Infobox Anatomy Name Endometrium Latin tunica mucosa uteri GraySubject 268 GrayPage 1262 Image Illu cervix.jpg Caption Uterus and uterine tubes. Endometrium labeled at center right. Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName Endometrium MeshNumber A05.360.319.679.490 Dorlands three 000035359 DorlandsID Endometrium The endometrium is the inner membrane of the mammalian uterus . Function The endometrium ... cavity. During the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle , the endometrium grows to a thick ... human embryo implantation of a blastocyst upon its arrival in the uterus. The endometrium is central ... pregnancy , the glands and blood vessel s in the endometrium further increase in size and number. Vascular ... cycle . In both cases, the endometrium initially proliferates under the influence of estrogen . However ... . This changes the proliferative pattern of the endometrium to a secretory lining. Eventually, the secretory ... of hormones, the endometrium remains thin and inactive. In humans, this will result in amenorrhea . After menopause , the lining is often described as being atrophic. In contrast, endometrium that is chronically ... of hormone therapy on the endometrium, http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 8426860 ref ref William ... and shedding the endometrial lining lasts an average of 28 days. The endometrium develops at different ... factors. The endometrium itself produces certain hormone s at different points along the cycle. This affects other portions of the reproductive system . Histology Image Endometrium ocp use3.jpg thumb right High magnification micrograph of decidualization decidualized endometrium due to exogenous progesterone oral contraceptive pill . H&E stain . Image Endometrium ocp use0.jpg thumb right Low magnification micrograph of decidualized endometrium . H&E stain. The endometrium consists of a single ... supply of spiral artery spiral arteries . In a woman of reproductive age, two layers of endometrium can be distinguished. These two layers occur only in endometrium lining the cavity of the uterus, not in the lining ... more details
Image Endometrium ocp use3.jpg thumb right Micrograph showing decidualization of the endometrium due to exogenous progesterone oral contraceptive pill . H&E stain . Decidualization is a characteristic of the endometrium of the pregnant uterus. It is a response of maternal cells to progesterone. Decidualization may be used to describe any change due to progesterone. These changes include the eosinophilic proliferation around arterioles after ovulation ref Lange Q&A, obstetrics and gynecology 8th edition, question 11 chapter 2, histology and pathology ref or progesterone action on endometrium which increases glandular epithelial secretion, stimulates glycogen accumulation in stromal cell cytoplasm, and promotes stromal vascularity spiral arterioles and edema ref Lange Q&A, obstetrics and gynecology 8th edition, question 50 chapter 5, physiology of reproduction ref . The sum of all the changes in the endometrium is significant, thus justifying a new term. The process is decidualization, the endometrium is now called decidua and it is ready for the implantation of the embryo. After ovulation, in mammals, the endometrial lining becomes transformed into a secretory lining in preparation of accepting the embryo. Without implantation, the secretory lining will be absorbed estrous cycle or shed menstrual cycle . With implantation the lining now termed decidua evolves further during the pregnancy. The decidua is shed during the third phase of the parturition process. References Reflist Category Pregnancy Category Menstrual cycle Human repro stub biology stub de Dezidualisierung ... more details
for regulating endometrium shedding. Therefore, when new levels of hormones enter the body ... commonly reflect an atrophic endometrium, which means a thin and not developed endometrium ... chain of events that lead from an atrophic endometrium to the spotting between menses is not explained ... estrogen which will stimulate further proliferation of the endometrium or lower progestin content ... more details
Hydrocolpos is the distension of the vagina caused by accumulation of fluid due to congenital vaginal obstruction. The obstruction is often caused by an imperforate hymen or less commonly a transverse vaginal septum . The fluid consists of cervix cervical and endometrium endometrial mucus or in rare instances urine accumulated through a vesicovaginal fistula proximal to the obstruction. disease stub Diseases of the pelvis and genitals Category Pediatrics pl Krwistek ... more details
