. Hypothesis of origin Endogenous retroviruses may be a variant of a retrovirus which became permanently ... of human endogenous ERVWE1 retrovirus W known as MS associated retrovirus MSRV . ref cite journal author ... MS associated retrovirus HERV W endogenousretrovirus, but not human herpesvirus 6 journal J Gen Virol ... 2Fjournal.pone.0020234 title Human EndogenousRetrovirus K106 HERV K106 Was Infectious after ... Transcription of two human genes from a bidirectional endogenousretrovirus promoter journal Gene ... Reflist 2 External links http herv.img.cas.cz HERVd human endogenousretrovirus database http ... of us characteristics and biological significance of human endogenousretrovirus sequences journal ... al. title Comprehensive analysis of human endogenousretrovirus transcriptional activity in human ... PDF MeshName Endogenous Retroviruses Retroviruses DEFAULTSORT EndogenousRetrovirus Category Molecular biology Category Endogenous retroviruses de Endogenes Retrovirus fr R trovirus endog ne la Endogenuum ... classes of endogenous retroviruses Endogenous retroviruses ERVs are sequences in the genome thought ... on to subsequent progeny, thereby becoming endogenous . Endogenous retroviruses have persisted ... Ryan FP title Human endogenous retroviruses in health and disease a symbiotic perspective journal ... . . . Human endogenous retroviruses url http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov articlerender.fcgi?artid 1187282 ref ref name pmid17661701 cite journal author Singh SK title Endogenous retroviruses suspects ... pmid 17661701 doi 10.2217 17460913.2.3.269 url ref Human endogenous retroviruses Human endogenous ... of the multiple sclerosis MS associated retrovirus by cytokines implications for MS pathogenesis ... ref Thousands of endogenous retroviruses exist in human DNA. HERVs make up 98,000 elements and fragments ... genome by endogenous retroviruses journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA month Apr volume 101 issue ... title Genomewide Screening Reveals High Levels of Insertional Polymorphism in the Human Endogenous ... more details
to have the Endogenousretrovirusendogenous form of the retrovirus. This suggests that the virus ... It is thought that further studying KoRV will allow valuable insight into how endogenousretrovirus ...Taxobox color violet name Koala retrovirus ref http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 394239 Koala retrovirus Uniprot taxonomy ref image image width image caption virus group vi familia Retroviridae genus Gammaretrovirus subdivision ranks species subdivision unclassified Gammaretrovirus Koala retrovirus KoRV is a retrovirus that is present in many populations of koalas . It has been implicated as the agent of Koala Immune Deficiency Syndrome KIDS , an AIDS like immunodeficiency that leaves infected koalas more susceptible to infectious disease and cancer s. The virus is thought to be a recently introduced exogenous virus that is also integrating into the koala genome Endogenousretrovirus becoming endogenous . Thus the virus can transmit both Horizontal transmission horizontally from animal to animal in the classic sense and Vertical transmission vertically from parent to offspring as a gene . The horizontal modes of transmission are not well defined but are thought to require close contact. Koala retrovirus was initially described as a novel endogenousretrovirus found within the koala genome ... endogenous virus that can also produce infectious virions . The analysis also showed that KoRV ... M. last5 Robinson first5 Wayne F. title The Nucleotide Sequence of Koala Phascolarctos cinereus Retrovirus a Novel Type C Endogenous Virus Related to Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus journal Journal of Virology ... Kangaroo Island are free. ref name Stoye2006 Citation last Stoye first Jonathan P title Koala retrovirus ... ref Prior to this koala retrovirus was used to refer to an unidentified oncovirus detected in cancer affected koalas. ref Citation last Worley first M year 2001 contribution Retrovirus infections ... DEFAULTSORT Koala retrovirus Category Gammaretroviruses Category Koalas Retrovirus ... more details
Retrovirus RTS was one of the few commercial games released for the GP2X . It was the only native real time strategy game for the system. The premise is that three astronauts have been infected by an alien virus and the player s gp2x is the medical device used to treat the patients. External links http archive.gp2x.de cgi bin cfiles.cgi?0,0,0,0,22,1826 Demo version for GP2X http um.com.au retrovirusRTS Official page with demo version for GP2X Strategy videogame stub Category GP2X games Category Real time strategy video games ... more details
