Interventions infobox Name Endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography Image Pigment stone extraction.png Caption Duodenoscopic image of two gallstone pigment stones extracted from common bile duct after sphincterotomy. ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 51.10 MeshID D002760 OPS301 OPS301 1 642 OtherCodes Endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography ERCP is a technique that combines the use of endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile duct biliary or pancreatic duct al systems. Through the endoscope, the physician can see the inside of the stomach and duodenum , and inject dyes into the ducts in the biliary tree and pancreas so they can be seen on X rays. ERCP is used primarily to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts, including gallstones , inflammatory strictures scars , leaks from trauma and surgery , and cancer. ERCP can be performed for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons, although the development of safer and relatively non invasive investigations such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography MRCP and endoscopic ultrasound has meant that ERCP is now rarely performed without therapeutic intent. Diagnostic Image ERCP stone.jpg right thumb ... including endoscopic ultrasound , high resolution CT scan CT , and MRI Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ... for ERCP unless they cause bile duct obstruction and jaundice. Endoscopic ultrasound represents ... become necessary Endoscopic sphincterotomy both of the biliary and the pancreatic sphincters Removal ... can be directly visualized with the endoscopic camera while various procedures are performed. A plastic ... journal author McAlister VC, Davenport E, Renouf E title Cholecystectomy deferral in patients with endoscopic ... perforation is a risk of any endoscopic procedure, and is an additional risk if a sphincterotomy is performed ... de Endoskopisch retrograde Cholangiopankreatikographie es Colangiopancreatograf a retr grada endosc pica fa it Colangio pancreatografia endoscopica retrograda nl Endoscopische retrograde ... more details
Cholangiopancreatography can refer to Endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography disambig ... more details
Wiktionarypar retrogradeRetrograde may refer to RetrogradeRetrograde motion , in astronomy, describes retrograde motions of celestial bodies relative to a gravitationally central object Apparent retrograde motion , in astronomy, is the apparent motion of planets as observed from a particular vantage point Metamorphism Prograde and retrograde metamorphism Retrograde metamorphism , in geology, describes a somewhat rare recrystalization of rocks under decreasing pressure and or temperature conditions. Retrograde ejaculation , in medicine Retrograde amnesia , in neuroscience medicine, is a type of amnesia Retrograde signaling , in neuroscience Retrograde inversion , a type of musical permutation Retrograde analysis , in chess problems Retrograde music , in music Retrograde videogame , in entertainment, a shooter published in 1989 by Thalamus Ltd for the Commodore64 Retro Grade , in entertainment, a music video game under development for the PlayStation 3 by 24 Caret Games Retrogradation Retrogradation , a landward change in position of the front of a river delta with time. Retrogradation starch , the gelatinized of starch when the amylose and amylopectin chains realign themselves disambig de Retrograd fr R trograde nl Retrograad ja ... more details
carcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasound can also be used in conjunction with Endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatographyendoscopicretrograde cholangio pancreatography ERCP . The ultrasound probe ...Diagnostic infobox Name PAGENAME Image Lul mass radial eus.jpg Caption In this endoscopic ultrasound image, a mass in this case, from lung cancer is visualized using an ultrasound probe EUS inserted into the esophagus . ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D019160 OPS301 OtherCodes Endoscopic ultrasound EUS or echo endoscopy is a medical procedure in endoscopy insertion of a probe into a hollow organ is combined with ultrasound to obtain images of the viscus internal organs in the thorax chest and abdomen . It can be used to visualize the wall of these organs, or to look at adjacent structures. Combined with Doppler imaging, nearby blood vessels can also be evaluated. Endoscopic ultrasonography is most commonly used in the upper digestive tract and in the respiratory system. The procedure is performed by gastroenterologist s or pulmonologist s who have had extensive advanced training. For the patient, the procedure feels almost identical to the endoscopic procedure without the ultrasound part, unless ultrasound guided biopsy of deeper structures is performed. Digestive tract Upper digestive tract For endoscopic ultrasound of the upper digestive tract , a probe is inserted into the esophagus , stomach and duodenum during a procedure called esophagogastroduodenoscopy . Among other uses, it allows for screening for pancreatic cancer , esophageal cancer , and gastric cancer as well as benign tumors of the upper ... lining into the target. Endoscopic ultrasound is performed with the patient sedated. The endoscope ... with endoscopic ultrasound An endoscopic ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus can also be used to visualize ... of lung cancer. Ultrasound can also be performed with an endoscopic probe inside the bronchi themselves ... Videos on DAVE Project Medical imaging DEFAULTSORT Endoscopic Ultrasound Category Digestive system ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography Image MRCP Choledocholithiasis.jpg Caption MRCP image showing stones in the distal common bile duct a Gallbladder with stones b Stone in bile duct c Pancreatic duct d Duodenum. ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 88.97 OPS301 OPS301 3 843 MeshID D049448 OtherCodes Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography MRCP is a medical imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance imaging to visualise the biliary duct biliary and pancreatic duct s in a non invasive manner. ref cite journal title Clinical applications of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. journal Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology date 2001 11 first SR last Prasad coauthors D. Sahani, S. Saini volume 33 issue 5 pages 362 6 pmid 11606850 ref This procedure can be used to determine if gallstone s are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the gallbladder . It was introduced in 1991. ref name Baert2008 cite book author Albert L. Baert title Encyclopedia of Diagnostic Imaging url http books.google.com books?id e3F4NaY3fgQC&pg PA123 accessdate 3 July 2011 date 13 February 2008 publisher Springer isbn 9783540352785 pages 123 ref Comparison to other techniques In the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic disorders, MRCP is a much less invasive investigation when compared to endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography ERCP . Although both techniques can image the ductal system in detail, MRCP also allows imaging of the surrounding parenchyma . In a recent study of 269 patients undergoing both ERCP and MRCP, the MRCP compared favourably with the more invasive technique. ref cite journal author Hekimoglu K, Ustundag Y, Dusak A, et al. title MRCP vs. ERCP in the evaluation of biliary pathologies review of current literature journal J Dig Dis volume 9 issue 3 pages 162 9 year 2008 month August pmid 18956595 url http onlinelibrary.wiley.com resolve openurl?genre ... Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography Category Magnetic resonance imaging Category Digestive ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced October 2008 expert Medicine date October 2008 medref October 2008 orphan February 2009 Endoscopic nasopharyngectomy is a form of endoscopic surgery to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma common in parts of Asia. This type of cancer is commonly treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy , but endoscopic operation offers an alternative treatment especially when the radiation therapy fails. Category Endoscopy Category Surgical techniques Category Medical treatments treatment stub ... more details
Endoscopic stenting is a medical procedure by which a stent , a hollow device designed to prevent contriction or collapse of a tubular organ, is inserted by endoscopy . They are usually inserted when a disease process has led to narrowing or obstruction of the organ in question, such as the esophagus or the colon anatomy colon . Endoscopic stents are commonly referred to as self expandable metallic stent s SEMS . SEMS play an important role in the management of malignant obstructing lesions in the gastrointestinal tract ref cite journal author McLoughlin MT, Byrne MF title Endoscopic stenting Where are we now and where can we go? journal World J Gastroenterol. volume 14 issue 24 pages 3798 3803 year 2008 month June url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC2721435 pdf WJG 14 3798.pdf issn 0343 6993 doi 10.3748 wjg.14.3798 pmc 2721435 pmid 18609702 ref References reflist Category General surgery Digestive system surgery ... more details
