membrane into the endosome lumen. Therefore, endosomes represent a major sorting compartment ... title Rab9 GTPase Regulates Late Endosome Size and Requires Effector Interaction for Its Stability ..., and the receptor can be recycled to the cell surface. The LDL remains in the endosome and is delivered ... of the early endosome, generated by a vacuolar membrane proton pump V ATPase . On the other hand ... PR, Mullock BM, Piper RC. title Lysosome endosome fusion and lysosome biogenesis journal Journal ... into the endosome lumen, forming lumenal vesicles this leads to the multivesicular appearance of late ... mechanisms of late endosome morphology, identity and sorting journal Curr Opin Cell Biol volume ... through the pericentriolar recycling endosome journal J Cell Biol volume 135 issue 4 pages 913 24 ... endosome, iron is released from the transferrin, and then the iron free transferrin still bound to the transferrin receptor returns from the early endosome to the cell surface, both directly and via ..., since a late endosome is consumed in the process of fusing with a lysosome. Hence, soluble ... the perimeter membrane into endosomes, a process that begins in early endosomes. When the endosome has matured into a late endosome MVB and fuses with a lysosome, the vesicles in the lumen are delivered ... External links http opm.phar.umich.edu localization.php?localization Endosome 20membrane 3D structures of some proteins associated with endosome membrane Organelles Category Organelles ar bs Endozom ca Endosoma cs Endozom de Endosom el es Endosoma fr Endosome he gl Endosoma ... more details
one source date June 2011 protein Name early endosome antigen 1 caption image width HGNCid 3185 Symbol EEA1 AltSymbols EntrezGene 8411 OMIM 605070 RefSeq NM 003566 UniProt Q15075 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 12 Arm q Band 22 LocusSupplementaryData EEA1 is Early Endosome Antigen 1 protein that binds phospholipid Vesicle biology vesicles containing phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate , which is necessary for endosomal protein targeting trafficking . It binds lipids through its FYVE domain and forms a homodimer through a coiled coil domain. See also Phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate External links MeshName early endosome antigen 1 Category Peripheral membrane proteins biochemistry stub ru EEA1 ... more details
MVB is a three letter acronym which may stand for Most Valuable Bruckal Martin Van Buren 1782 1862 , 8th President of the United States Mark van Bommel b. 1977 , Netherlands Dutch Association football soccer player Marco van Basten b. 1964 , Netherlands Dutch Association football soccer legend Multivesicular body , a specialized endosome which itself contains internal vesicle biology vesicle s Multifunction Vehicle Bus , a single or dual data line used in train control systems, and described in IEC 61375. disambiguation Category Initialisms de MVB fa MVB it MVB nl MVB ... more details
endosome to Golgi trafficking of the mannose 6 phosphate receptor . ref name Ganley 2008 Early endosome ... distinguishes early endosome to Golgi trafficking from late endosome to Golgi trafficking. ref name ... more details
orphan date May 2010 Back fusion is the fusion of internal intraluminal vesicles within multivesicular bodies or late endosome s with the endosome s limiting membrane. The process is believed to be mediated by lysobiphosphatidic acid LBPA , phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate, Alix , and an apparent dependence on an acidic pH. ref name Endocytosis cite journal last Miaczynska first Marta month January year 2008 title Mechanisms and functions of endocytosis journal Journal of Cell Biology volume 180 pages 7 11 doi 10.1083 jcb.200711073 last1 Miaczynska first1 M last2 Stenmark first2 H pmid 18195098 issue 1 pmc 2213624 ref Myosin MHC class 2 and other proteins CD63 and MPR utilize such a process to effectively transport to locations in the cytosol and back to the plasma membrane . However, pathogen s also exploit this mechanism to efficiently enter the cytosol of the cell e.g. Vesicular stomatitis virus VSV , anthrax . ref name Endocytosis2 cite journal last Gruenberg first Jean month July year 2006 title Mechanisms of pathogen entry through the endosomal compartments journal Journal of Cell Biology volume 7 issue 7 pages 495 504 doi 10.1038 nrm1959 last1 Gruenberg first1 J last2 van der Goot first2 FG pmid 16773132 ref Unlike regular fusion in the cell between endosomes and organelle s, back fusion requires the exoplasmic leaflets of the internal vesicles and outer membrane to fuse similar to sperm egg fusion. Notes CytogenetGenomeResRes96 97,117 103,117 120,117 165. Reflist 2 Category Cell anatomy ... more details