Irregular bleeding may refer to Irregular menstruation Breakthrough bleeding , an abnormal uterine bleeding that occurs between menstrual period s, especially due to irregular sloughing of the endometrium in women on combined oral contraceptive pill combined oral contraceptives . ref http www.merriam webster.com medical breakthrough 20bleeding Merriam Webster s Medical Dictionary Breakthrough bleeding Retrieved on Feb 28, 2010 ref References reflist disambig ... more details
window The reception ready phase of the endometrium of the uterus is usually termed ... the peak in luteinizing hormone levels and is characterized by slight changes to the endometrium cells, which aid in the absorption of the uterine fluid. This brings the blastocyst nearer to the endometrium ... against the endometrium. ref cite web title Implantation stages url http www.embryology.ch anglais gnidation ... preparations in the endometrium of the uterus, both structurally and in the composition of its ... to receive the embryo. Predecidualization The endometrium increases thickness, becomes Angiogenesis ... reach their maximum about 7 days after ovulation . Furthermore, the surface of the endometrium ... present in the endometrium. However, the decidual cells make up a new layer, the decidua . The rest of the endometrium, in addition, expresses differences between the luminal and the basal sides. The luminal cells form the zona compacta of the endometrium, in contrast to the basalolateral zona ... side, enclosing it into the endometrium. It surrounds the embryo together with decidua basalis ... Pinopodes are small, finger like protrusions from the endometrium. They appear between day 19 and day ... and fat soluble vitamins. ref name boron Growth and implantation In addition to nourishment, the endometrium ... The very first, albeit loose, connection between the blastocyst and the endometrium is called the apposition. ref name boron Location On the endometrium, the apposition is usually made where there is a small ... trophoblast and the decidua of the endometrium. ref name boron However, ultimately, the inner cell .... Adhesion Adhesion is a much stronger attachment to the endometrium than the loose apposition. The trophoblasts adhere by penetrating the endometrium, with protrusions of trophoblast cells. Communication There is massive communication between the blastocyst and the endometrium at this stage. The blastocyst signals to the endometrium to adapt further to its presence, e.g. by changes in the cytoskeleton ... more details
About the degeneration of the endometrium in animals the human disease endometriosis endometriosis Orphan date October 2010 Endometrosis from Greek language greek endos inside , ancient greek metra womb und ancient greek osis disease is a chronic medicine chronic degenerative disease degenerative disease of the endometrium in Domestication domestic species that is clinically and economically important because of limits in fertility . Endometrosis can be proofed only by histological examination after endometrial biopsy . The disease may occur in female pets of all ages but is more frequently in older age. The causes and pathogenesis of endometrosis are widely unknown. Affected horses tend to miscarriage s, underdeveloped foal and Contagious equine metritis metritis . The changes in the endometrium are widely irreversible. An effective treatment is not known. There is no relationship between endometrosis and the human disease endometriosis . Literature G. Reed Holyoak Uterine Cysts. in Juan C. Samper,Jonathan F. Pycock,A. O. McKinnon Current therapy in equine reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007, p. 121, ISBN 0721602525, http books.google.co.uk books?id 1vAJ2lbypRMC&pg PA121 online cite journal author JM Flores, A Rodr guez, J S nchez, C G mez Cu tara, F Ramiro title Endometrosis in Mares Incidence of Histopathological Alterations journal Reproduction in Domestic Animals volume 30 issue 2 pages 61 5 year 1995 month pmid doi 10.1111 j.1439 0531.1995.tb00606.x issn 0936 6768 cite journal author C. Hoffmann, C. Ellenberger, R. C. Mattos, H. Aupperle, S. Dhein, B. Stief, H. A. Schoon title The equine endometrosis new insights into the pathogenesis journal Anim Reprod Sci volume 111 issue pages 261 5 year 2009 month pmid 18468817 doi issn Category