In mathematics, endoscopic groups of reductive algebraic group s were introduced by harvs txt first Robert last Langlands authorlink Robert Langlands year1 1979 year2 1983 in his work on the stable trace formula . Roughly speaking, an endoscopic group H of G is a quasi split group whose L group is the connected component of the centralizer of a semisimple element of the L group of G . In the stable trace formula , unstable orbital integral s on a group G correspond to stable orbital integrals on its endoscopic groups H . The relation between them is given by the fundamental lemma Langlands program fundamental lemma . References Citation last1 Kottwitz first1 Robert E. last2 Shelstad first2 Diana title Foundations of twisted endoscopy url http books.google.com books?id NYxAtwAACAAJ mr 1687096 year 1999 journal Ast risque issn 0303 1179 issue 255 pages vi 190 Citation last1 Labesse first1 Jean Pierre editor1 last Arthur editor1 first James editor2 last Schmid editor2 first Wilfried editor3 last Trapa editor3 first Peter E. title Representation theory of real reductive Lie groups url http www.math.utah.edu ptrapa src2006 publisher American Mathematical Society location Providence, R.I. series Contemp. Math. isbn 978 0 8218 4366 6 mr 2454335 year 2008 volume 472 chapter Introduction to endoscopy chapterurl http www.math.utah.edu ptrapa src2006 labesse.pdf pages 175 213 Citation last1 Langlands first1 Robert P. title Stable conjugacy definitions and lemmas doi 10.4153 CJM 1979 069 2 mr 540901 year 1979 journal Canadian Journal of Mathematics issn 0008 414X volume 31 issue 4 pages 700 725 Citation last1 Langlands first1 Robert P. title Les d buts d une formule des traces stable url http www.sunsite.ubc.ca DigitalMathArchive Langlands endoscopy.html debuts publisher Universit de Paris VII U.E.R. de Math matiques location Paris series Publications Math matiques de l Universit ... Publ. Math. Univ. Paris VII mr 723184 year 1983 volume 15 chapter Orbital integrals, endoscopic groups ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 Retrograde is defined as In reverse action , therefore a retrograde infection is an infection that enters or spreads through the body through a means that is usually considered backwards. An example is spreading into the salivary glands through the Salivary duct saliva ducts . Category Infectious diseases Med stub The below are interlanguage links. ... more details
Image P R I RI.png thumb Prime, retrograde, inverse, and bottom right retrograde inverse. Retrograde inversion is a Musical terminology musical term that literally means backwards and upside down The inverse of the series is sounded in reverse order. ref Benward & Saker 2003 . Music In Theory and Practice , Vol. I, p.310. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978 0 07 294262 0. ref This is a technique used in music, specifically in twelve tone technique , where the Inversion music inversion and Retrograde music retrograde techniques are performed on the same tone row successively, t he inversion of the prime series in reverse order from last pitch to first. ref Benward & Saker 2003 , p.359. ref Conventionally, inversion is carried out first, and the inverted form is then taken backward to form the retrograde inversion, so that the untransposed retrograde inversion ends with the pitch that began the prime form of the series. In his late twelve tone works, however, Igor Stravinsky preferred the opposite order, so that his row charts use inverse retrograde IR forms for his source sets, instead of retrograde inversions RI , although he sometimes labeled them RI in his sketches. ref Paul Schuyler Phillips, The Enigma of Variations A Study of Stravinsky s Final Work for Orchestra , Music Analysis 3, no. 1 March 1984 69 89. Citation on p. 70, and p. 88, n. 6. ref Other uses Retrograde Inversion is also the name of a rock group from the south east of England. Sources reflist Twelve tone technique DEFAULTSORT Retrograde Inversion Category Serialism Music theory stub ... more details
