontinued. Their larger clans referred to as biradarus include the Raunji, Dedan, Phapute, Jand, Harim, Sohatte, Ahre, Kamboh , Bedham, Male Hans, Behlim, Alimi, Bhatti , Chauhan , Panwar and Gill . The Penja are strictly endogamy endogamous , but there are occasional marriages with the Muslim Teli Teli community. ref People of India Punjab Volume XXXVII edited by I.J.S Bansal and Swaran Singh pages 353 to 357 Ma ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Empress Liu , personal name unknown died 326 , formally Empress Xianlie , literally the wise and achieving empress was an empress of the History of China Chinese Xiongnu state Han Zhao . She was Liu Yao s second empress. Very little is known about Empress Liu, who was created empress in 325. It was likely that she was ethnically Han Chinese Han , because if she were Xiongnu, Liu Yao would not likely have married her due to the prohibition against endogamy given that they had the same family name. When Empress Liu neared her own death in 326, Liu Yao asked her what her last requests were. She stated that she was raised by her uncle Liu Chang and wished that Liu Yao could grant him honors. She also stated that Empress Liu Fang Liu Fang , the daughter of her other uncle Liu Ai , was beautiful and virtuous, and she hoped that Liu Yao would create her empress. After her death, Liu Yao created Liu Chang a duke and married Liu Fang, creating her empress. Start box S roy cn Succession box title Empress of Han Zhao before Empress Yang Xianrong after Empress Liu Fang years 325 326 End box Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Liu, Empress ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 326 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Liu, Empress Category 326 deaths Category Han Zhao empresses Category 4th century women sh Carica Liu Liu Yao zh ... more details
In ancient Greece Epigamia Greek language , designated the legal right to contract a marriage. In particular it strongly regulated the right of intermarrying between different states. Traditionally, intermarriage between different states was not allowed, and only a special authorization a decree of the popular assembly could permit it. In the case of Athens , even resident aliens metoecci did not have this right to marry Athenians. Epigamia was also a way of formalizing the relationship between different nations. Typically, an epigamia agreement would allow the adoption of the nationality of the country of residence, for the spouse as well as children. For example, Athens granted epigamia to Evia Euboa in the 5th century, a very rare case. Some cases are known especially through Plutarch , in which epigamia was denied between two villages of Attica , Pallini Pallene and Hagnous, presumably because alliances would have been akin to endogamy. In 303 BCE, Seleucus I led an army to the Indus in India , where he encountered Chandragupta. The confrontation ended with a peace treaty, and an intermarriage agreement Epigamia, Greek , meaning either a dynastic marriage or a more general agreement for intermarriage between Indians and Greeks. Accordingly, Seleucus ceded to Chandragupta his northwestern territories as far as Arachosia and received 500 war elephants which played a key role in the victory of Seleucus at the Battle of Ipsus The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants. Strabo 15.2.9 ref http www.perseus.tufts.edu cgi bin ptext?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.01.0239&query head 3D 23120 Strabo 15.2.9 ref Ancient Greece stub Notes references Category Ancient Greek society ... more details
Infobox Town AT name Feistritz an der Gail name local image coa Wappen at feistritz an der gail.png image map state Carinthia state Carinthia regbzk district Villach Land population 661 population as of 2001 population ref pop dens area 19.91 elevation 570 lat deg 46 lat min 34 lat hem N lon deg 13 lon min 36 lon hem E postal code 9613 area code 04256 mayor Dieter M rtl website http www.feistritz gail.or.at www.feistritz gail.or.at Feistritz an der Gail lang sl Bistrica na Zilji is a town in the district of Villach Land in Carinthia state Carinthia in Austria . It has received extensive ethnographic study over a 460 year period. ref Brudner, Lilyan A. and Douglas R. White . 1997. http eclectic.ss.uci.edu drwhite T&S BrudnerWhite1997Convert.pdf Class, Property and Structural Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories . http www.springerlink.com content n551750q42747757 Theory and Society 25 2 161 208. http repositories.cdlib.org postprints 3 Reprinting http intersci.ss.uci.edu wiki index.php Feistritz an der Gail Feistritz an der Gail . ref . References reflist commons Feistritz an der Gail Cities and towns in Villach Land district Category Cities and towns in Carinthia state Carinthia geo stub ca Feistritz an der Gail de Feistritz an der Gail fr Feistritz an der Gail fur Feistris it Feistritz an der Gail mk nl Feistritz an der Gail pt Feistritz an der Gail ru sk Feistritz an der Gail sl Bistrica na Zilji uk vi Feistritz an der Gail vo Feistritz an der Gail war Feistritz an der Gail ... more details