Animal diseases Veterinary med stub de Endometrose ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Endometrioid tumor Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO 8380 8381 OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D018269 Endometrioid tumors are a class of tumor characterized by a resemblance to endometrium ref name urlDorlands Medical Dictionary endometrioid tumor cite web url http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands split.jsp?pg ppdocs us common dorlands dorland nine 13959057.htm title Dorlands Medical Dictionary endometrioid tumor work accessdate ref endometrial carcinoma, and over a third of cases have focal squamous differentiation. Ovary They are part of the surface epithelial stromal tumor surface epithelial tumor group of Ovarian cancer ovarian neoplasm s 10 20 of which are the endometrioid type . Benign and borderline variants are rare, as the majority are malignant . There is an association with endometriosis and concurrent primary endometrial carcinoma endometrial cancer . On gross pathology pathological examination, the tumor is cystic and may be solid and some arise in cystic endometriosis. In 40 of cases, endometrioid tumors are found bilaterally. ref cite book editor1 last Robbins editor2 last Cotran title Pathologic Basis of Disease location Philadelphia publisher Saunders edition 7th isbn 0721601871 year 2005 ref Endometrium Endometrioid carcinoma can also arise in the endometrium. ref name pmid18156975 cite journal author Mulvany NJ, Allen DG title Combined large cell neuroendocrine and endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium journal Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. volume 27 issue 1 pages 49 57 year 2008 month January pmid 18156975 doi 10.1097 pgp.0b013e31806219c5 url http meta.wkhealth.com pt pt core template journal lwwgateway media landingpage.htm?issn 0277 1691&volume 27&issue 1&spage 49 ref ref MeshName Carcinoma, Endometrioid ref Grades 1 and 2 are considered type 1 endometrial cancer , while grade 3 is considered type 2 . ref name urlACS What Is Endometrial Cancer? cite web url http www.cancer.org docroot ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 22 sub H sub 30 sub O sub 3 sub The molecular formula C sub 22 sub H sub 30 sub O sub 3 sub molar mass 342.47 g mol may refer to Anacardic acid , a chemical compound found in the shell of the cashew nut Megestrol , a progesterone derivative with antineoplastic properties used in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the breast and endometrium Trimegestone , a steroid MolFormDisambig C sub 22 sub H sub 30 sub O sub 3 sub ... more details
notability date February 2012 orphan date February 2012 Mildred Gordon 1920 93 was an American microbiologist noted for her seminal research of human sperm and the endometrium , and of the uterus . ref name NYT http www.nytimes.com 1993 08 26 obituaries mildred gordon 73 molecular biologist of sex cell growth.html New York Times Mildred Gordon, 73, Molecular Biologist Of Sex Cell Growth By Wolfgang Saxon August 26, 1993 ref Gordon graduated from City College dn date February 2012 with B.S. in biology . She received an M.S. in zoology from Tulane University and her Ph.D. in anatomy from Yale University School of Medicine . ref name NYT References reflist DEFAULTSORT Gordon, Mildred Category 1920 births Category 1993 deaths Category American microbiologists US biologist stub ... more details
capsularis , which grows over the embryo on the luminal side, enclosing it into the endometrium and surrounding the embryo together with decidua basalis. Image Endometrium ocp use3.jpg thumb right Micrograph of decidualized endometrium due to exogenous progesterone . H&E stain . The decidua has a histology ... of endometrium seen only in hemochorial placentation . Decidualization includes the process of differentiation ... . Vascularity, as well as vascular permeability, is enhanced in the decidualizing endometrium. Its ... stain . In case of an extrauterine pregnancy , the endometrium nevertheless becomes decidualized. A woman ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Intervillous space Latin spatium intervillosum GraySubject 12 GrayPage 59 Image Gray36.png Caption Primary chorionic villi. Diagrammatic. Image2 Gray37.png Caption2 Secondary chorionic villi. Diagrammatic. System CarnegieStage Days 24 Precursor GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E6.0.1.2.0.0.29 Context date October 2009 As a