In neuroscience , retrograde signaling is a phenomenon in which a signal travels from a postsynaptic neuron to a presynaptic one. Endocannabinoid s are known to play a role in retrograde signaling, with the molecules being synthesized postsynaptically and acting presynaptically. Retrograde signaling may also play a role in long term potentiation , a proposed mechanism of learning and memory, although this is controversial see Retrograde signaling in LTP . References Nicoll, R. A. & Alger, B. E. December, 2004 . The brain s own marijuana. In Scientific American, 291 , 70 &ndash 75. Category Cell signaling Category Neurobiology Cell biology stub ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Retrograde ejaculation Image Caption DiseasesDB 11438 ICD10 N53.1 ICD9 ICD9 608.87 ..., retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen , which would normally be ejaculation ejaculated via ... sphincter does not function properly, retrograde ejaculation may occur. Retrograde ejaculation and infertility Retrograde ejaculation is sometimes referred to as a dry orgasm. Retrograde ejaculation ... male infertility retrograde ejaculation.html Retrograde ejaculation treatments Infertility ... Explanation on Retrograde ejaculation MedlinePlus. Retrieved on 2010 03 02 ref Another underlying ... tighten to prevent retrograde flow of semen. In retrograde ejaculation, these bladder neck muscles ... www.merck.com mmhe sec21 ch240 ch240f.html The condition known as retrograde ejaculation Merck, Sharpe ... cord injury or diabetes mellitus diabetes . ref http www.retrogradeejaculation.net Retrograde ... sphincter, leading to retrograde ejaculation, may be a result of the autonomic nervous system or the operation ... retrograde ejaculation being either temporary or permanent. Modern nerve sparing techniques .... Retrograde ejaculation is a common side effect of medications, such as tamsulosin , that are used ... . By relaxing the bladder sphincter muscle, the likelihood of retrograde ejaculation is increased ... apfemm2&cat sessuologia it icon ref Retrograde ejaculation can also be a complication of diabetes , especially ... of the bladder sphincter. Post pubertal males aged 17 to 20 years who experience repeated episodes of retrograde ... within 0.5 CM of the ejaculatory duct usually distal to the duct . Retrograde ejaculation can also ... shortly after ejaculation. In cases of retrograde ejaculation, the specimen will contain ... can often be confused with retrograde ejaculation, and they share some fundamental aspects of the etiology ... of surgery or prior radiation therapy . ref http www.mamashealth.com men retejaculation.asp What is Retrograde ... depends on the cause. Medications may work for retrograde ejaculation but only in a few cases ... more details
Infobox Film name Retrograde image Retrograde.jpg caption director Christopher Kulikowski producer writer Gianluca Curti, Christopher Kulikowski starring Dolph Lundgren br Gary Daniels music cinematography editing distributor released 2004 runtime country Luxembourg, FilmItaly language English language English Budget preceded by followed by awards Gross Retrograde is a 2004 in film 2004 Science fiction film sci fi action film directed by Christopher Kulikowski and starring Dolph Lundgren . It was shot in Italy . Cast Dolph Lundgren ... John Foster Silvia De Santis ... Renee Diaz Joe Montana actor Joe Montana ... Dalton Gary Daniels ... Markus Joe Sagal ... Andrew Schrader Ken Samuels ... Capt. Robert Davis David Jean Thomas ... Jefferson Jamie Treacher ... Mackenzie Marco Lorenzini ... Bruce Ross Scott Joseph ... Greg Adrian Sellars ... Keith James Chalke ... Vacceri Nicolas de Pruyssenaer ... Ichek Dean Gregory ... Central Command Leader Derek Kueter ... Charley External links imdb title id 0385990 title Retrograde action film stub Category 2004 films Category Luxembourgian films Category English language films Category 2000s action films Category 2000s science fiction films de Retrograde Krieg auf dem Eisplaneten fr Retrograde film pt Retrograde ru ... more details
