white. Bran, with a higher water adsorption than endosperm apparently gives a bloated feeling ... and endosperm by means of a plate mill or a hammer mill or preferably a roller mill. 3. Sifting ... more details
wiktionary grain Grain refers to coarse particles e.g. grain of sand , grain of salt Food grain s, the small, hard, fruits or seeds of arable crops or the crops bearing these fruits or seeds. Includes the cereal grains caryopsis of grass plants pseudocereal s starchy grains produced by broadleaf plants used like true cereals Pulse legume pulses or grain legumes Whole grain s, the cereal grains that contain bran and germ as well as the endosperm oilseeds Film grain , the gritty texture sometimes apparent on images produced using photographic film or paper grainy Fine grained , designating a more finely differentiated form of a technical or abstract system, in contrast to coarse grained , a less differentiated one Grain unit , a unit of mass equal to 64.79891 milligrams, frac 7,000 of an avoirdupois pound Grain, or particle size , for particles of rock in geology Crystallite or grain in metallurgy, a single crystal inside solid state matter Solid fuel rocket Grain geometry Grain , a solid propellant charge, roughly a hollow cylinder, sometimes textured, and possibly very large Granular synthesis , a method for digital musical instruments operating on the microsound time scale Grain surfboard company , a company that manufactures hollow wooden surfboards Wood grain , the alignment and texture of the fibres in wood Or, more generally Grain cipher , a stream cipher designed for restricted hardware environments and submitted to eSTREAM in 2004 by Martin Hellman et al. Isle of Grain in Kent, England, on which lies the village of Grain GRAIN is an international non governmental organization for sustainable agriculture disambiguation ar cs Zrno rozcestn k de Grain es Grano eo Grajno fr Grain it Grano pt Gr o simple Grain disambiguation sk Zrno uk ... more details
taxobox name Hydrangeaceae image Hydrangea macrophylla Bigleaf hydrangea2.jpg image caption Hydrangea macrophylla regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Cornales familia Hydrangeaceae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision See text. Hydrangeaceae are a Family biology family of flowering plant s in the order Cornales , with a wide distribution in Asia and North America , and locally in southeastern Europe . Overview In its broad sense as treated by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group , the family includes 17 genera, but some botanists divide the family into two, with seven genera split off into a separate family, Philadelphaceae . The genera are characterised by leaf leaves in opposite pairs rarely whorled or alternate , and regular, bisexual flower s with 4 rarely 5 12 petals. The fruit is a capsule fruit capsule or berry containing several seed s, the seeds with a fleshy endosperm . Genera valign top Hydrangeaceae Barth lemy Charles Joseph Dumortier Dumort. sensu stricto Broussaisia Cardiandra Decumaria Deinanthe Dichroa Hydrangea Kirengeshoma Pileostegia Platycrater Schizophragma Philadelphaceae David Don D.Don Carpenteria Deutzia Fendlera Fendlerella Jamesia Philadelphus Whipplea In addition, the genus Pottingeria is sometimes included in Hydrangeaceae, while others treat it in either Balanophoraceae , or in its own family Pottingeria ceae. References http delta intkey.com angio www hydrange.htm Hydrangeaceae and http delta intkey.com angio www philadel.htm Philadelphaceae in http delta intkey.com angio L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz 1992 onwards . The families of flowering plants. ITIS id 24093 taxon Hydrangeaceae accessdate 29 June 2003 External links commonscat inline Hydrangeaceae wikispecies inline Hydrangeaceae Category Hydrangeaceae Category Asterid families Asterid stub az Hortenziyakimil r ca Hidrange cia cs Hortenziovit da Hortensia familien de Hortensiengew chse et Hortensialised es Hydrange ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Image Salix scouleriana.seed.jpg thumb Diagram of Scouler s willow Salix scouleriana seed, indicating position of hypocotyl. The hypocotyl short for hypocotyledonous stem , ref OED hypocotyl ref meaning below seed leaf is the stem of a germinating seedling , found below the cotyledon s seed leaves and above the radicle root . Dicots As the plant embryo grows at germination, it sends out a shoot called a radicle that becomes the primary root and penetrates down into the soil . After emergence of the radicle, the hypocotyl emerges and lifts the growing tip usually including the seed coat above the