brief introduction, inter means between, and villous means pertaining to a villus a hair like projection , which in this case contains blood vessels, so the intervillous space is the space between the villi containing the vessels of the mother and the embryo . The trophoblast , which is a collection of cells that invades the maternal endometrium to gain access to nutrition for the fetus, proliferates rapidly and forms a network of branching processes which cover the entire embryo and invade and destroy the maternal tissues. With this physiologic destructive process, the maternal blood vessels of the endometrium are opened, with the result that the spaces in the trophoblastic network are filled with maternal blood these spaces communicate freely with one another and become greatly distended and form the intervillous space from which the fetus gains nutrition. Maternal arteries and veins directly enter the intervillous space after 8 weeks gestation, and the intervillous space will contain about a Blood transfusion unit of blood 400 500 mL . Much of this blood is returned to the mother with normal uterine contractions thus, when a woman has a cesarean section, she is liable to lose more blood than a woman who has a vaginal delivery, as the blood from the intervillous space is not pushed back toward her body during such a delivery. Image Intervillous space.JPG thumb 200px left Intervillous space. External links BUHistology 19902loa Gray s Extraembryonic and fetal membranes Category Embryology developmental biology stub es Espacio intervelloso ... more details
Sloughing may refer to the act of shedding or casting off dead tissue, such as cells of the endometrium , shed during menstruation . It may also refer to the process where necrotic surface epithelial cells are discarded from the small intestinal mucosa following various infections which may occur within both monogastrics or ruminant . ref cite book author Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG title Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy edition Fourth year 2010 ref Sloughing also occurs in root growth, where cells from the root cap are shed to the soil where they are biologically processed by microorganisms. See also Desquamation , pathologic or non pathologic skin shedding. Ecdysis , Shedding of the skin or exoskeleton, mainly in Arthropoda Moulting , biological shedding in many species References references Category Developmental biology Category Skin developmental biology stub ... more details
Pinopods also known as pinopodes and uterodomes are apical epithelium epithelial cellular protrusions of the endometrium of the uterus . ref Adams, SM et al. Manipulation of the follicular phase Uterodomes and pregnancy is there a correlation? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2001 1 2 http www.biomedcentral.com content pdf 1471 2393 1 2.pdf ref . Pinopoids have a pinocytosis pinocytotic role hence the name pinopod Greek for drinking foot , as well as a secretory role ref Kabir Salmani, M et al. Secretory role for human uterodomes pinopods secretion of LIF. Molecular Human Reproduction 2005 11 8 553 559 http molehr.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 11 8 553 ref , however their usefulness as a marker for endometrial receptivity is still debated in the current literature ref Quinn, CE and Casper, RF. Pinopodes a questionable role in endometrial receptivity. Human Reproduction Update 2009 15 2 229 236 http humupd.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 15 2 229 ref . References Reflist Category Female reproductive system Developmental biology stub fr pinopode ... more details
File Uterine arterial vasculature.svg thumb Uterine arterial vasculature, showing spiral arteries at right. ref cite doi 10.1136 jcp.29.Suppl 10.9 ref Spiral arteries are small arteries which temporarily supply the endometrium of the uterus during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle . In histology , identifying the presence of these arteries is one of the most useful techniques in identifying the phase of the cycle. The spiral arteries are converted for uteroplacental blood flow during pregnancy, involving Loss of smooth muscle & elastic lamina from the vessel wall. 5 10 fold dilation at the mouth of the vessel. Failure of the physiological conversion of the spiral arteries can cause a number of complications, including intrauterine growth restriction and pre eclampsia . ref cite journal last Burton GJ, Woods AW, Jauniaux E, Kingdom JC title Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy pmid 19375795 ref References reflist Arteries of abdomen Category Arteries of the abdomen circulatory stub ... more details