Notability 1 Music date October 2010 Unreferenced date October 2010 Retrograde Inversion are a progressive rock funk band from Haslemere , England . The band formed in 2003 as part of the Live and Direct Youth Scheme. The band s name is derived from the musical term Retrograde Inversion, meaning backwards and upside down. They performed at Alton, Hampshire Alton Live and have played a free concert at Alton College . More notably however, they won the Alton Battle of the Bands. In addition they have played on Delta Fm and BBC Radio Leicester . They have been described by the local press as having an exciting mix of bass driven funk and 70 s style melodic rock . As of now the band has been split. Members Louise Coady Vocals Cassie Philpot Guitar Rob Hack Guitar Sophie Lowe Bass Ben Turk Drums Discography The Funk E.P 2004 Slow Song 2005 Coming Down & Wake Up 2005 External links http www.retrogradeinversion.co.uk Retrograde Inversion Official Site http www.myspace.com retrogradeinversion Retrograde Inversion at Myspace http www.purevolume.com retrogradeinversion Retrograde Inversion at Pure Volume http www.liveanddirect.org.uk Live and Direct Category English musical groups ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Retrograde pyelogram Image Caption ICD10 ICD9unlinked ICD9proc 87.74 OPS301 OPS301 3 13d .5 MeshID OtherCodes Retrograde Pyelogram is a urologic procedure where the physician injects contrast into the ureter in order to visualize the ureter and kidney. The flow of contrast up from the bladder to the kidney is opposite the usual flow of urine, hence the retrograde name. Reasons for performing a retrograde pyelogram include identification of filling defects e.g. stones or tumors , as an adjunct during the placement of ureteral stents or ureteroscopy , or to delineate renal anatomy in preparation for surgery. Retrograde pyelography is generally done when an intravenous excretory study IVP or contrast CT scan cannot be done because of renal disease or allergy to intravenous contrast. Relative contraindications include the presence of infected urine, pregnancy and contrast allergy. The procedure requires cystoscopy and the placement of a small tube into the lower part of the ureter to inject contrast and opacify the ureter and renal pelvis. Fluoroscopy , or dynamic X Rays, is typically used for visualization. The procedure is usually done under general or regional anesthesia . References Campbell s Textbook of Urology, Chapter 3, Urinary Tract Imaging, Basic Principles Urologic surgical and other procedures Category Urologic imaging Category Radiography ... more details
Refimprove date November 2006 Retrograde tracing is a research method which is used in neuroscience to trace neural connections from their point of termination the synapse to their source the cell body . The opposite technique is anterograde tracing , which is used to trace neural connections from their source to their point of termination i.e. from cell body to synapse . Both the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques are based on the visualization of the biological process of axonal transport . The anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques allow the detailed assessment of neuronal connections from a single population of neurons to their various targets throughout the nervous system . These techniques allow the mapping of connections between neurons in a particular structure e.g. the human eye eye and the target neurons in the human brain brain . Much of what is currently known about connectional neuroanatomy was discovered through the use of the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. Techniques Retrograde tracing can be achieved through various means, including the use of viral strains as markers of a cell s connectivity to the injection site. The pseudorabies virus PRV Bartha strain , for example, may be used as a suitable tracer due to the propensity of the infection to spread upstream through a pathway of synaptically linked neurons, thus revealing the nature of their circuitry. ref O Donnell, P., Lav n, A., Enquist, L. W., Grace, A. A., Card, J. P. 1997 . Interconnected Parallel Circuits between Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Thalamus Revealed by Retrograde Transynaptic Transport of Pseudorabies Virus. Journal of Neuroscience. 17 2143 2167. ref ref Luo, A. H., Aston Jones, G. 2009 . Circuit projection from suprachiasmatic nucleus to ventral tegmental area a novel circadian output pathway. European Journal of Neuroscience. 29 748 760. ref Another technique ... through an inverted fluorescence microscope . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Retrograde Tracing ... more details