Taxobox color pink name Simian retrovirus virus group Group VI ssRNA RT subfamily Orthoretrovirinae familia Retroviridae genus Betaretrovirus species Simian retrovirus Simian retrovirus SRV is a Retrovirusretrovirus species that usually infect and cause a fatal immune deficiency in Asian macaques. ref name montiel cite journal last N.A. Montiel title An updated review of simian betaretrovirus SRV in macaque hosts journal J Med Primatol date March 17, 2010 volume 39 pages 303 314 doi 10.1111 j.1600 0684.2010.00412.x ref This virus appears sporadically in captive macaques at breeding facilities which expected as the natural host, but prevalence of this virus in feral macaques remain unknown. ref name pssp cite journal last Iskandriati D, Saepuloh U, Mariya S, Grant RF, Solihin DD , Sajuthi D, Pamungkas J title Isolation and Characterization of Simian Retrovirus Type D from Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina in Indonesia journal Microbiology Indonesia year 2010 volume 4 issue 3 pages 132 136 doi 10.5454 mi.4.3.6 url http www.permi.or.id journal index.php mionline ref SRV was transmitted naturally by virus containing body fluids saliva , urine , blood , etc. , via biting or scratching. Contaminated instrument or equipment fomite can also spread this virus among animals. Some Clinical symptom clinical and Pathological pathological symptoms of SRV infected macaques are diarrhea , weight lost, splenomegaly , lymphadenopahty, anemia , nutropenia, neoplastic diseases retroperitonial fibromatosis or rare B cell lymphomas . To prevent the infection of this virus, two vaccinations have been developed. Those two effective vaccinations are Formalin formalin inactivated whole SRV 1 vaccine and recombinant vaccine expressing SRV envelope glycoprotein gp70 and gp 22. ref name montiel ... retrovirus 2 SRV 2 subtypes associated with SAIDS related retroperitoneal fibromatosis in different ... name montiel Morphology and Genetic Structure SRV is an enveloped RNA retrovirus with icosahedral ... more details
In pharmacology , an endogenous agonist for a particular Receptor biochemistry receptor is a compound naturally produced by the body which binds to and agonist activates that receptor. For example, the endogenous agonist for 5 HT receptor serotonin receptors is serotonin , and the endogenous agonist for dopamine receptor s is dopamine . ref Goodman and Gilman s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11th edition, 2008 . p14. ISBN 0071443436 ref In general, receptors for small molecule neurotransmitter s such as serotonin will have only one endogenous agonist, but often have many different receptor subtypes e.g. 13 different serotonin receptor receptors for serotonin . On the other hand, neuropeptide receptors tend to have fewer subtypes, but may have several different endogenous agonists. This allows for a high degree of complexity in the bodies signalling system, with different tissues often showing quite distinct responses to a particular ligand . Some endogenous Antagonist pharmacology antagonists and inverse agonist s are also known e.g., kynurenic acid at the NMDA receptor , but these are much less common. References references Category Pharmacology ... more details
Endogenous Depression is an atypical sub class of the Mood Disorder , Clinical Depression A.K.A. Major Depressive Disorder . Endogenous Depression includes patients with treatment refractory, unipolar, non psychotic, Major Depressive Disorder, characterized by a dysregulation of the Endogenous Opioid System and not of the Monoaminergic System. Patients who fall in this sub class typically respond very well to synthetic opioids which act on the opioid receptors and thought to result in increased serotonin production and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, including Tramadol, Tapentadol, Buprenorphine, and other similar, synthetic, atypical, opioid analgesics. However, due to the addictive qualities and taboo nature opioids have in the eyes of the general public, doctors have been reluctant to delve into research on or treatments for Endogenous Depression, and therefore, patients who suffer the condition usually go untreated. ref cite journal coauthors Nyhuis P W, Specka M, Gastpar M title Does the antidepressive response to opiate treatment describe a subtype of depression? journal European Neuropsychopharmacology year 2006 volume 16 series 4 accessdate 10 March 2011 ref ref cite journal ... 7714228 accessdate 10 March 2011 ref It is also thought that Endogenous Depression is a mood disorder ... mood may not be triggered by any external element. It is hard to determine its endogenous origin. It is often ... to be endogenous. History Endogenous Depression was initially considered valuable as a means of diagnostic ... ref cite journal author Kramer, T title Endogenous Versus Exogenous Still Not the Issue journal ..., this view of endogenous depression is at the root of the popular view that mood disorders are a reflection ... of an endogenous depression patient experiencing an adverse life event prior to a depressive episode ... of depression on NetDoctor http endogenousdepression.net Endogenous Depression Help Resources Portal Psychiatry DEFAULTSORT Endogenous Depression Category Major Depressive Disorder Category Abnormal ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Endogenous preferences are preference s that cannot be taken as given, but are affected by individual internal responses to the external state of affairs. They are interdependent, in part determined by social institutions, marketed advertisement, and subject to learning experience and observation and habit formation past experience . See also Acquired taste economics stub Category Economics ... more details
