Endophenotype is a psychiatric concept and a special kind of biomarker . The purpose of the concept is to divide behavioral symptom s into more stable phenotypes with a clear genetics genetic connection. The concept was originally borrowed by Gottesman & Shields from entomology insect biology . Other terms with similar meaning but not stressing the genetic connection are intermediate phenotype , biological marker , subclinical trait , vulnerability marker , and cognitive marker . Definition The accepted criteria that a biomarker must fulfill to be called an endophenotype include ref Gershon ES, Goldin LR 1986 Clinical methods in psychiatric genetics, I robustness of genetic marker investigative strategies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 74 113 118. ref ref name pmid12668349 The endophenotype is associated with illness in the population. The endophenotype is heritable. The endophenotype is primarily state independent manifests in an individual whether or not illness is active . Within families, endophenotype and illness co segregate. Subsequently, an additional criterion that may be useful for identifying endophenotypes of diseases that display complex inheritance patterns was suggested The endophenotype found in affected family members is found in nonaffected family members at a higher rate than in the general population. ref Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Nosten Bertrand M, Jouvent R, Pauls D, Mallet J 1998 Psychiatric genetics search for phenotypes. Trends Neurosci. 21 102 105. ref For schizophrenia ... cite journal author Gottesman II, Gould TD title The endophenotype concept in psychiatry etymology ... appi.ajp.160.4.636 ref A strong candidate for schizophrenia endophenotype is prepulse inhibition ... to a quantitative trait locus for a schizophrenia endophenotype journal PLoS Biol. volume 5 issue ... issue 3 ref For suicide The endophenotype concept has also been used in suicide studies. A tentative endophenotype between the phenotype of completed suicide and the genetic basis is impulsive aggressive ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove August 2009 confusing August 2009 A biomarker , or biological marker , is in general a chemical substance substance used as an wikt indicator indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological process es, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention . It is used in many scientific fields . Medicine main Biomarker medicine In medicine , a biomarker can be a traceable substance that is introduced into an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspects of health. For example, rubidium chloride is used as a radioactive isotope to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle. It can also be a substance whose detection indicates a particular disease state, for example, the presence of an antibody may indicate an infection . More specifically, a biomarker indicates a change in expression or state of a protein that correlates with the risk or progression of a disease, or with the susceptibility of the disease to a given treatment. Biochemical biomarkers are often used in clinical trials , where they are derived from bodily fluids that are easily available to the early phase researchers. ref http biomarker.co.uk what is a biomarker.html What is a Biomarker? ref A useful way of finding genetic causes for diseases such as schizophrenia has been the use of a special kind of biomarker called an endophenotype . Cell biology main biomarker cell In cell biology , a biomarker cell biomarker is a molecule that allows for the detection and isolation of a particular cell type for example, the protein Oct 4 is used as a biomarker to identify embryonic stem cell s . ref Biomarkers for Psychiatric Disorders. Publisher Springer U.S. DOI 10.1007 978 0 387 79251 4 Copyright 2009 ISBN 978 0 387 79250 7 Print 978 0 387 79251 4 Online ref In genetics , a biomarker identified as genetic marker is a DNA sequence that causes disease or is associated ... more details
T, Owada Y, et al. title Fabp7 maps to a quantitative trait locus for a schizophrenia endophenotype ... in PPI is an endophenotype endophenotypic trait observed in schizophrenia patients and their relatives ... more details
mental disorders , constitutes of endophenotype s ref name endophenotype Hasler, G. et al. 2004 Discovering ... of depression The following endophenotype s have been described ref name endophenotype Anhedonia The loss ... screen by measuring anxiety related behavior as an accompanying endophenotype of depression ... more details
and psychopathology Toward an endophenotype. Clinical Psychology Review, 28 8 , 1343 1354. ref For example ..., G. 2008 . The error related negativity ERN and psychopathology Toward an endophenotype. Clinical ... more details
ref name Benes cite journal author Benes F.M. year 2007 title An electrophysiological endophenotype ... Is autoimmune thyroiditis part of the genetic vulnerability or an endophenotype for bipolar disorder ... more details
Psychology sidebar Neuropsychology The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes. It is responsible for processes that are sometimes referred to as the executive function , executive functions , executive skills , supervisory attentional system , or cognitive control . These functions are largely carried out by prefrontal cortex prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe . Executive function is an umbrella term for cognition cognitive processes such as planning, working memory , attention , problem solving, verbal reasoning, inhibition, mental flexibility, multi tasking, initiation and monitoring of actions. ref cite journal last Chan, R. C. K., Shum, D., Toulopoulou, T. & Chen, E. Y. H. title Assessment of executive functions Review of instruments and identification of critical issues journal Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology year 2008 volume 23 series 2 issue 2 pages 201 216 doi 10.1016 j.acn.2007.08.010 pmid 18096360 ref Neuroanatomy The executive functions are located primarily in the prefrontal cortex prefrontal regions of the frontal lobe . These areas have multiple connections with other cerebral cortex cortical , subcortical and brainstem regions. ref name EFmeta analysis cite journal last Alvarez, J. A. & Emory, E. title Executive function and the frontal lobes A meta analytic review journal Neuropsychology Review year 2006 volume 16 issue 1 pages 17 42 doi 10.1007 s11065 006 9002 x ref Neuroimaging and brain damage lesion studies have identified the functions which are most often associated with the particular regions of the prefrontal cortex. ref name EFmeta analysis The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DLPFC is involved with on line processing of information such as integrating different dimensions of cognition and behaviour. ref name Lezak cite book last Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B. & Loring, D. W. title Neuropsychological Assessment year 2004 publisher Oxford University Press location ... more details
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