For the astrological Mercury retrograde see Apparent retrograde motion Retrograde motion in astrology Retrograde motion in astrology Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Mercury Retrograde Type Live Album Artist Jesse Malin Cover MercuryRetrograde.jpg Released June 3, 2008 download only br November 10, 2008 Recorded Mercury Lounge , December 2007 Genre Indie rock Length 1 12 17 Label Adeline Records br One Little Indian Producer Paul Hager Reviews Last album On Your Sleeve br 2008 This album Mercury Retrograde br 2008 Next album Love It to Life br 2010 Mercury Retrograde is a live album by Jesse Malin , recorded at the Mercury Lounge in December 2007. ref name spin cite web url http www.spin.com articles jesse malin title Jesse Malin last Goodman first William date June 2, 2008 publisher Spin magazine Spin accessdate 2008 12 26 ref ref name bbc cite web url http www.bbc.co.uk music release mpw6 title Jesse Malin, Mercury Retrograde last Bruce first Sophie date 20 November 2008 publisher BBC accessdate 2008 12 26 ref The album was originally only released online, on June 3, 2008, ref name spin and was released on Compact Disc CD on November 10, 2008. ref name bbc Only the first thirteen tracks are from the live set the final five are studio recordings. ref cite web url http www.thisislocallondon.co.uk leisure cdreviews reviews 3935628.Jesse Malin Mercury Retrograde One Little Indian title Jesse Malin Mercury Retrograde One Little Indian last Churchill first Nick date 28 November 2008 publisher This is Local London accessdate 2008 12 26 ref Track listing High Lonesome 4 08 Wendy 4 21 Hotel Columbia 3 26 Lucinda 2 46 Subway 4 11 Cigarettes & Violets 4 14 Since You re in Love 4 21 Helpless song Helpless 3 34 Aftermath 6 10 Broken Radio 6 40 Going Out West 3 48 Swingin Man 5 30 Xmas 3 29 Leaving Babylon 4 08 Megan Don t Know 2 46 It s Not Enough 1 16 Lady From Baltimore 2 53 Fairytale of New York 4 47 References reflist External links http jessemalin.com Official ... more details
Retrograde condensation occurs when gas in a tube is compressed beyond the point of condensation with the effect that the liquid evaporates again. This is the opposite of condensation the so called retrograde condensation. Description If the volume of two gases which are kept at constant temperature and pressure below critical conditions is gradually reduced, condensation will start. When a certain volume is reached, the amount of condensation will gradually increase upon further reduction in volume until the gases are liquefied. If the composition of the gases lies between their true and pseudo Critical point thermodynamics critical point s the condensation formed will disappear on continued reduction of volume. ref http www.knaw.nl waals pdf Com4 Kuenen2.pdf On retrogade condensation and the critical phenomena of mixtures of two substances ref ref http www.knaw.nl waals pdf Com8 Kuenen.pdf On the abnormal phenomena near the critical point ref The disappearance of condensation is called retrograde condensation. Because natural gas is not a pure product, when non associated gas is extracted from a field under supercritical pressure temperature conditions when the pressure in the reservoir decreases below dewpoint , it may partially condense upon Isothermal process isothermic depressurizing instead of expanding or vaporizing, an effect called retrograde condensation. Discovery Johannes Petrus Kuenen discovered retrograde condensation and published his findings in April 1892 with the title Metingen betreffende het oppervlak van Van der Waals voor mengsels van koolzuur en chloormethyl Measurements on the surface of Van der Waal s for mixtures of carbonic acid and methyl chloride . ref http de.scientificcommons.org 2421376 Metingen betreffende het oppervlak van Van der Waals voor mengsels van koolzuur en chloormethyl ref ref http www.knaw.nl waals pdf Com4 Kuenen.pdf Measurements ... reflist Category Physics nl Retrograde condensatie ... more details
unreferenced date August 2009 Retrograde ureteral is a process by which a camera is inserted into the penis in order to locate a gallstone or kidney stone . The camera then uses attached claws to grab the stone and remove it internally. Patients are sedated. References reflist Category Urologic procedures treatment stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Retrograde perfusion is an artificial method of providing blood supply to an organ by delivering oxygenated blood through the vein s. It may be performed during surgery that interrupts the normal arterial supply of blood to that organ. For instance, when performing surgery that interrupts the cerebral arteries, a Hose tubing hose placed into the femoral artery and the superior vena cava can redirect blood up the internal jugular vein to supply the brain. ref Cite journal author Levy WJ, Levin SK, Bavaria JE title Cerebral oxygenation during retrograde perfusion journal Ann. Thorac. Surg. volume 60 issue 1 pages 184 6 year 1995 month July pmid 7598586 doi url ref References Reflist Category Surgical techniques Surgery stub ... more details