Economics sidebar multiple section y expert November 2011 refimprove November 2011 Endogenous money creation or destruction can be thought of as the concept that each participant in the economy has their own version of a printing press for money. This concept was explained by Irving Fisher in his treatise on The Theory of Interest 1930 in terms of the value of currency being affected by two potentially opposing movements expected growth in the money supply reducing the real purchasing power of money and expected increases in productivity increasing the real purchasing power of money. This means that participants can impact on the value of currency in a number of ways 1 Investment choices to invest in non productive money equivalents rather than to invest directly in productive assets effectively increases the money supply, reducing the real value of currency. 2 Demands for higher wages or supplier payments can increase the financing requirements of firms, creating a risk of supplier led inflation , effectively reducing the real value of currency. 3 Choices made about the level of contribution to productivity can increase the real value of currency, in fact this is the only mechanism ... Expand section date November 2009 Theories of endogenous money date to the 19th century, by Knut Wicksell ... increase is endogenous, created by the relative conditions of the financial and real sectors ... s main thesis, the disequilibrium engendered by real changes leads endogenous ly to an increase ... t sound endogenous Changes in the quantity of money have a limited direct impact on the economy as a means ... money supply. Branches Endogenous money is a heterodox economics heterodox economic theory with several ... banks keep real interest rates below equilibrium rates. class wikitable ubl Endogenous vs Exogenous Endogenous Exogenous Quantity of money EndogenousEndogenous or exogenous Policy tool Interest ..., 1979. Citation last Lavoie first Marc year 2003 contribution A Primer on Endogenous Credit ... more details
Endogenous mediators are intracellular proteins that enhance and activate the functions of other proteins. This term is commonly used in molecular biology and cell biology to describe a specific protein complex that acts in transcription genetics transcription as a Coactivator genetics coactivator . This Mediator coactivator Mediator complex is located within the cell nucleus . The Mediator complex is required for the successful Transcription genetics transcription of nearly all class II gene promoters in yeast. ref cite journal author Biddick R, Young ET title Yeast mediator and its role in transcriptional regulation journal C. R. Biol. volume 328 issue 9 pages 773 82 year 2005 pmid 16168358 doi 10.1016 j.crvi.2005.03.004 ref It works in the same manner in mammals. The mediator functions as a coactivator and binds to the C terminal domain of RNA polymerase II holoenzyme , acting as a bridge between this enzyme and transcription factor s. ref cite journal author Bj rklund S, Gustafsson CM title The yeast Mediator complex and its regulation journal Trends Biochem. Sci. volume 30 issue 5 pages 240 4 year 2005 pmid 15896741 doi 10.1016 j.tibs.2005.03.008 ref References reflist Category Cell biology protein stub ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus virus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Betaretrovirus species Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus JSRV is a betaretrovirus which is the causative agent of a contagious lung cancer in sheep called Jaagsiekte , or Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Jaagsiekte OPA . Natural history JSRV is the virus that is the etiologic agent responsible for contagious lung tumors in sheep called Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma OPA .The disease was called Jaagsiekte , after the Afrikaans words for chase Jaag and sickness siekte , to describe the respiratory distress observed in an animal out of breath from being chased indicating the breathing difficulty that infected sheep have . Transmission of virus is through aerosol spread between sheep. Exogenous infectious form of JSRV has an endogenous counterpart which is present in the genomes of all sheep and goats. ref name ... 