multiple issues primarysources February 2009 refimprove February 2009 Memons in South Africa form a prosperous Muslim subgroup pop approx 16000 http wmoafrica.co.za download location information.doc in that country s Indians in South Africa Indian community, and are largely descended from Kathiawadi Memon Memons from Kathiawar who immigrated as traders, early in the 20th century from Undivided India India . Villages and towns that South African Memons originated from include Porbander , Bhanvad , Ranavav and Jodiya . Mahatma Gandhi who came from Porbander was hired as a lawyer by a South African Memon businessman. It was in South Africa that Gandhi launched his political activities. Memons played a major role in the promotion of Islam in South Africa , and there have been rivalries for the management of local mosques http www.docstoc.com docs 18748171 we are arabs from gujarat between Memons and Surti Muslims Surtis , who are Gujarati speaking Sunni Muslims. This is primarily due to the different Maslak path Deobandi and Barelvi , although these are far less prominent than they were in the past. Although the Memon language Memon language language is not widely spoken by younger Memons in South Africa, South African Memons continue to maintain a strong although slowly eroding Memon identity. Already, few younger Memons are even aware of the different towns from which their ancestors came. Although the early Memons practiced endogamy marrying within their social group, including ancestral village , intermarriage between different Memon groups and other Sunni Muslims is now widely accepted, mirroring a similar integration among Gujarati Hindu groups from Surat and Shauarashtra http pdfserve.informaworld.com 751428 928134720.pdf . Memon organisations in South Africa include the Memon Association of South Africa formerly the Memon Association of the Transvaal , and the Natal Memon Jamaat http www.memon.com html events fimc ARMoti.htm . Chief Justice of South Africa Ismai ... more details
Ethnic group group Putliwale poptime 800 ref http www.joshuaproject.net peoples.php ref popplace flagcountry India langs Urdu language Urdu Hindi language Hindi rels Image Allah green.svg 18px Islam 100 related Pashtuns Pathans of Uttar Pradesh The Putliwale are a Muslim community found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 1163 to 1165 Manohar Publications ref Origin The word Putliwale is a combination of two terms, putli which means a puppet in Urdu and wale meaning people. They claim to be of Pathans of Uttar Pradesh Pathan origin. According to their traditions, the Mughal Empire Mughal Emperor Akbar was displeased with a group of Pathan, whom he had imprisoned. In prison, they learned the art of puppetry. Subsequently, they migrated to Lucknow . Their claim to Pashtun people Pathan origin is accepted by other communities of Pathan status. The community is only found in Lucknow and neighbouring parts of Awadh . They speak both Urdu and Hindi . ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 1163 to 1165 ref Present circumstances The Putliwale are an Endogamy endogamous community, and the prefer marrying close kin. They are a landless community, found in the urban centres of Awadh . Their traditional occupation was puppetry, which they performed for their patrons, the taluqdar s of Awadh . After the abolition of the zamindar i system in Uttar Pradesh , they lost their main source of income and took up a variety of jobs such rickshaw pulling and running paan shops. Like other former Muslim artisan communities, they have seen a severe economic decline, and their traditional craft has become obsolete. They are Sunni Muslim s and have customs similar to other neighbouring Muslim groups. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 1163 to 1165 ref See also Pashtuns References reflist Indian ... more details
The Churihar are a Muslim community, found in North India . ref People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part One edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 243 to 244 Seagull Books ref Origin The word Churihar us derived from the Hindi word chura hara , literally a manufacturer of bangles. They were traditionally associated with the manufacture of bangles, and have no origin myth. It is likely, that they are amalgam of different groups who took to manufacturing bangles, and are now bound by rules of endogamy . The community may be related to the Manihar , another community of bangle manufacturers. They are Sunni Muslim s, and speak Urdu , as well of local dialects of Hindi , such as Khari Boli . The Churihar are further divided into clans, known as biradaris . Traditionally, marriages take place within the biradari. Their main biradaris are the Baksarya, Shaikh, Bais, Chauhan, Banait and Kanaujiya. ref People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part One edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 243 to 244 Seagull Books ref Present Circumstances The Churihar in Bihar are found mainly in the districts of Bhagalpur , Dumka , Gaya, India Gaya , Munger and Patna . They speak the Angika dialect of Hindi . In Uttar Pradesh , they are found in the districts of Agra District Agra , Mathura District Mathura , Allahabad District Allahabad , Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh Lalitpur and Jhansi District Jhansi . Most Churihar claim to be of Shaikh of Bihar Shaikh status. Like other Muslim artisan castes, the community no longer practice their traditional occupations. The Churihar are now mainly farmers, and Uttar Pradesh , many are also hide merchants. They live in multi caste villages, but occupy their own quarters. Each settlement contains an informal caste council, known as panchayat s, which act as instrument of social control. ref People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part One edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 243 to 244 Seagull Books ref See also Manihar References reflist Indian Muslim Category Soc ... more details