about retrograde motions of celestial bodies relative to a gravitationally central object the apparent motion as seen from a particular vantage point Apparent retrograde motion File Retrogradeorbit.gif thumb Retrograde orbit the satellite red orbits in the direction opposite to the rotation of its primary blue black . Retrograde motion is motion in the direction opposite to the movement of something ... systems , retrograde motion usually means motion which is contrary to the rotation of the Primary ... disk from one star collides or steals material from another star s disk this can result in retrograde ... or retrograde. The inclination of a celestial object is the angle between its orbital plane ... orbit which is neither direct nor retrograde. An object with an inclination between 90 degrees and 270 degrees is in a retrograde orbit. Axial tilt A celestial object s axial tilt indicates whether the object s rotation is direct or retrograde. Axial tilt is the angle between an object s rotation ... direct nor retrograde. An object with an axial tilt between 90 degrees and 270 degrees is rotating ... also rotate about their axis in this same direction. The exceptions the planets with retrograde ... Retrograde motion, or retrogression, within the Earth s atmosphere refers to weather systems ... is formed elsewhere and later captured into orbit by a planet s gravity, it will be captured into a retrograde ... towards or away from it. The retrograde orbits of a planet s satellites are said to be irregular ... sized moons have retrograde orbits whereas all the large moons except Triton moon Triton the largest ... a retrograde orbit because they originate from the irregular moon Phoebe moon Phoebe . All retrograde .... All the other retrograde satellites are on distant orbits and tidal forces between them and the planet are negligible. Within the Hill sphere , the region of stability for retrograde orbits at a large ... for the preponderance of retrograde moons around Jupiter. As Saturn has a more even ... more details
for surgical intervention. See also Retrograde ureteral , an intervention used to remove ... Materials Retrograde Urethrogram Urologic procedures Medical imaging Category Projectional radiography ... more details
A musical line which is the reverse of a previously or simultaneously stated line is said to be its retrograde or cancrizans walking backward , medieval Latin, from cancer , crab . An exact retrograde includes both the pitches and rhythms in reverse. An even more exact retrograde reverses the physical ... choose to subject just the pitches of a musical line to retrograde, or just the rhythms. In twelve ... melodic contour created by their Register music registral placement is regarded as a retrograde. In modal and tonal music In treatises Retrograde was not mentioned in theoretical treatises prior to 1500 ... intellectual pleasure from retrograde and similar permutations A composer of such fancies must try .... ref name vic Thomas Morley 1597 described retrograde in the context of canons and mentions a work ... that hearing retrograde in music is a challenge, and consider it a self referential compositional ... of retrograde in music Despite not being mentioned in theoretical treatises prior to 1500, compositions written before that date show retrograde. ref Newes, p. 218. ref According to Willi Apel, the earliest example of retrograde in music is the 13th century clausula , Nusmido , in which the tenor has the liturgical melody Dominus in retrograde found in the manuscript Pluteo 29.1 , folio 150 ... Apel s identification of Nusmido as the earliest work found containing a retrograde passage. ref ref Many citations to early examples of retrograde and other permutation music permutations and their literature .... ref The word Nusmido is a syllabic retrograde of the word Dominus. ref name buk Bukofzer, p. 176. Bukofzer believes the existence of this retrograde is based on intellectual satisfaction. ref Surveying medieval examples of retrograde, Virginia Newes notes that early composers were often .... ref Newes, p. 233. ref She quotes Daniel Poirion in suggesting that a the retrograde canon ... retrograde occasionally, they did not combine it with other permutation music permutations . In contradistinction ... more details