distinguish2 corticotropin like intermediate peptide also abbreviated CLIP , which is similar to ACTH Unreferenced date November 2006 CLIP or Class II associated invariant chain peptide is the part of the invariant chain li that binds MHC class II groove and remains there until the MHC receptor is fully assembled. The purpose of CLIP is to prevent the binding of self peptide fragments prior to MHC II localization within the endo lysosome . During MHC II assembly, invariant chain complexes with the MHC II complex. In a special endosome called the MHC II compartment, cathepsin S cleaves the invariant chain, leaving CLIP bound to the MHC II complex. In presence of antigen peptide fragments, HLA DM then binds to the MHC II molecule, releasing CLIP and allowing peptides to bind. MHC II with bound antigen is then transported to the cell membrane for presentation. HLA DO CAN INHIBIT THE REACTION CATALYSED BY HLA DM .The peptide class II complexes are then transported to the plasma membrane. DEFAULTSORT Clip Protein Category Immune system Immunology stub ... more details
BLOC 1 or biogenesis of lysosome related organelles complex 1 is a ubiquitously expressed multisubunit protein complex. BLOC 1 is required for normal biogenesis of specialized organelle s of the endosome endosomal lysosome lysosomal system, such as melanosome s and platelet dense granules. The complex was first described in 2004. ref name pmid12019270 cite journal author Falc n P rez JM, Starcevic M, Gautam R, Dell Angelica EC title BLOC 1, a novel complex containing the pallidin and muted proteins involved in the biogenesis of melanosomes and platelet dense granules journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 31 pages 28191 9 year 2002 pmid 12019270 doi 10.1074 jbc.M204011200 ref The identified protein subunits of BLOC 1 include pallidin , muted protein , dysbindin , cappuccino protein Snapin , BLOS1 , BLOS2 , BLOS3 References div class references small references div cell biology stub Vesicular transport proteins Category Cell biology ... more details
endosome equivalent compartment in yeast. It is also required for the recycling of the cell surface ... of several different cargo proteins from the endosome to the trans Golgi network. However, it is clear ... more details
molecules. Proteins are endocytosed and degraded by acid dependent proteases in endosome s this process ... s export from the ER in a vesicle. This fuses with a late endosome containing the endocytosed, degraded ... it with a peptide from the endosome. The stable MHC class II is then presented on the cell surface ... more details
Pfam box Symbol FYVE Name FYVE zinc finger image 1joc.gif width 200 caption Early endosome antigen 1 EEA1 dimer with lipids. ref name pmid11741531 cite journal author Dumas JJ, Merithew E, Sudharshan E, et al. title Multivalent endosome targeting by homodimeric EEA1 journal Mol. Cell volume 8 issue 5 pages 947 58 year 2001 month November pmid 11741531 doi 10.1016 S1097 2765 01 00385 9 url ref Pfam PF01363 InterPro IPR000306 SMART PROSITE PDOC50178 SCOP 1vfy TCDB OPM family 62 OPM protein 1vfy PDB PDB3 1dvp A 156 219 PDB3 1vfy A 168 230 PDB3 1joc B 1347 1411 PDB3 1hyj A 1347 1411 PDB3 1hyi A 1347 1411 PDB3 1wfk A 2 59 PDB3 1x4u A 349 411 FYVE zinc finger domain is named after the four cysteine rich protein s Fab 1 yeast orthologue of PIKfyve , YOTB, Vac 1 vesicle transport protein , and EEA1 , in which it has been found. The FYVE finger binds two zinc ions. The FYVE finger has eight potential zinc coordinating cysteine positions and is characterized by having basic amino acids around the cysteines. Many members of this family also include two histidines in a motif R HHC XCG, where represents a charged residue and X any residue. FYVE domains bind Phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate , in a way dependent on its metal ion coordination and basic amino acids. It has been speculated these bindings cause conformational changes or regulate protein protein or lipid protein interactions. ref name pmid10209156 cite journal author Leevers SJ, Vanhaesebroeck B, Waterfield MD title Signalling through phosphoinositide 3 kinases the lipids take centre stage journal Current Opinion in Cell Biology volume 11 issue 2 pages 219 25 year 1999 month April pmid 10209156 doi 10.1016 S0955 0674 99 80029 5 ref The FYVE finger is structurally similar to the RING domain and the PHD finger . The FYVE domain has been connected to vacuolar protein sorting and endosome function. ref name pmid10209156 Examples The following is a list of human proteins containing this domain ANKFY1 EEA1 FYVE, RhoGEF and PH ... more details