The Balahar are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . They are also known as Vargi and have scheduled caste status. ref name autogenerated1 People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 147 to 152 Manohar Publications ref Origin The word balahar means a crier or summoner in Hindi language Hindi . They are said to have acquire this name from the fact that they were traditionally employed as part of an informal police force by Princely State of India , and their duties included carryout the summons of the prince . Like other Hindu occupational castes, they might be of diverse origin, but are now bound by rules of endogamy . In Uttar Pradesh , the Balahar claim to have originate from Jaipur in Rajasthan , and claim to be Rajput s. They are chiefly in the Bundelkhand and Doab regions. ref name autogenerated1 Present circumstances The Balahar are strictly endogamous community, and practice the principle of clan exogamy. These clans are referred to as khempas , and their main khempas include the Nadani, Mahor, Bagri, Sorauja, Itkan, Pharer, and Turkiya. The Balahar are a community of agriculturists, almost evenly divided between peasant proprietors and sharecroppers . Their traditional occupation of watchmen and bodyguards is now extinct. They are Hindu , but also practice ancestor worship. As a Dalit community, they often suffer from societal discrimination. They live in multi caste villages, but occupy distinct quarters. Each of their settlement contains an informal caste council, known as a biradari panchayat. The panchayat acts as instrument of social control, dealing with issues such as divorce and adultery. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 95 to 99 Manohar Publications ref See also Kotwar References reflist Category Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category Dalit communities Category Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh ... more details
The Bot are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . They are distinct from the Bhotiya ethnic group of the India n Terai , although like the Bhotiya claim a Nepal Nepali origin. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 344 to 350 Manohar Publications ref The community is said to have gotten its name from the fact that they are descended from the king of Botwal, a state that once existed in Nepal . They are said to have immigrated to what is now the Bahraich District of Uttar Pradesh in 1775. The community claim to Raghuvanshi Rajput s, a claim not accepted by neighbouring Rajput groups. They are a small community, found mainly in twenty villages of Jarwal, Fakharpur, Kaiserganj, Huzurpur and Hariharpur blocks of Bahraich District . The community now speak Awadhi language Awadhi , and have customs similar to neighbouring Hindu communities. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 344 to 350 Manohar Publications ref The Bot are strictly endogamy endogamous , but do not marry within the village. They occupy their own villages, very rarely sharing them with any other caste . Land is their main economic source, and they are community of cultivators. Of their main crops, they grow paddy and maize in the winter, and wheat and pulses in the summer. Each of their settlement contains an informal caste council, known as a biradari panchayat . These biradari panchayats are headed by chaudhary, the village headman. The panchayat acts as instrument of social control, dealing with issues such as divorce and adultery. See also Tharu people References reflist DEFAULTSORT Bot Caste Category Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category Hindu communities Category Tribes of Uttar Pradesh ... more details
The Bhuiya are a Hindu tribal found in North India , and those in Uttar Pradesh have scheduled caste status . They are also known as Roy. ref name autogenerated1 People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 302 to 306 Manohar Publications ref Origin The Bhuiya are one of the most widespread tribal grouping in North India , their territory extending from southern Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal . There exact connection with the neighbouring Baiga tribe Biaga tribe is uncertain, but according to some traditions, both communities have a common origin. They are said to be one of the many Dravidian peoples Dravidian tribal groupings found in the Vindhya region, that was pushed further into inaccessible territory by invading Indo Aryans Indo Aryan s. In Uttar Pradesh , the Bhuiya are divided into two endogamy endogamous sub groups, the Roy and Raghuvanshi. These two groups are further divided into exogamy exogamous clans such as the Tirvah, Maghsiya, Dandwar, Maharwar and Mahathek. ref name autogenerated1 Present circumstances As of 2010 , the Bhuiya are mainly settled agriculturists, but historically they were hunter gatherers. Many still collect roots and tubers from the forest. The Bhuiya are now Hindu , but still have many folk beliefs. Their tribal deity is Dihwar. ref name autogenerated1 See also Bhuiyar Baiga tribe Baiga References reflist Tribes of Uttar Pradesh Category Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category Tribes of Uttar Pradesh Category Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh Category Indigenous peoples of India ... more details