12596893 ref The sheep genome has around 27 copies of endogenous retroviruses enJSRVs that are closely related to JSRV. Endogenous JSRV has several roles in the evolution of the domestic sheep as they are able ... of endogenous betaretroviruses of sheep and their host. CMLS 65 21 3422 3432 PMID 18818869 ref . Although .... ref name Leroux2007 Leroux C et al 2007 Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus JSRV from virus to lung cancer ... sheep retrovirus envelope glycoprotein is sufficient to induce lung tumors in sheep . PMID ... et al. J Virol. 2009 Nov 83 22 11447 55. Receptor binding and low pH coactivate oncogenic retrovirus ... are immunologically tolerant of JSRV antigens due to the expression of closely related endogenous ... reflist cite journal author Palmarini M, Fan H title Molecular biology of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus ... Retrovirus Category Betaretroviruses Category Sheep and goat diseases Category Animal virology de Jaagsiekte Schaf Retrovirus ... more details
Technical date August 2011 Development economics sidebar Endogenous growth theory holds that economic growth is primarily the result of endogeny endogenous and not external forces. ref cite journal journal The Journal of Economic Perspectives volume 8 issue 1 year 1994 url http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0895 3309 28199424 298 3A1 3C3 3ATOOEG 3E2.0.CO 3B2 H first P. M. last Romer title The Origins of Endogenous Growth authorlink Paul Romer page http www.iset.ge old upload Romer 201994.pdf 3 ref Endogenous growth theory holds that investment in human capital , innovation and knowledge are significant ... effects of a knowledge based economy which will lead to economic development. The endogenous growth ... endogenous growth models by increasing the incentive for innovation. Models in Endogenous Growth In the mid ... 0262025531chap1.pdf ref The AK model which is the simplest endogenous model, gives a constant saving rate of endogenous growth. It assumes a constant, exogenous saving rate and fixed level of the technology. It shows elimination of diminishing returns leading to endogenous growth. However, the endogenous ... Growth, 2nd Edition Robert J. Barro and Xavier Sala i Martin ref Endogenous versus exogenous growth ... . However, the savings rate and rate of technological progress remain unexplained. Endogenous growth ... numbers of goods, increasing qualities, etc. Often endogenous growth theory assumes constant .... Therefore, it is possible to construct endogenous growth models with perfect competition . However, in many endogenous growth models the assumption of perfect competition is relaxed, and some degree ... are dissipated on R&D spending. Implications An Endogenous growth theory implication is that policies ... . blockquote Criticisms This section is linked from Economics One of the main failings of endogenous ... Stephen Parente s 2001 review, The Failure of Endogenous Growth https netfiles.uiuc.edu parente The 20Failure ... by Economic Growth, 2nd Edition Robert J. Barro and Xavier Sala i Martin The Origins of Endogenous Growth ... more details
Endogenous cardiac stem cells eCSCs are tissue specific stem progenitor cell s harboured within the adult mammalian heart . They were first discovered in 2003 by Bernardo Nadal Ginard, Piero Anversa and colleagues ref Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D, Limana F, Chimenti S, et al. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell, 2003 114 763 776 ref ref Nadal Ginard, B., Kajstura, J., Leri, A. and Anversa, P. 2003. Myocyte death, growth and regeneration in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Circ. Res. 92 139 150. ref in the adult rat heart and since then have been identified and isolated from mouse, dog, porcine and human heart s ref Ellison GM, Torella D, Dellegrottaglie S, Perez Martinez C, Perez de Prado A, Vicinanza C, Purushothaman S, Galuppo V, Iaconetti C, Waring CD, Smith A, Torella M, Cuellas Ramon C, Gonzalo Orden JM, Agosti V, Indolfi C, Gali anes M, Fernandez Vazquez F, Nadal Ginard B. 2011 Endogenous cardiac stem cell activation by insulin like growth factor 1 hepatocyte growth factor intracoronary injection fosters survival and regeneration of the infarcted pig heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 58 9 977 86. ref ref Torella D, Ellison GM, Karakikes I, and Nadal Ginard, B. Cardiovascular development towards biomedical applicability Resident cardiac stem cells. Cellular Molecular Life Science. 