Infobox disease Name PAGENAME Image Villoglandular adenocarcinoma low mag.jpg Width 200 Caption Micrograph of a villoglandular adenocarcinoma the cervix. H&E stain . DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix , also villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma , papillary villoglandular adenocarcinoma and well differentiated villoglandular adenocarcinoma , abbreviated VGA , is a rare type of cervical cancer that, in relation to other cervical cancers, is typically found in younger women and has a better prognosis. ref name pmid19172445 Cite journal last1 Korach first1 J. last2 Machtinger first2 R. last3 Perri first3 T. last4 Vicus first4 D. last5 Segal first5 J. last6 Fridman first6 E. last7 Ben Baruch first7 G. title Villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix a diagnostic challenge. journal Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand volume 88 issue 3 pages 355 8 month year 2009 doi 10.1080 00016340902730359 PMID 19172445 ref A similar lesion, villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the endometrium , may arise from the inner lining of the uterus , the endometrium. ref name pmid9808130 Cite journal last1 Zaino first1 RJ. last2 Kurman first2 RJ. last3 Brunetto first3 VL. last4 Morrow first4 CP. last5 Bentley first5 RC. last6 Cappellari first6 JO. last7 Bitterman first7 P. title Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the endometrium a clinicopathologic study of 61 cases a gynecologic oncology group study. journal Am J Surg Pathol volume 22 issue 11 pages 1379 85 month Nov year 1998 doi PMID 9808130 ref Signs and symptoms The signs and symptoms are similar to other cervical cancer s and may include post coital vaginal bleeding bleeding and or pain during intercourse dyspareunia . Early lesions may be completely asymptomatic. Diagnosis The diagnosis is based on tissue examination, e.g. biopsy . The name of the lesion describes it microscopic appearance. It has nipple like structures with fibrovascular cores ... more details
wiktionarypar EEC EEC is an abbreviation that usually refers to the European Economic Community , the forerunner to the European Union. It may also refer to The East Erie Commercial Railroad , a shortline in Pennsylvania Embodied Embedded Cognition , a position in cognitive science Embodied energy coefficient, an indicator of how much energy must be invested to mine harvest produce, fabricate and transport a unit of building material English Electric Company, which became part of The General Electric Company English Electric Computers, a product line of English Electric Computers English Electric In histology Enteroendocrine cell Endometrial epithelial cell see endometrium EEC Group , Engineering Enterprises Company, a civil engineering company and Steel towers manufacturer in Egypt Eurasian Economic Community , an institutional framework of Eurasian countries European Energy Community , a regulatory framework for trading energy in Europe Extended Error Correction, a RAM parity feature Elimination Chamber Extreme Elimination Chamber , a wrestling match type Ford EEC , an Electronic Engine Controller designed by Ford Motor Company East European Craton disambig cleanup date February 2012 de EEC ko EEC ja EEC pl EEC ... more details
endometritis may have an underlying cancer of the cervix or endometrium although infectious etiology ... take up to 2 weeks to develop and since the endometrium is shed every 4 weeks, the granulomas ... more details
action on the neuro endocrine control of ovarian function, as well as on the endometrium. As such, it is indicated ... HRT to counteract the negative effects of unopposed oestrogen on the endometrium. Dydrogesterone ... adequately induces bleeding when the endometrium is sufficiently primed with oestrogens. When oestradiol ... production, which in turn results in an incomplete secretory endometrium and ineffective ovum implantation ... not alter the normal pattern of secretory transformation of the endometrium it does not inhibit ... replacement therapy. Dydrogesterone opposes the proliferative effect of oestrogens on the endometrium and ensures conversion to a secretory pattern and cyclical shedding of the endometrium in sequential ... HRT regimen, dydrogesterone inhibits the proliferation of the endometrium so that it remains atrophic ... by its ability to induce a secretory transformation in the endometrium of immature ... more details