The Singikat are a Hindu caste found in the state of Haryana in India . They are known as Gyarah. ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 460 to 463Manohar ref Origin The name Singikat is derived from a combination of two Hindi words, the singi which refers to a conical brass pipe with a wide mouth and kat which means holder. The Singi pipe is used to suck impure blood from wounds. They are a branch a of the Singiwala community of North India . The Haryana Singikat are said to have originated from Kuchwan village in Marwar , and said to have immigrated in the 18th Century. They are now found throughout Haryana , and speak Haryanvi . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 460 to 463 Manohar ref Present Circumstances The majority of the Singikat are still involved in the drawing supposedly bad blood. Like many North India n artisan caste s, they have seen a decline in their economic cicumstances. As an almost entirely landless community, most are now employed as landless agricultural labourers. A good many have now emigrated to the urban areas of Haryana , where they are employed as daily wage labourers. ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 460 to 463 Manohar ref The Singikat are Hindu , and their main tribal deities are Gugga Pir and Shitala Mata. Their customs are similar to other Haryana Hindu s. They are strictly endogamy endogamous , and also practice clan exogamy . Their main clans, known as gotra s, are the Lakarya, Saura, Khatabia, Goel, Athwar, Nakphula, Banjari and Jadoonliya. See also Singiwala References reflist Category Dalit communities Category Social groups of Haryana Category Shudra castes ... more details
The Deha , sometimes pronounced as Dhaya, Dhea, Daiya and Dheya are a caste found in India , and have scheduled caste status in Haryana . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 137 to 141 Manohar ref Origin According to some traditions, the community are a branch of the Bhangi Balmiki community. Community myths refer to their descent from two brothers, Chhaju and Raju. Chhaju s daughter took to scavenging, and as such was ostracised. Over time her descendents came to form a distinct community. Other traditions make references to the fact the community emigrated from Sargodha in what is now Pakistan . The Deha speak their own dialect, although most also speak Haryanvi . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 137 to 141 Manohar ref Present Circumstances The Deha were traditionally a nomadic community, that have only recently settled down. Many are now found in encampments at the outskirts of towns and villages. They are strictly endogamy endogamous community, and consists of a number of exogamy exogamous clans. Their main clans are the Kalyana, Kandara, Sarsar, Jhooni, Thual, Chanal, and Ghoosar. ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 137 to 141 Manohar ref A majority of the Deha are now day labourers, with many working in the construction industry. A small number have been given land as part of government schemes to settle the community. But these plots are extremely small, and most suplement their income by working as agricultural labourers. Most live in multi caste villages, often working for Jat or Brahmin patrons. They are an extremely marganalized community, suffering from severe poverty. ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 137 to 141 Manohar ref See also Bangali References reflist Dom people Category Dalit communities Category Dom people Category Social groups of Haryana Category Scheduled ... more details
The Kuta are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . They are also known as Dhankuta . ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 876 to 881 Manohar Publications ref Origin The Kuta are an occupational Hindu caste traditionally associated with rice husking. According to some traditions, the word kuta is a corruption of the Hindi language Hindi word kutna, which means to pound. The Kuta themselves claim to be Yaduvanshi Rajput s, who took up the occupation of rice husking. Over time this change of occupation led to the formation of a distinct community. They are a small community, found mainly in the districts of Bahraich District Bahraich , Moradabad District Moradabad and Shahjahanpur District Shahjahanpur . ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 876 to 881 Manohar Publications ref Present Circumstances The Kuta are strictly endogamy endogamous and practice clan exogamy . They are divided into ten exogamous sub divisions, known as paltis , namely the Chauhan, Parihar, Gahlot, Solanki, Hamoria, Shishwal, Chandravanshi, Rathor, Parmar and Kotak. The main function of the palti is to trace descent and to regulate their marriage alliances. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 876 to 881 Manohar Publications ref The Kuta have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, with the growth of rice mills. Most Kuta are now petty businessmen, setting up their own rice mills. Others are involved in the transportation business. Like other Hindu castes , they have set a caste association, the Dhankut Samaj Kalyan Samiti, which acts as a community welfare association. Each Kuta settlement also contains a biradari panchayat , an informal caste association, which acts as an instrument of social control. See also Lohar References reflist Category Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category Indian castes Category Hindu ... more details