ground, bearing the embryonic leaves called cotyledon s and the plumule that gives rise to the first true leaves. The hypocotyl is the primary organ of extension of the young plant and develops into the Plant stem stem . Monocots The early development of a monocotyledon monocot seedling like cereal s and other Poaceae grasses is somewhat different. A structure called the coleoptile , essentially a part of the cotyledon , protects the young stem and plumule as growth pushes them up through the soil. A mesocotyl that part of the young plant that lies between the seed which remains buried and the plumule extends the shoot up to the soil surface, where secondary roots develop from just beneath the plumule. The primary root from the radicle may then fail to develop further. The mesocotyl is considered to be partly hypocotyl and partly cotyledon see seed . Not all monocots develop like the grasses. The onion develops in a manner similar to the first sequence described above, the seed coat and endosperm stored food reserve pulled upwards as the cotyledon extends. Later, the first true leaf grows from the node between the radicle and the sheath like cotyledon, breaking through the cotyledon to grow past it. Storage organ In some plants, the hypocotyl becomes enlarged as a storage organ . Examples include cyclamen , Gloxinia genus gloxinia and celeriac . ... more details
Distinguish2 the Groat coin groat coin , or the maize porridge grits Unreferenced date March 2009 Image Kasza gryczana.jpg thumb right 250px Kasha buckwheat groats. Groats are the hulled grains of various cereal s, such as oat s, wheat , barley or buckwheat which is actually a pseudocereal . Groats are whole grain s that include the cereal germ and fiber rich bran portion of the grain as well as the endosperm which is the usual product of Flour mill Modern mills milling . Groats from oats are a good source of avenanthramide . Groats are nutritious but hard to chew, so they are often soaked and cooked. They can be the basis of kasha , a porridge like staple food staple meal of Eastern Europe and Eurasia. Roasted buckwheat groats are also known as kasha or kashi , especially in the United States. Wheat groats, also known as bulgur , are an essential ingredient of the Middle East ern dishes mansaf and tabbouleh . Groaty pudding is a traditional dish from the Black Country in England. It is made from soaked groats, leeks, onions, beef, and beef stock, baked for up to 16 hours. Groaty pudding is a traditional meal on Guy Fawkes Night . Citation needed date July 2010 Groats pudding is also a traditional but increasingly rare name for hogs pudding made by butchers in parts of Devon and Cornwall made from pork and oats heavily spiced with black pepper. References reflist Commons category Groats wheat Category Cereals Category Porridges cs Kroupy potravina de Gr tze fr Gruau alimentation he it Semolino nl Grutten pl Kasza ru ... more details
X, Lucca P, Potrykus I, Beyer P 2001 Biosynthesis of beta carotene provitamin A in rice endosperm ... Pathway into Rice Endosperm by Genetic Engineering to Defeat Vitamin A Deficiency. J. Nutr ... I 1997 Transgenic rice Oryza sativa endosperm expressing daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus phytoene ... the Provitamin A Carotene Biosynthetic Pathway into Carotenoid Free Rice Endosperm. Science 287 ... more details
italic title taxobox name Phytelephas aequatorialis status NT status system IUCN3.1 regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots unranked ordo Commelinids ordo Arecales familia Arecaceae subfamilia Ceroxyloideae tribus Phytelephanteae genus Phytelephas species P. aequatorialis binomial Phytelephas aequatorialis binomial authority Richard Spruce Spruce The Arecaceae palm tree Phytelephas aequatorialis , commonly known as Ecuadorean Ivory Palm , is the main source of Ecuador ean vegetable ivory or tagua , a botanical alternative to ivory . This palm is found in the Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests tropical rainforests of Ecuador. It has a woody trunk which can grow to 20 m in height and very long pinnate leaves. The plants are plant sexuality dioecious , with the female individuals bearing large brown conical fruits, each approximately the size of a grapefruit and covered in a horned husk, containing usually four seeds. Immature seeds contain sweet edible pulp. Mature seeds are harder than wood and are encased in a bonelike shell. The endosperm is a white hemicellulose material that is so hard it can be polished and carved like ivory. The plant s genus name Phytelephas means elephant plant . Three other species in this genus are sources of