Extra amniotic administration is a route of administration to the space between the fetal membranes and endometrium inside the uterus of a pregnant woman. It can be used to administer drugs affecting uterus motility, such as oxytocin and prostaglandins , e.g. in labor induction or medical abortion . ref cite journal author G mez Ponce de Le n R, Wing DA title Misoprostol for termination of pregnancy with intrauterine fetal demise in the second and third trimester of pregnancy a systematic review journal Contraception volume 79 issue 4 pages 259 71 year 2009 month April pmid 19272495 doi 10.1016 j.contraception.2008.10.009 url ref Method It can be performed using a catheter with a balloon that is inserted under direct vision through the cervix. The balloon is inflated with 30 ml of sterile water, allowing medication to be injected through the catheter into the extra amniotic space. ref http www.ispub.com journal the internet journal of third world medicine volume 8 number 1 17 article a comparative study of extra amniotic infusion of corticosteroids versus normal saline for induction of labour.html A Comparative Study of Extra Amniotic Infusion of Corticosteroids versus Normal Saline for Induction of Labour. K. Pushpalatha M.B.B.S, M.S OBG . The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine. 2009 Volume 8 Number 1. ref References reflist Dosage forms state show Routes of administration Category Drug delivery devices Category Dosage forms medicine stub ... more details
In molecular biology, HOXA11 antisense RNA 1 non protein coding , also known as HOXA11 AS1 , is a long non coding RNA which is transcribed from the antisense strand of the gene encoding the homeobox gene HOXA11 . ref name pmid7789268 cite journal author Hsieh Li HM, Witte DP, Weinstein M, Branford W, Li H, Small K et al. title Hoxa 11 structure, extensive antisense transcription, and function in male and female fertility. journal Development year 1995 volume 121 issue 5 pages 1373 85 pmid 7789268 doi pmc url ref ref name pmid9745033 cite journal author Potter SS, Branford WW title Evolutionary conservation and tissue specific processing of Hoxa 11 antisense transcripts. journal Mamm Genome year 1998 volume 9 issue 10 pages 799 806 pmid 9745033 doi 10.1007 s003359900870 pmc url ref HOXA11 AS1 negatively regulates the expression of the HOXA11 gene. ref name pmid12050232 cite journal author Chau YM, Pando S, Taylor HS title HOXA11 silencing and endogenous HOXA11 antisense ribonucleic acid in the uterine endometrium. journal J Clin Endocrinol Metab year 2002 volume 87 issue 6 pages 2674 80 pmid 12050232 doi 10.1210 jc.87.6.2674 pmc url ref See also Long noncoding RNA References reflist Category Non coding RNA ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Uterine cancer Image UterineCancerTumor.jpg Caption Malignant tumor of the uterus DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 C 54 c 51 ICD9 ICD9 179 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D014594 The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of cancer which occur in the uterus , namely Uterine sarcoma s sarcoma s of the myometrium , or muscular layer of the uterus, are most commonly leiomyosarcoma s. Endometrial cancer Endometrial carcinomas originate from cells in the glands of the endometrium uterine lining . These include the common and readily treatable well differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma, as well as the more aggressive uterine papillary serous carcinoma and uterine clear cell carcinoma . Endometrial stromal sarcomas originate from the connective tissue s of the endometrium , and are far less common than endometrial carcinomas. Malignant mixed M llerian tumors are rare endometrial tumors which show both glandular carcinoma carcinomatous and stromal sarcoma sarcomatous differentiation &ndash carcinosarcoma behaves similar to a high grade carcinoma, and it is felt to be of epithelial origin rather than true sarcoma. Cervical cancer arises from the transformation zone of the cervix , the lower portion of the uterus and connects to the upper aspect of the vagina . Gestational trophoblastic disease relates to neoplastic processes originating from tissue of a pregnancy that often is located in the uterus. Image Corpus uteri cancer world map Death WHO2004.svg thumb Age adjustment Age standardized death from cancer of the uterine body per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. ref cite web url http www.who.int healthinfo global burden disease estimates country en index.html title WHO Disease and injury country estimates year 2009 work World Health Organization accessdate Nov. 11, 2009 ref div class references small style moz column count 3 column count 3 legend b3b3b3 no data legend ffff65 less than 0.5 legend fff200 0.5 ... more details