The Kapariya are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . They are also known as Khunkhuniya Bhatt and have scheduled caste status. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 725 to 730 Manohar Publications ref Origin The word kapariya is derived from the Hindi language Hindi word kapra , which means a cloth. They claim to be a branch of the Rai Bhat Bhatt community, that took to begging. A change of occupation led to an evolution of a distinct community. They have two sub divisions, the Brahma Bhatta and Rao Bhatta. The Kapariya are found mainly in Fatehpur District , where they are considered the original settlers. They speak Awadhi language Awadhi among themselves, and Hindi language Hindi with outsiders. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 725 to 730 Manohar Publications ref Present Circumstances The Kapariya are strictly endogamy endogamous and their two sub divisions, the Brahma Bhatta and Rao Bhatta are also endogamous. They are further divided into a number of exogamous sub divisions, known as gotra s. The main function of the gotra is to trace descent and to regulate their marriage alliances. The Brahma Bhatta claim a higher status from the Rao Bhatta, a system of hypergamy exists among these two groups. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 725 to 730 Manohar Publications ref The Kapariya are a landless community, and are still involved in their traditional occupation is begging. Many have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, and are employed as day labourers. A small number have been granted land, but their land holdings are extremely small. Like other Hindu castes , each Kapariya settlement contains a biradari panchayat , an informal caste association, which acts as an instrument of social control. See also Rai Bhat Bhatt References reflist Category Social groups of Uttar Prad ... more details
The Jhamar are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . They are also known as Jhaunwar. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 633 to 637 Manohar Publications ref Origin The Jhamar are an occupational Hindu caste traditionally associated with basket makers. According to some traditions, the word Jhamar is a corruption of the Hindi language Hindi word jhaua , which means a basket. The Jhamar themselves claim to be Lodh as, who took up the occupation of basket making. Over time this change of occupation led to the formation of a distinct community. The Jhamar are involved in the making of baskets from the twigs of the Arhar plant. They are a small community, found mainly in the districts of Barabanki District Barabanki , Lucknow District Lucknow and Unnao District Unnao . The Jhamar speak Awadhi language Awadhi among themselves and Hindi language Hindi with outsiders. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 633 to 637 Manohar Publications ref Present Circumstances The Jhamar are strictly endogamy endogamous and practice clan exogamy . They are a landless community, with basket making still their principle occupation. A significant number of Jhamar are now daily wage labourers, involved in occupations such as Pulled rickshaw rickshaw pulling. Each Jhamar settlement also contains a biradari panchayat , an informal caste association, which acts as an instrument of social control. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 633 to 637 Manohar Publications ref See also Bandhmati References reflist Category Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category Indian castes Category Hindu communities Category Article Feedback 5 ... more details
The Kabirpanthi Julaha are Hindu caste found in the states of Haryana and Punjab India Punjab in India . They are distinct from the Momin Ansari Muslim Julaha of North India . ref name PoI People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 274 to 283 Manohar ref Origin The word julaha in Hindi language Hindi and Urdu means a weaver. Over time a number of caste s such as the Chamar , Dhanuk and Kori caste Kori took to weaving, and now form an endogamy endogamous community. This is still seen by the fact thair are still two distinct groups of Julaha, the Chamar Julahas, who are also known as Ravidassia caste Ravidasi , and the Dhanuk Julaha, who are followers of the saint Kabir . They are thus known as Kabirpanthi , which means a follower of Kabir , a figure associated with weaving. The Julaha are found throughout Haryana and speak the Haryanvi language Haryanvi . ref name PoI Present Circumstances The Julaha practice clan exogamy , like neighbouring North India n Hindu communities. Their clans, known as gotra s include the Chauhan, Bhatti, Sahrawat, Kataria, Dahiya, Punia, Morwal, Khangwal, Malik, Saroha and Swain. ref name PoI The Julaha have seen a decline in their occupation. Many are now petty cultivators and rearing cattle. A larger number are agricultural labourers. The community have now been granted Scheduled Caste status. See also Bhuiyar Ravidasia References reflist Category Dalit communities Category Weaving communities of South Asia Category Social groups of Haryana Category Social groups of Punjab, India ... more details