that promote endosome osmotic swelling, disruption of the endosome membrane and intracellular release of DNA form, 2 is the destabilization of endosome by cationic lipids coated on the particles ... more details
A vesicular transport protein is a membrane protein transmembrane or membrane associated protein . It regulates or facilitates the movement by vesicle biology vesicles of the contents of the cell. ref MeshName Vesicular Transport Proteins ref Types Examples include Archain ADP ribosylation factor ARFs Clathrin Caveolin Dynamin and related proteins, such as the EHD protein family Rab G protein Rab proteins SNARE protein SNAREs Sorting nexins Synaptotagmin TRAPP complex Pathways There are multiple pathways, each using its own coat and GTPase . ref name Sako2010 cite book author Yasushi Sako title Cell Signaling Reactions Single Molecular Kinetic Analysis url http books.google.com books?id eM fySpFdLkC&pg PA168 accessdate 15 December 2010 date 1 October 2010 publisher Springer isbn 9789048198634 pages 168 ref COP 1 Cytosolic coat protein complex retrograde transport Golgi apparatus Golgi Endoplasmic reticulum COP 2 Cytosolic coat protein complex anterograde transport RER cis Golgi Clathrin trans Golgi Lysosome s , Plasma membrane Endosome s receptor mediated endocytosis See also Membrane transport protein Wikipedia MeSH D12.776 MeSH D12.776.543.990 vesicular transport proteins References reflist membrane protein stub Vesicular transport proteins Category Transport proteins Category Peripheral membrane proteins ru ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Entamoeba gingivalis domain Eukaryota kingdom Protista phylum Amoebozoa classis Archamoebae genus Entamoeba species E. gingivalis binomial Entamoeba gingivalis binomial authority Gros, 1849 Entamoeba gingivalis is a non pathogenic protozoa Citation needed date October 2009 reported by some to cause disease ref cite pmid 19495399 ref and is known to be the first amoeba in humans to be described. It is found in the mouth ref cite pmid 15580129 ref between the gingival pockets and near the base of the teeth. Entamoeba gingivalis is found in 95 of people with gum disease and in 50 of people with healthy gums. Citation needed date February 2012 The cyst formation is not present, therefore transmission is direct from one person to another by kissing, or by sharing eating utensils. Only the trophozoite s are formed and the size is usually 10 micrometer to 20 micrometer in diameter. Entamoeba gingivalis have pseudopodia that allow them to move quickly. Citation needed date February 2012 Their spheroid nucleus is 2 micrometer to 4 micrometer in diameter and contains a small central endosome . There are numerous food vacuole s and contain cellular debris, blood cells and bacteria. References reflist Sources Roberts L. and Janovy J. Foundations of Parasitology. The McGraw Hill Companies. New York. 2005 114 115 Amoebozoa diseases Category Amoebozoa Category Parasites es Entamoeba gingivalis fa fr Entamoeba gingivalis id Entamoeba gingivalis ru tr Entamoeba gingivalis ... more details
, prominent for nuclear endosome and many cytoplasmic vacuoles. The ectoplasm and the granular ... endosome, surrounding by light staining granules about midway between it and the nuclear membrane. Achromatic strands stretch between the endosome and nuclear membrane without any peripheral granules ... have an oval shaped single nucleus with a prominent nuclear endosome. This form is also large, single ... more details
Pfam box Symbol MENTAL Name MENTAL domain image width caption Pfam PF10457 InterPro IPR019498 SMART Prosite PS51439 SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB The MENTAL or MLN64 NH sub 2 sub terminal domain is a membrane spanning domain that is conserved in two endosome late endosomal proteins in vertebrates, MLN64 and STARD3NL MENTHO . ref name pmid12393907 cite journal author Alpy F, Wendling C, Rio MC, Tomasetto C title MENTHO, a MLN64 Homologue Devoid of the START Domain. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 18 pages 50780 7 year 2002 pmid 12393907 doi 10.1074 jbc.M208290200 ref The domain is 170 amino acids long. Current data indicates that this domain allows for protein dimer dimerization between MLN64 and MENTHO molecules and with themselves. ref name pmid15718238 cite journal author Alpy F, Latchumanan VK, Kedinger V, Janoshazi A, Thiele C, Wendling C, Rio MC, Tomasetto C title Functional characterization of the MENTAL domain. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 280 issue 18 pages 17945 52 year 2005 pmid 15718238 doi 10.1074 jbc.M500723200 ref The domain may also direct cholesterol transport. References reflist Category Protein domains ... more details