The anovulatory cycle is a menstrual cycle characterized by varying degrees of menstrual intervals and the absence of ovulation and a luteal phase . In the absence of ovulation, there will be infertility . Patterns While the normal menstrual cycle in the human typically lasts 4 weeks 28 days, range 21 35 days and consists of a follicular phase , ovulation , and a luteal phase , followed by either menstruation or pregnancy , the anovulatory cycle has cycle lengths of varying degrees. In many circumstances, menstrual intervals are prolonged exceeding 35 days leading to oligomenorrhea cycle 35 180 days interval , or even longer, amenorrhea . In other cases, menstruation may be fairly regular eumenorrhea , or more frequent intervals 21 days , or there may be a loss of menstrual pattern menorrhagia , dysfunctional uterine bleeding . Estrogen breakthrough bleeding Normal menstrual bleeding in the ovulatory cycle is a result of a decline in progesterone due to the demise of the corpus luteum . It is thus a progesterone withdrawal bleeding . As there is no progesterone in the anovulatory cycle, bleeding is caused by the inability of estrogen that needs to be present to stimulate the endometrium in the first place to support a growing endometrium. Anovulatory bleeding is hence termed estrogen breakthrough bleeding . Risks Anemia Bone density loss ref Park KH, Song CH. Bone mineral density in premenopausal anovulatory women. J Obstet Gynaecol , 1995 Feb 21 1 89 97. http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 8591116 ref Endometrial cancer Infertility Diagnosis A physician needs to investigate the cause of anovulation. Common causes are Polycystic ovary syndrome Hypothalamic dysfunction Perimenopause Ovulatory dysfunction Thyroid disorders Hyperprolactinemia With excessive or prolonged bleeding the diagnosis has to be made by a physician on a speedy basis. Other causes of gynecological bleeding need to be excluded, specifically bleeding related to pregnancy , leiomyoma , and cancer of th ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Drugbox verifiedrevid 447623820 IUPAC name 8 R ,9 R ,10 R ,13 S ,14 S ,17 S 17 ethynyl 13 methyl br 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16 dodecahydro br 1 H cyclopenta a phenanthren 17 ol image Lynestrenol.svg Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international lynestrenol pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 52 76 6 ATC prefix G03 ATC suffix AC02 PubChem 5857 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 5648 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII N2Z8ALG4U5 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D01580 Chemical data C 20 H 28 O 1 molecular weight 284.436 g mol smiles C C C 2 O CC C H 1 C H 4 C H CC C 12C C H 3 C C CCC3 CC4 InChI 1 C20H28O c1 3 20 21 13 11 18 17 9 8 14 6 4 5 7 15 14 16 17 10 12 19 18,20 2 h1,6,15 18,21H,4 5,7 13H2,2H3 t15 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 m0 s1 InChIKey YNVGQYHLRCDXFQ XGXHKTLJBS StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C20H28O c1 3 20 21 13 11 18 17 9 8 14 6 4 5 7 15 14 16 17 10 12 19 18,20 2 h1,6,15 18,21H,4 5,7 13H2,2H3 t15 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey YNVGQYHLRCDXFQ XGXHKTLJSA N Lynestrenol is a progestagen hormone. It is a synthetic orally available progestagen associated with numerous effects of the natural progesterone hormone. Lynestrenol has a strong progestational effect on the uterine endometrium transforming proliferative endometrium into secretory one , inhibits secretion of gonadotropin, suppresses maturation of follicles in the ovaries and ovulation, reduces menstrual bleeding. This synthetic gestagen is associated with minimal estrogenic, androgenic and anabolic effects. Lynestrenol is used in treatment of hormonal disorders and diseases caused by insufficient secretion of the natural progesterone, except in case of risky pregnanci ... more details
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