The Ghasiara are a Hindu caste found in the state of Haryana in India . They are also known as Ghasi , Ghai and Lodha . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 185 to 188 Manohar ref Origin The Ghasiara claim to be a branch of the Lodh Lodha caste of Awadh , who emigrated to Rawalpindi and Multan in the 19th Century. They were employed in the service of the United Kingdom British colonial administration as domestic gardeners in a number of cantonment s. These Lodh Lodha acquired the name Ghasiara on the account of the fact that they were employed as grass cutters. The word ghahas in Hindi language Hindi means grass, and ghasiara is literally means a grass cutter. When the partition of India occurred in 1947, the community left Multan and Rawalpindi , which were now in Pakistan , and settled in Haryana . They were settled in the districts of Karnal District Karnal and Ambala District Ambala by the Government of India . Most now speak Hindi language Hindi , while most also understand Punjabi language Punjabi . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 185 to 188 Manohar ref Present Circumstances The Ghasiara are strictly endogamy endogamous , and practice clan exogamy . Their clans are referred to as gotra s, the main ones being the Pataria, Jaria and Suryavanshi. In their new settlements in Haryana , many Ghasiara now collect the grass they cut and sell it the Gurjar Gujar and Ahir communities, who are pastoralists, as fodder. Most Ghasiara are now daily wage labourers and involved in activities such as rickshaw pulling. They remain an extremely marginalized community, with high incidences of extreme poverty and instances of child labour. ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 185 to 188 Manohar ref See Also Lodh Lodha References reflist Category Social groups of Haryana Category Indian castes ... more details
The Ad Dharmi are a Sikh community found in the state of Punjab India Punjab in India . They are one of a number of Sikh sub groups that have been granted Scheduled Caste status. ref People of India Punjab Volume XXXVII edited by I.J.S Bansal and Swaran Singh pages 20 to 25 Manohar ref Origin The word ad dharm means original faith in Sanskrit , and this term was adopted by groups of Chamar s who were affiliated with the Ad Dharam Mandal, a reformist Sikh sect. As is common in many other parts of India , this reformist sect has evolved into a caste , with strict rules of endogamy . Marriages are even rare with other members of the Chamar caste . The Ad Dharmi are further divided into a number of exogamy exogamous clans, the main ones being the Bangur, Bhardwaj, Bhargu, Chakhu, Chokhria, Chandar, Chumar, Hohe, Por, Rai, Rattu, Sandhu, Soniara, Sund, Suman, Sidhu, Shergill and Thind. ref People of India Punjab Volume XXXVII edited by I.J.S Bansal and Swaran Singh pages 20 to 25 Manohar ref Present Circumstances Although Sikh s, the Ad Dharmi are followers of Guru Ravidas , and incorporate elements of Hinduism . Each of their settlement contains a gurdwara , which both a centre of worship and as well as a focus of the community. The traditional occupation of the Ad Dharmis was the tanning of leather, although a majority were agricultural labourers. There has greater upward mobility among scheduled caste groups in Punjab then other parts of India . As such, many Ad Dharmis have started to migrate to towns and cities, where they have taken on a number of blue and white collar professions. A small but significant minority have also taken to education. Like other Punjabi people Punjabis , the Ad Dharmis have participated in the overseas migration of the ethnic group. There are now fairly large Ad Dharmis communities in Europe and North America , in particular the United Kingdom . ref People of India Punjab Volume XXXVII edited by I.J.S Bansal and Swaran Singh pages 20 to 25 ... more details
Sheikh Sarwari are a Muslim community found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . They are a sub group within the larger Faqir caste Faqir ethnic group of North India , and are also known as Peerahi, while in Punjab India Punjab , they are known as Bharai . ref http www.ncbc.nic.in Pdf Uttar 20Pradesh Uttanpradesh Vol1 36.pdf ref Like other Faqir groups, the Sarwari started off as a Sufi order, the Sarwari Qadiri Sarwari Qadiriyya . The word sarvar means leader , chief , and master in the Persian language , and the Sarwari order was said to be founded by Sultan Bahoo , the famous Sufi of Punjab, India Punjab . ref Abun Nasr, Jamil M. The Special Sufi Paths Taqiras . Muslim Communities of Grace The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. New York Columbia UP, 2007. 86 96. ref Over the time, the Sarwari have evolved into a distinct caste grouping, bound by the rules of endogamy . Their traditional occupation is beaten of drums at weddings and begging. The Sarwari are entirely landless and now increasing employed as agricultural workers or urban daily wage earners. ref http www.ncbc.nic.in Pdf Uttar 20Pradesh Uttanpradesh Vol1 36.pdf ref In terms of distribution, they are concentrated in the western districts of Uttar Pradesh such as Moradabad District Moradabad , Jyotiba Phule Nagar district Jyotiba Phule Nagar , Bijnor District Bijnor , Rampur District Rampur and Bareilly District Bareilly . The Sarwari live in multi caste villages, but occupy their own distinct quarters. They speak both Urdu and the Khari Boli dialect, and are entirely Sunni .. See Also Madari Qalandar caste Qalandar References reflist Category Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh Category Muslim communities of India ... more details