Acid phosphatase is a phosphatase , a type of enzyme, used to free attached phosphate groups from other molecules during digestion . It is basically a phosphomonoesterase . It is stored in lysosome s and functions when these fuse with endosome s, which are acidified while they function therefore, it has an acid pH optimum. Different forms of acid phosphatase are found in different Organ anatomy organ s, and their blood plasma serum levels are used to evaluate the success of the surgical treatment of prostate cancer . In the past, they were also used to diagnose this type of cancer. di File Blood values sorted by mass and molar concentration.png thumb 450px Reference ranges for blood tests , showing acid phosphatase in red at left. div Acid phosphatase catalyzes the following reaction at an optimal pH below 7 Orthophosphoric monoester H sub 2 sub O alcohol H sub 3 sub PO sub 4 sub Phosphatase enzymes are also used by soil microorganisms to access organically bound phosphate nutrients. An assay on the rates of activity of these enzymes may be used to ascertain biological demand for phosphates in the soil. Some plant roots, especially cluster roots , exude carboxylates that perform acid phosphatase activity, helping to mobilise phosphorus in nutrient deficient soils. Genes ACP1 ACP2 ACPP ACP3 , Prostatic acid phosphatase ACP5 , Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase ACP6 ACPT , Testicular acid phosphatase Tissue acid phosphatase , or Lysosomal acid phosphatase See also alkaline phosphatase External links MeshName Acid phosphatase EC number 3.1.3.2 Esterases DEFAULTSORT Acid Phosphatase Category EC 3.1.3.2 Category Biochemistry hydrolase stub de Saure Phosphatase ja pl Fosfataza kwa na ru ... more details
Orphan date July 2011 enzyme Name Vesicle fusing ATPase EC number 3.6.4.6 CAS number IUBMB EC number 3 6 4 6 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a vesicle fusing ATPase EC number 3.6.4.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math ADP phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to facilitate cellular and subcellular movement. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase vesicle fusing . References reflist 1 cite journal author Confalonieri F, Duguet M year 1995 title A 200 amino acid ATPase module in search of a basic function journal Bioessays. volume 17 pages 639&ndash 50 pmid 7646486 doi 10.1002 bies.950170710 issue 7 cite journal author Orii T, Kondo N, Osumi T, Fujiki Y year 1998 title Temperature sensitive mutation in PEX1 moderates the phenotypes of peroxisome deficiency disorders journal Hum. Mol. Genet. volume 7 pages 2089&ndash 94 pmid 9817926 doi 10.1093 hmg 7.13.2089 issue 13 cite journal author Babst M, Wendland B, Estepa EJ, Emr SD year 1998 title The Vps4p AAA ATPase regulates membrane association of a Vps protein complex required for normal endosome function journal EMBO J. volume 17 pages 2982&ndash 93 pmid 9606181 doi 10.1093 emboj 17.11.2982 issue 11 pmc 1170638 Category EC 3.6.4 Category Enzymes of unknown structure hydrolase stub ... more details
F, Pfeffer SR title A novel Rab9 effector required for endosome to TGN transport journal J. Cell ... L, Pfeffer S title Rab9 GTPase regulates late endosome size and requires effector interaction for its ... title Cholesterol accumulation sequesters Rab9 and disrupts late endosome function in NPC1 deficient ... more details