2007, 64 661 673. ref . The adult heart was previously thought to be a post mitotic organ without any regenerative capability. The identification of eCSCs has provided an explanation for the hitherto unexplained existence of a subpopulation of immature cycling myocyte s in the adult myocardium. Indeed, recent evidence from a genetic fate mapping study established that stem cells replenish adult mammalian cardiomyocytes lost by cardiac wear and tear ..., Agosti V, Indolfi C, Gali anes M, Fernandez Vazquez F, Nadal Ginard B. 2011 Endogenous cardiac stem ... become reasonable to exploit this endogenous regenerative potential to replace lost damaged cardiac ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Retrovirus direct repeat 1 dr1 image RF00214.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of Retro dr1 Symbol Retro dr1 AltSymbols Rfam RF00214 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Tax domain Virus es GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The direct repeat 1 dr1 element is an cis regulatory element RNA element commonly found in the Three prime untranslated region 3 UTR of bird Avian sarcoma , Rous sarcoma virus Rous sarcoma and Avian leukosis virus es Alpharetrovirus es and Avian type C retroviruses . dr1 is required for efficient viral replication and is thought to be involved in genomic RNA packaging although this may not be its only role. ref cite journal last Aschoff first JM coauthors Foster D, Coffin JM year 1999 title Point Mutations in the Avian Sarcoma Leukosis Virus 3 Untranslated Region Result in a Packaging Defect journal J Virol volume 73 pages 7421&ndash 7429 pmid 10438832 issue 9 pmc 104269 ref References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00214 name Retrovirus direct repeat 1 dr1 Category Cis regulatory RNA elements molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 HTDV , or human teratocarcinoma derived virus, is a human endogenous retrovirus . DEFAULTSORT Human Teratocarcinoma Derived Virus Category Endogenous retroviruses Virus stub Retroviruses ... more details
Wiktionary for endogeneity in economics Endogeneity economics Endogenous substances are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell. ref cite web url http dictionary.reference.com search?q endogenous title Endogenous & 124 Define Endogenous at Dictionary.com publisher Dictionary.reference.com date accessdate 2011 07 11 ref Endogenousretrovirus es are caused by ancient infections of germ cell s in human s, mammal s and other vertebrate s. Their provirus es remain in the genome and are passed on to the next generation. Endogenous processes include the self sustained circadian rhythm s of plants and animals. In some biology biological systems, endogeneity biology endogeneity refers to the recipient of DNA usually in prokaryote s . However, due to homeostasis , discerning between internal and external influences is often difficult. Endogenous transcription factor s refers to those that are manufactured by the cell, as opposed to cloned transcription factors. The word endogenous IPA en n d d n s pron derives from the lang el , meaning proceeding from within inside coming from , the complement of exogenous lang el exo, outside proceeding from outside . Aspirin links here Notes reflist See also Endogeneity Endogenous preferences Endogenous growth theory Category Etymology cs Endogenn de Endogen fr Endog ne nl Endogeen aardwetenschappen no Endogen sr Endogen sv Endogen zh ... more details
Hervotype ref Jha AR, Pillai SK, et al. 2009. Cross sectional dating of novel haplotypes of HERV K113 and HERV K115 indicate these proviruses originated in Africa before Homo sapiens . Mol Biol Evol. doi 10.1093 molbev msp180 http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract msp180v1 ref is a specific sequence of a particular Endogenous retrovirus Human endogenous retroviruses human endogenous retroviral HERV insertion. Hervotyping, like genotyping , is the process of determining the specific sequence of a particular HERV. With more research on HERV, it is now known that HERV may not be monomorphic and a HERV insertion may be present in various allele s. Therefore, it is important to know the hervotype of a HERV insertion as the sequences can give more information on their ages. It is now believed that it is not enough to say whether a HERV is present or present in full form but hervotypes are essential in evaluating their relationship to human disease and to know their true contribution in evolution of humans. References references Category Endogenous retroviruses ... more details
ERV is an abbreviation that may refer to Endogenousretrovirus , an inherited retrovirus encoded in an organism s genome Energy recovery ventilation , systems where hot exhaust air is recovered to partially heat fresh air and save energy English Revised Version, English language copy of the 19th century Revised Version of the King James Bible Emergency response vehicle, vehicles associated with emergency service s including ambulances, fire trucks and police vehicles Expiratory reserve volume, lung volumes lung volume representing the difference between a normal exhalation and a forced exhalation that removes as much air as possible from the lungs Earth return vehicle, spacecraft that forms a portion of the Mars Direct proposal responsible for returning the astronauts to Earth disambig de ERV fr ERV it ERV ... more details