The Nayak are a Hindu caste found in the states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in India . ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 1092 to 1094 Manohar Publications ref The Nayak provided the traditional dancing girls and courtesans, and get their name from the Sanskrit word nayaka meaning actor. According to the community traditions, when Bharti Chand, the king of Garhwal invaded western Nepal , soldiers from his army formed relations with women of the neighbouring villages. The offsprings from these irregular unions were called khatkwali meaning illegitimate. Over time, their descendents formed into a distinct caste. The Nayak are found in both Kumaon and Garhwal regions, with a small number found in Bijnor District of Uttar Pradesh . They are concentrated in the Patti Ramgarh area of Nainital District , and the Katarmall area of Almora District . A small number are also found in the villages of Chouphiya, Lelu, Singchour, Nayakana and Naini in Pithoragarh district . Their villages are located in the middle and lower foothills of the Himalayas . The Nayak share these villages with Khas Rajputs, with whom they occasionally intermarry. However, they in common with most caste s are endogamy endogamous . They speak Garhwali language Garhwali and Kumaoni language Kumaoni languages. Although Hindu , the Nayak incorporate elements of animism . ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 1092 to 1094 Manohar Publications ref The Nayak are now a community of small and medium sized farmers. Like other Garhwalis, many Nayak are also employed in the Indian Army . References reflist Category Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category Indian castes Category Hindu communities Category Social groups of Uttarakhand and also in gujarat ... more details
The Watal are a Kashmiri people Kashmiri tribe found in the Jammu and Kashmir Indian administered area of Jammu and Kashmir . They are also known as Batal, Battal, and Batul, and the community have been granted Scheduled Caste status. ref People of India Jammu and Kashmir Volume XXV edited by K.N Pandita, S.D.S Charak and B.R Rizvi pages 690 to 696 Manohar ref Origin The Watal are a Kashmiri language Kashmiri speaking community, confined entirely to the Kashmir Valley . They are broadly divided into three sub groups, the Seraj who are cobblers by profession, the Schupriya Watal who are manufacturers of the schup or winnowing fans and the Khumb Watal, who occupy the lowest status as they work as scavengers as well as tanners, occupations that are traditionally seen as polluting by other Kashmiri Muslims Kashmiri Muslim tribes. ref People of India Jammu and Kashmir Volume XXV edited by K.N Pandita, S.D.S Charak and B.R Rizvi pages 690 to 696 Manohar ref Little is known of the origin of the Watal, although W.R Lawrence, who was the earliest student of Kashmiri ethnography considered them to be of aboriginal descent. ref Provincial Gazetteer of Jammu and Kashmir by W.R Lawrence ref Present Circumstances According to 2001 Census of India , the Watal numbered 169, although there total numbers are probably underreported, as the name Watal carries a stigma. ref http censusindia.gov.in Tables Published SCST SCCRC 24.pdf ref This is seen by the fact that their entrance to mosques and shrines was restricted to the Watal, although this is no longer practiced, there are still occasionally prevented from entering places of worship. They are strictly endogamy endogamous , and prefer marrying close relatives. In general, there customs are similar to other Kashmiri Muslims , and the Waral are Sunni . The Watal are a landless community, and most rural Watal are still employed as scavengers and sweepers, with agriculture labour being an important subsidiary occupation. In the cities, ... more details
The Rattal are a Hindu caste found in the Jammu and Kashmir Indian administered area of Jammu and Kashmir . They have been granted Scheduled Caste status. ref People of India Jammu and Kashmir Volume XXV edited by K.N Pandita, S.D.S Charak and B.R Rizvi pages 586 to 592 Manohar ref According to the 2001 Census of India , their population was 13,327. Origin The Rattal are a community that were traditionally involved in the removal of carcasses and skinning for leather. An important subsidiary occupation was the weaving of baskets. The Rattal are grouped along with other similarly placed Hindu s of Jammu . They live in the warm and temperate zones of Jammu province in the districts of Kathua District Kathua , Udhampur District Udhampur , and Reasi District Reasi . ref People of India Jammu and Kashmir Volume XXV edited by K.N Pandita, S.D.S Charak and B.R Rizvi pages 586 to 592 Manohar ref Present Circumstances The Rattal are strictly endogamy endogamous and practice clan exogamy. Their main include the Sargotra, Lakkotra, Mootan, Kath, Kulsota and Sundeh. They do not have an informal caste council, which distinguishes them from other Jammu Hindus who tend have elaborate caste councils. The Rattal have now become landowners, as a result of the land reforms, and the bulk of them are small and marginal farmers. A small minority are still employed as agricultural labourers or involved the manufacture of baskets. The decades since independence in 1947 has seen major changes in their socio economic status, but they socially they are still perceived as untouchables. See Also Saryara References reflist Category Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir Category Dalit communities Category Scheduled Castes of Jammu and Kashmir ... more details