vegetable ivory as well. The edible immature seeds are often dispersed by rainforest rodents such as common agouti agoutis . In some rural areas the trees are used to attract rodents, which are then captured for their meat. The palms are occasionally cultivated as a cash crop . International conservation movement conservation organizations pay farmers for vegetable ivory in hopes that interest in the product will lead to resources being allotted for the protection of rainforests and the preservation of its flora. References IUCN2006 assessors Mont far & Pitman year 2003 id 43981 title Phytelephas aequatorialis downloaded 11 May 2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species i ... more details
to the genetic constitution of the triploid endosperm is double that of the embryo. In a recent ... Raghavan, V. title Double fertilization embryo and endosperm development in flowering plants edition ... more details
Glutelin proteins are soluble in dilute acid s or Base chemistry base s, detergent s, chaotropic agent chaotropic , or reducing agent s. In general, they are prolamin like protein s in certain grass seeds. Glutenin is the most common glutelin, as it is found in wheat and is responsible for some of the refined baking properties in common wheat bread wheat . The glutelins of barley and rye ref name LMWGlt Ssyl cite journal author Shang H, Wei Y, Long H, Yan Z, Zheng Y title Identification of LMW glutenin like genes from Secale sylvestre host. journal Genetika volume 41 issue 12 pages 1656 64 year 2005 pmid 16396452 ref have also been identified. Glutelins are also used as the primary energy storage in the endosperm of rice. There are typically high molecular weight HMW and low molecular weight LMW glutelins in these species. They crosslink with themselves and other proteins during baking via Disulfide bond disulfide bonds . A HMW glutelin glutenin of the grass tribe Triticeae can be sensitizing agent s for coeliac disease in individuals possessing the HLA DQ8 MHC Class II class II antigen Immune receptor receptor gene . ref name PMD16607142 cite journal author Dewar D, Amato M, Ellis H, Pollock E, Gonzalez Cinca N, Wieser H, Ciclitira P title The toxicity of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of wheat to patients with coeliac disease. journal Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol volume 18 issue 5 pages 483 91 year 2006 pmid 16607142 doi 10.1097 00042737 200605000 00005 ref not yet characterized to the epitope level References div class references small references div External links http www.friedli.com research PhD gluten chap2.html the Glutens Category Glutens Category Seed storage proteins Category Glycoproteins fr Glut line it Glutelina pl Gluteliny zh ... more details
italic title taxobox name Phoenix andamanensis image Wandoor Village Andaman 4160284.JPG image caption Phoenix andamanensis regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots unranked ordo Commelinids ordo Arecales familia Arecaceae genus Phoenix plant Phoenix species P. andamanensis binomial Phoenix andamanensis binomial authority Barrow Phoenix andamanensis andamanensis, Latin , of Andaman is flowering plant in the Arecaceae palm family, in the Phoenix plant Phoenix genus, from the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal below Myanmar . It is an endemic species of the Andaman Islands. It is a rare species even in the Andaman island and is considered threatened. Overview It is a solitary palm tree with a trunk that easily reaches 3,5 meters high and 20 cm in diameter, sheets of 2.5 meters and about 4 cm acanthophylls long, aligned in one plane. The leaflets also inserted in a plane are concolor same color on both sides and with discontinuous white ramentos stiff spines , in the abaxial face along the rachis. The date fruit is oblong and elongated, the seed is having a ruminate endosperm. ref http www.elipse eventos.com phoenixcanariensisconference archivos 18 TomasFont AntonioGomez.pdf ref Found in altitudes from 400 to 675 m, these palms grow in scrubland, usually in sloping terrain. First described in 1999 by Sasha Barrow, the plants resemble Phoenix rupicola P. rupicola and is apparently closely related to Phoenix rupicola being distinguished mostly in the seed morphology. Andaman palm is adapted to tropical humid climate from the archipelago of Andaman islands, an archipelago located in the Bay of Bengal and belonging to India . The Indian subcontinent is very rich in vegetal species of palm trees of the genus Phoenix plant Phoenix . References Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul 2003 An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms . Portland Timber Press. ISBN 0881925586 ISBN 978 0881925586 page 400 External links http www.ars grin.gov cgi bin npgs html taxo ... more details