chess notation In chess, retrograde analysis is a computational method used to solve game positions for optimal play by working backward from known outcomes e.g. checkmate , such as the construction of endgame tablebase s. In game theory at large, this method is called backward induction . For most games, retrograde analysis is only feasible in late game situations of reduced complexity, such as a chess position where few pieces remain in play. Among chess problem solvers, retrograde analysis is a technique employed to determine which moves were played leading up to a given position. While this technique is rarely needed for solving ordinary chess problems, there is a whole sub genre of chess problems in which it is an important part such problems are known as retros . An example with full analysis is available in Thomas Volet s An Introduction to Retroanalytic Inference http chessproblem.net download file.php?id 61 . Retros may ask, for example, for a mate in two, but the main puzzle at least in modern retros is in explaining the history of the position. This may be important to determine, for example, if castling is disallowed or an en passant pawn chess pawn capture is possible. Other problems may ask specific questions relating to the history of the position such as is the bishop ... of retrograde analysis problems is proof game problems. Example Chess diagram tright Eric Angelini ... has White just played? An example of a retrograde analysis problem is shown at right. The solver ... position may be disappointing to some, it does not invalidate the problem. Partial retrograde analysis ... 1 a b c d e f g h Mate in two. br This problem uses partial retrograde analysis method. Some problems use a method called partial retrograde analysis PRA . In these, the history of a position cannot be determined .... Smullyan wrote two well received retrograde analysis riddle books The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock ... links http janko.at Retros index.htm The Retrograde Analysis Corner at Janko.at DEFAULTSORT Retrograde ... more details
SignSymptom infobox Name Retrograde amnesia ICD10 ICD10 R 41 2 r 40 ICD9 ICD9 780.9 Retrograde amnesia .... A., Burrows, E. H., Aldrick, F. K., Jansari, A., & Burdon Cooper, C. 1995 . Focal retrograde amnesia ..., J., & Rudge, P. 2001 . Long term retrograde amnesia...the crucial role of the hippocampus, Neuropsychologia ... name Buccioneetal Buccione, I., Fadda, L., Serra, L., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. 2008 . Retrograde .... ref name NadelMoscovitch Nadel, L., & Moscovitch, M. 1997 . Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia ... pathways possible. ref name Wixted Types of retrograde amnesia As previously mentioned, RA commonly ... s inability to remember events related to a specific incident or topic. Temporally graded retrograde ... name Winocuretal Winocur, G., McDonald, R. M., & Moscovitch, M. 2001 . Anterograde and retrograde ... generally takes place among patients. Focal, isolated, and pure retrograde amnesia These terms ..., J. R. 1996 . Focal retrograde amnesia for autobiographical events following cerebral vasculitis A connectionist ... with mild anterograde and retrograde loss. ref name Hunkinetal A case study of DH revealed that the patient .... 1992 . Focal retrograde amnesia following bilateral temporal lobe pathology, Brain , 115 1 , 73 85 .... G. 2001 . Right medial thalamic lesion causes isolated retrograde amnesia, Neuropsychologia , 39 , 1037 ... occur with AA. ref name Kopelman Kopelman, M. 2000 . Focal retrograde amnesia and the attribution of causality ... FastFujiwara Fast, K., & Fujiwara, E. 2001 . Isolated retrograde amnesia, Neurocase , 7 , 269 282 ... Yarnell, P. R., & Lynch, S. 2007 . Retrograde memory immediately after a concussion, The Lancet ... . Episodic memory and the self in a case of isolated retrograde amnesia, Brain , 121 10 , 1951 .... Therefore, the idea that specific sections of retrograde memory are independent of anterograde is supported ... Diamond, D. M., Park, C. R., & Woodson, J. C. 2004 . Stress generates emotional memories and retrograde .... ref name Strangeetal Strange, B. A., Hurlemann, R., & Dolan, J. R. 2003 . An emotion induced retrograde ... more details
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