The Chirimar are a Hindu caste found in the state of Haryana in India . They are also known as Baheliya . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 122 to 125 Manohar ref Origin In Hindi language Hindi , the word chiri means a bird and the suffix mar means to kill, so Chirimar means someone who kills or catches birds. The Chirimar are an occupational caste that were traditionally employed as hunters and trappers, and are one of the many gypsy like semi nomadic communities found in North India . They are said to have immigrated from Uttar Pradesh in the 18th Century, and are now found mainly in Ambala District . The Chirimar speak Hindi language Hindi , with most understanding Haryanvi language Haryanvi . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 122 to 125 Manohar ref Present Circumstances The Chirimar are strictly endogamy endogamous , and practice clan exogamy . Their main clans include the Banoudhiya, Pateria and Kattaha. Like other occupational castes, they have a fairly strong caste council, which deal with intra community disputes and enforces community norms. The Chirimar live in multi caste villages, occupying their distinct quarters. Trapping and trading birds like various kinds of sparrows, pigeons and parrots and animals like rabbits remain the Chirimar main occupation. These are sold at local markets to wholesalers who belong mainly to the Bania caste Baniya caste . Some are also employed as vegetable vendors and tailors. Their customs are similar to other Haryana Hindu s. ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 122 to 125 Manohar ref See Also Baheliya References reflist Category Social groups of Haryana Category Dalit communities ... more details
The Bargi are a Hindu caste found in the states of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India . ref name People of India People of India Rajasthan Volume XXXVIII Part Two edited by B.K Lavania, D. K Samanta, S K Mandal & N.N Vyas pages 110 to 115 Popular Prakashan ref ref name Tribes and Castes Tribes and Castes of North Western Provinces and Oudh Volume I page 186 ref They have been granted Scheduled Caste status in Rajasthan , and their population according 2001 Census of India was 10,739. ref cite web url http censusindia.gov.in Tables Published SCST scst main.html title Census of India Tables on Individual Scheduled Castes SC and Scheduled Tribes ST publisher Censusindia.gov.in date 2007 03 07 accessdate 2012 03 06 ref Origin The Bargi claim descent from the Bargala clan Bargala Rajput s, and their historic homeland is the ancient region of Braj Braj Desa , which now forms parts of Mathura District Mathura and Agra District Agra districts of Uttar Pradesh and the districts of Bharatpur District Bharatpur and Dholpur District Dholpur in Rajasthan . The Bargi have now spread to Jaipur District as well, and they speak Braj Bhasha , although many in Rajasthan now understand Rajasthani language Rajasthani . In Uttar Pradesh according to some traditions, the Bargi originate from the Bari caste Bari caste , although the two groups are now distinct. ref name People of India People of India Rajasthan Volume XXXVIII Part Two edited by B.K Lavania, D. K Samanta, S K Mandal & N.N Vyas pages 110 to 115 Popular Prakashan ref Present Circumstance The Bargi are strictly endogamy Endogamous , and practice clan exogamy . They are further divided into fifty two clans, each of these clans have their tribal goddess. Historically, the Bargi of Bharatpur State Bharatpur and Dholpur princely state Dholpur states served as soldiers in the state army, with agriculture being an important secondary occupation. Their customs are similar to other neighbouring Hindu peasant castes such as the Ahir ... more details
Ahiwasi is a Brahmin sub caste found in the states of Haryana , Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in India . ref name Tribes and Castes Tribes and Castes of North Western Provinces and Oudh by William Crook Volume I pages 72 to 75 ref Origin The Ahiwasi take their name from the Sanskrit ahi meaning dragon and was meaning dwelling, and their name means those from the abode of the dragon. They are said to have gotten this name on account of their association with Rishi Saubhari, who is said to have provided sanctuary to dragons at the village odf Sunrakh, in what is now Mathura District . The Ahiwasi claim to be descendents of the rishi . Historically, the Ahiwasi were involved in the carrying trade, transporting salt from Rajasthan to other parts of North India . This led to settlements of the caste in the Narbada valley. In Madhya Pradesh, according to the traditions of the caste, Ahiwasi are descended from a Brahman father and a Kshatriya mother. ref name Tribes and Castes Tribes and Castes of North Western Provinces and Oudh by William Crook Volume I pages 72 to 75 ref Customs and Traditions The Ahiwasi are strictly endogamy endogamous , and practice clan exogamy . There clans are known as gotra s, and they are divided into seventy two such gotra s, the two major ones being the the Dighiya and Bajrawat. The Ahiwasi Brahmans are small and medium sized farmers, who never been involved in priestly duties. Trade remains an important secondary occupation. In Uttar Pradesh, they are still found mainly in Mathura District , with a second settlement in Bareilly District , while those in Madhya Pradesh are found mainly in Jabalpur District , as well settlements in the Narmada River valley. ref name Tribes and Castes Tribes and Castes of North Western Provinces and Oudh by William Crook Volume I pages 72 to 75 ref References reflist Category Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category Brahmin communities of Uttar Pradesh Category Social groups of Madhya Pradesh ... more details
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