summary text The human genome includes many retroelements including the human endogenousretrovirus ... Integration and expression of human endogenousretrovirus journal Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi volume 66 ... of expression of a human endogenousretrovirus is correlated with choriocarcinoma. journal Int. J ... O Connell CD, Cohen M title The long terminal repeat sequences of a novel human endogenousretrovirus ... author Larsson E, Andersson AC, Nilsson BO title Expression of an endogenousretrovirus ERV3 HERV .... title Expression of human endogenousretrovirus ERV3 HERV R mRNA in normal and neoplastic tissues ... 3 human endogenousretrovirus in a fraction of the Caucasian population. journal J. Virol. volume ... endogenousretrovirus ERV 3 env gene affects proliferation and differentiation in a human placental ... M title ERV3, a full length human endogenous provirus chromosomal localization and evolutionary relationships ... 10.1016 0042 6822 84 90347 7 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ERV3 endogenous retroviral ... Entrez Gene ERV3 endogenous retroviral sequence 3 includes zinc finger protein H plk HPF9 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... author Cohen M, Kato N, Larsson E title ERV3 human endogenous provirus mRNAs are expressed in normal ... cite journal author Venables PJ, Brookes SM, Griffiths D, et al. title Abundance of an endogenous ... cite journal author Andersson AC, Merza M, Venables P, et al. title Elevated levels of the endogenousretrovirus ERV3 in human sebaceous glands. journal J. Invest. Dermatol. volume 106 issue 1 ... P, Andersson AC, et al. title Tissue and differentiation specific expression on the endogenousretrovirus ERV3 HERV R in normal human tissues and during induced monocytic differentiation in the U ... cite journal author Sibata M, Ikeda H, Katumata K, et al. title Human endogenous retroviruses expression ... J title Large number of polymorphic nucleotides and a termination codon in the env gene of the endogenous human retrovirus ERV3. journal Dis. Markers volume 14 issue 3 pages 127 33 year 1999 pmid ... more details
The gene known as HCP5 Human leukocyte antigen HLA Complex P5 is a human endogenousretrovirus , meaning that it is a viral fossil fossil of an ancient virus that at one time infected people, but has now become an integral part of the human genome . ref name SN AIDS Abated, B. Vastag, Science News Vol.172 No.3, 21 July 2007 ref One variation of HCP5 appears to provide some delay or resistance to the development of AIDS when a person is infected with HIV . This variation of HCP5 frequently occurs in conjunction with a particular version of an immune system gene called HLA B . ref name SN Notes Reflist Retroviruses Category Genomics Category Endogenous retroviruses ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Betaretrovirus virus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Betaretrovirus type species Mouse mammary tumor virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus br Langur virus br Mason Pfizer monkey virus br Mouse mammary tumor virus br Squirrel monkey retrovirus A betaretrovirus is a genus of the retroviridae family biology family . It has type B retrovirus type B or type D retrovirus type D Morphology biology morphology . The type B is common for a few exogenous, vertically transmitted and endogenous viruses of mouse mice some primate and sheep viruses are the type D. Examples are the mouse mammary tumour virus , enzootic nasal tumour virus ENTV 1, ENTV 2 , and simian retrovirus types 1, 2 and 3 SRV 1, SRV 2, SRV 3 ref name pmid16515713 cite journal author Philipp Staheli J, Marquardt T, Thouless ME, Bruce AG, Grant RF, Tsai CC, Rose TM title Genetic variability of the envelope gene of Type D simian retrovirus 2 SRV 2 subtypes associated with SAIDS related retroperitoneal fibromatosis in different macaque species journal Virol J volume 3 pages 11 date March 6 year 2006 pmid 16515713 doi 10.1186 1743 422X 3 11 pmc 1450265 ref . References Reflist External links http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 66.html Viralzone Betaretrovirus Retroviruses Category Betaretroviruses Virus stub es Betaretrovirus it Betaretrovirus zh ... more details