taxobox regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Malpighiales familia Euphorbiaceae genus Ditaxis species D. heterantha binomial Ditaxis heterantha binomial authority Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini Zucc. Ditaxis heterantha is a member of the plant family Euphorbiaceae and grows wild in Guanajuato , Mexico , where it is known as azafr n , azafrancillo , or azafr n de bolita and has several culinary uses, including as a substitute for saffron . Ditaxis heterantha is not related to true saffron Crocus sativus nor to safflower Carthamus tinctorius , which also is used as a saffron substitute. Ditaxis heterantha has dull, dark brown seeds 3 5 mm in diameter that resemble allspice . The waxy, deep orange endosperm of the seed is used in Mexico particularly Guanajuato for coloring and flavoring food, such as menudo amarillo . ref cite web url http chowhound.chow.com topics 529922 title Azafran in Mexico publisher Chowhound accessdate 2009 11 07 year 2008 ref It has an oil content of about 40 and a protein content of about 20 , ref cite journal author Ma. Dolores M ndez Robles, Claudia Flores Chavira, Ma. Eugenia Jaramillo Flores, Ignacio Orozco vila, and Eugenia Lugo Cervantes title Chemical Composition and Current Distribution of Azafr n de Bolita Ditaxis heterantha Zucc Euphorbiaceae A Food Pigment Producing Plant journal Economic Botany year 2004 volume 58 issue 4 pages 530 535 doi 10.1663 0013 0001 2004 058 0530 CCACDO 2.0.CO 2 ref as well as containing the apocarotenoid s heterathin and ditaxin . ref cite journal author L. Del Toro S nchez, S. S nchez, M. A. Ortiz, S. Villanueva and E. Lugo Cervantes title Generation of aroma compounds from Ditaxis heterantha by Saccharomyces cerevisiae journal Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology year 2006 volume 72 issue 1 pmid 16547703 pages 155 162 doi 10.1007 s00253 005 0244 y ref References reflist Category Euphorbiaceae Category Flora of Guanajuato Category Food colorings Cat ... more details
taxobox regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Gentianales familia Apocynaceae subfamilia Apocynoideae tribus Apocyneae genus Chonemorpha genus authority subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text. Chonemorpha is a genus that consists of twelve species of large evergreen vigorous woody vines with milky sap from India, Ceylon to South East Asia, the Philippines and South China. Growing dormant in sub tropical and tropical climates and usually losing leaves if temperature gets below 60F. The plants have pubescent to almost tomentose branches, leaves and inflorescence s. Large, corrugated, ovate leaves to 40 cm long, deep glossly green, opposite, pale and hairy beneath. Very fragrant, funnel shaped, showy flowers to 8 cm across with long peduncled and terminal cymes. Corolla cream with yellow center. Disk cupular with many seeds, ovate shaped, compressed, with scanty endosperm, with a tuft of hairs at one end, dark brown. The plant is widely grown as a fence cover. Species Chonemorpha antidysenterica Chonemorpha fragrans Chonemorpha griffithii Chonemorpha macrophylla Chonemorpha penangensis Chonemorpha rheedei Chonemorpha verrucosa syn. Trachelospermum verrucosum References Ellison, Don 1999 Cultivated Plants of the World. London New Holland 1st ed. Brisbane Flora Publications International, 1995 ISBN 1 85974 256 4 http www.homolaicus.com scienza erbario utility botanica sistematica hypertext 0343.htm 000000 Botanica Sistematica http species.wikimedia.org wiki Chonemorpha verrucosa Category Apocynaceae Category Flora of India Category Flora of China Category Article Feedback 5 Apocynaceae stub es Chonemorpha pt Chonemorpha zh ... more details
Onesource date April 2009 Image Gray9.png thumb 300px First stages of segmentation of a mammalian embryo. Semidiagrammatic. z.p. Zona striata . p.gl. Polar bodies. a. Two cell stage. b. Four cell stage. c. Eight cell stage. d, e. Morula stage. A polar body is a cell biology cell structure found inside an ovum . Both animal and plant ova possess it. It is also known as a polar cell. Asymmetrical cell division cytokinesis leads to the production of polar bodies during oogenesis . To conserve nutrients, the majority of cytoplasm is segregated into the secondary oocyte during meiosis I, and the ovum during meiosis II. The remaining daughter cells generated from the meiotic events are small and contain relatively little cytoplasm and are referred to as polar bodies. Eventually, the