Chembox ImageFile Amine PEG2 Biotin.svg ImageSize ImageAlt IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 138529 46 1 CASNo Ref cascite correct PubChem SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties C 16 H 30 N 4 O 4 S 1 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Biotin PEG2 amine biotine PEG2 amine is a water soluble pegylated biotin derivative chemistry derivative used as linker in biotechnology and molecular biology applications. ref http www.piercenet.com browse.cfm?fldID 041C9720 C67D 4B2C AB19 5F7AA1C90CD0 ref Uses Biotin PEG2 amine is used as a linker ref cite journal author Bronfman, F.C., et al. title Ligand Induced Internalization of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor A Slow Route to the Signaling Endosome journal The Journal of Neuroscience volume 23 issue 8 pages 3209 3220 year 2003 pmid 12716928 url http www.jneurosci.org content 23 8 3209.full.pdf ref or cross linker. ref cite journal author Takashi Hara, Shin ichi Matsuyama and Hajime Tokuda title Mechanism Underlying the Inner Membrane Retention of Escherichia coli Lipoproteins Caused by Lol Avoidance Signals journal J. Biol. Chem volume 278 issue 41 pages 40408 40414 year 2003 url http hwmaint.jbc.org cgi content full 278 41 40408 ref This allows to attach specific compounds to proteins or to antibodies. A common use of biotin PEG2 amine is to use 1 Ethyl 3 3 dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide EDC and crosslink the amine in the biotin PEG2 amine to carboxyl groups on protein residues that are either aspartate or glutamate or the carboxy terminus of proteins. A particular example of use is labeling red cells, which in turn allows for the detection of these labeled cells in small samples using flow cytometry . ref http www.assaybiotech.com ProductCenter Dyes Quenchers Z0508.html ref Related compounds Biotin PEG2 maleimide Biotin PEG3 amine Biotin PEG4 NHS References reflist DEFAULTSORT Biotin PEG2 Amine Category Amines Category Amides Category Rea ... more details
Image Itrafig2.jpg thumb 300px Mechanism of clathrin dependent endocytosis. Receptor mediated endocytosis RME , also called clathrin dependent endocytosis , is a process by which cells internalize molecules endocytosis by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. Process After the binding of a ligand to plasma membrane spanning receptors, a signal is sent through the membrane, leading to membrane coating, and formation of a membrane invagination . The receptor and its ligand are then opsonized in clathrin coated vesicles. Once opsonized, the clathrin coated vesicle uncoats a pre requisite for the vesicle to fuse with other membranes and individual vesicles fuse to form the early endosome . Since the receptor is internalized with the ligand, the system is saturable and uptake will decline until receptors are recycled to the surface. Common for biology. Function The function of receptor mediated endocytosis is diverse. It is widely used for the specific uptake of certain substances required by the cell examples include LDL via the LDL receptor or iron via transferrin . The role of receptor mediated endocytosis is also well recognized in the downregulation of transmembrane signal transduction. The activated receptor becomes internalised and is transported to late endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. However, receptor mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. This became apparent when it was found that the association and formation of specific signaling complexes is required for the effective signaling of hormones e.g. Epidermal growth factor EGF . Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active signaling complexes to the nucleus might be required to enable signaling as random diffusion is too slow ref cite journal last Howe first Charles L. title Modeling the Signaling Endosome Hypot ... more details
strongly inhibits Rab5 dependent early endosome membrane fusion . Thus, rabaptin 5 is a Rab effector required for membrane docking and fusion. Rab5 contributes to early endosome fusion that works through ... more details
. Endosome Multivesicular body , or MVB, is a membrane bound vesicle containing a number of smaller vesicles ... between the Golgi apparatus Golgi and plasma membrane , the Golgi and endosome s, and the plasma ... tagged for downregulation by the attachment of ubiquitin . After arriving an endosome via the pathway described above, vesicles begin to form inside the endosome, taking with them the membrane proteins meant for degradation When the endosome either matures to become a lysosome or is united with one ... It is because of these vesicles that the endosome is sometimes known as a multivesicular body . The pathway ... more details
Y, Zerial M title RhoD regulates endosome dynamics through Diaphanous related Formin and Src ... formin mDia2 in endosome trafficking. journal Exp. Cell Res. volume 313 issue 3 pages 560 71 year ... more details
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