wikify date February 2011 PtERV1 or Pan troglodytes EndogenousRetrovirus 1 is a retrovirus that putatively infected chimpanzees about 4 million years ago, and may have been involved in the process of speciation, making the chimpanzee and human lines diverge. Kaiser et al. have suggested that TRIM5alpha TRIM5 may have played a critical role in the human immune defense system about 4 million years ago, when the retrovirus was infecting chimpanzees. ref name pmid17588933 cite journal author Kaiser SM, Malik HS, Emerman M title Restriction of an extinct retrovirus by the human TRIM5alpha antiviral protein journal Science volume 316 issue 5832 pages 1756 8 year 2007 pmid 17588933 doi 10.1126 science.1140579 ref While no trace of PtERV1 has yet been found in the human genome, about 130 traces of PtERV1 DNA have been found in the genome of modern chimpanzees. After recreating part of the PtERV1 retrovirus, it was reported that TRIM5 prevents the virus from entering human cells in vitro . While this cellular defense mechanism may have been very useful 4 million years ago when facing a PtERV1 epidemic , it has the side effect of leaving cells more susceptible to attack by the HIV 1 retrovirus. Recently, doubt has been cast over the conclusions made by Kaiser et al. By using a PtERV1 capsid, which produces higher titer virus like particles, Perez Caballero et al. reported that PtERV1 is not restricted by either human or chimpanzee TRIM5 . ref name pmid18927623 cite journal author Perez Caballero D, Soll SJ, Bieniasz PD title Evidence for Restriction of Ancient Primate Gammaretroviruses by APOBEC3 but Not TRIM5 Proteins journal PLoS Pathog. volume 4 issue 10 pages e1000181 year 2008 pmid 18927623 pmc 2564838 doi 10.1371 journal.ppat.1000181 editor1 last Hope editor1 first Thomas J. ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Pterv1 Category Immune system Category Retroviruses ... more details
E, et al. title Human endogenousretrovirus K10 expression of Gag protein and detection of antibodies ... ML, Lindeskog M, Medstrand P, et al. title Diversity of human endogenousretrovirus class II ... transcriptase enzyme encoded by a human endogenous HERV K retrovirus. journal J. Virol. volume 73 issue ... G, Seaman MI, et al. title Many human endogenousretrovirus K HERV K proviruses are unique to humans ... assignment, and expression of full length human endogenousretrovirus type K. journal J ... screening for fusogenic human endogenousretrovirus envelopes identifies syncytin 2, a gene ... cite journal author Galli UM, Sauter M, Lecher B, et al. title Human endogenousretrovirus ... of the human endogenousretrovirus locus HERV K HML 2.HOM and its evolutionary implications. journal ... transcripts of the human endogenous retroviruses HTDV HERV K. journal J. Virol. volume 69 ... relationships within a subgroup of HERV K related human endogenous retroviruses. series 79 journal ... more details
may account for approximately 8 of the human genome in the form of inherited endogenousretrovirus es ... Endogenousretrovirus Adeno Associated Virus References references Category Virology virus stub ... M. date Apr 2004 title Long term reinfection of the human genome by endogenous retroviruses ... accessdate 2009 04 02 pmc 387345 ref A provirus not only refers to a retrovirus but is also used ... more details
Characterization and Placental Expression of HERV W, a New Human EndogenousRetrovirus Family ... ref Function Many different human endogenousretrovirus HERV families are expressed in normal ... of transcribed human endogenousretrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus env sequences journal Retrovirology volume 6 issue pages 37 year 2009 pmid ... Yang cite journal author Blond JL title An Envelope Glycoprotein of the Human EndogenousRetrovirus HERV W Is Expressed in the Human Placenta and Fuses Cells Expressing the Type D Mammalian Retrovirus ... capacity of the human endogenousretrovirus HERV W family journal AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses volume ... Ym , Chen IS title Envelope Gene of the Human EndogenousRetrovirus HERV W Encodes a Functional Retrovirus ... JVI.75.7.3488 3489.2001 pmc 114144 cite journal author Kim HS, Lee WH title Human endogenousretrovirus ... cite journal author Lavillette D title The Envelope Glycoprotein of Human EndogenousRetrovirus Type ... Ponferrada VG, Mauck BS, Wooley DP title The envelope glycoprotein of human endogenousretrovirus HERV ... author Alliel PM, Perin JP, Pierig R, Nussbaum JL, Menard A, Rieger F title Endogenous retroviruses ... ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ERVWE1 endogenous retroviral family W, env C7 , member 1 ... A, Moffett A title Expression and functions of human endogenous retroviruses in the placenta an update ... cite journal author Voisset C title Phylogeny of a novel family of human endogenousretrovirus sequences, HERV W, in humans and other primates journal AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses volume ... journal author Perron H title Multiple sclerosis retrovirus particles and recombinant envelope trigger ... human endogenous retroviral gene in human placenta evidence for its dysregulation in preeclampsia ... 7 stub Retroviruses Category Endogenous retroviruses ... more details
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