polar bodies degenerate. There may be one or two polar bodies in the ovum. The first polar body is one of the two products in the first stage of meiosis and is considered haploid, with 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids. The second polar body is also haploid, with 23 chromosomes and 23 chromatids. Sometimes the first polar body undergoes the second meiotic cell division. In flowering plant s, the pollen releases two male gametes sperm nuclei into the ovule upon fertilization . One fertilizes the haploid ovum and develops into a normal embryo, while the other fertilizes the two polar bodies within the center of the ovary, creating a structure called endosperm . Endosperm stores nutrients for initial growth of plant seed s. Cereal Cereal grain is an example of this, and is consumed for its nutritional value by many animals, including humans. Polar bodies are the by products of the egg s division during meiosis . As an egg matures, it goes through a two step division process, dividing once at the time when ovulation would occur and again at the time of fertilization. The three haploid polar bodies are the by products of this division, and are essentially discarded by the egg. By analyzing the polar ... more details
en.svg thumb The parts of an avocado seed a dicot , showing the seed coat, endosperm , and embryo ... the endosperm , which is derived from the parent plant via double fertilization . The usually triploid endosperm is rich in Vegetable oil oil or starch and protein . In gymnosperms, such as Pinophyta conifer s, the food storage tissue also called endosperm is part of the female gametophyte, a haploid tissue. In some species, the embryo is embedded in the endosperm or female gametophyte, which the seedling will use upon germination .In others, the endosperm is absorbed by the embryo as the latter ... food. At maturity, seeds of these species have no endosperm and are termed exalbuminous seeds. Some ... . Seeds with an endosperm at maturity are termed albuminous seeds. Most monocots e.g. Poaceae grasses ... Diagram of the internal structure of a dicot seed and embryo. a seed coat, b endosperm , c cotyledon ... of three genetically distinct constituents 1 the embryo formed from the zygote, 2 the endosperm, which ... nuclei with a second sperm cell nucleus, thus forming a primary endosperm . Right after fertilization, the zygote is mostly inactive but the primary endosperm divides rapidly to form the endosperm ... nutrients from the endosperm that are utilized during the embryos growth. ref Raven, Peter ... pericarp, scutellum single large cotyledon that absorbs nutrients from the endosperm, endosperm, plumule ... can, due to physiological causes, not generate enough power to break through the seed coat, endosperm ... seeds, ref cite journal author Sabelli, P.A. Larkins, B.A. year 2009 title The Development of Endosperm ... the Embryo Embryos of plants and animals seed embryo or the endosperm dominates and provides most of the nutrient s. The storage protein s of the embryo and endosperm differ in their amino acid content ... elastic property to bread dough is strictly an endosperm protein. Seeds are used to propagate ... more details
of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in golden rice. The enzyme s expressed in the endosperm of golden ... A , in the part of rice that people eat, the endosperm . The rice plant can naturally produce beta carotene ..., the plant does not normally produce the pigment in the endosperm, since photosynthesis does not occur in the endosperm. Golden rice was created by transformation genetics transforming rice with two ... to be needed, but further research showed it is already being produced in wild type rice endosperm ... of an endosperm specific promoter biology promoter , so they are only gene expression expressed in the endosperm. The exogenous lyc gene has a transit peptide sequence attached so it is targeted ... to beta carotene in the endosperm, giving the rice the distinctive yellow color for which it is named ... more details
, refined flours produced by the roller mill s, yet retaining all of the bran, germ and endosperm ... processed and then blended back into the endosperm white flour that it was separated from in the first ... more details
nutrients from the endosperm to the growing embryo. From the eight cell stage octant onwards, the zygotic ... of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo ... more details
, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds. Parenchyma cells are living cells and may remain ... in roots, tubers e.g. potato , seed endosperm e.g. cereal s and cotyledon s e.g. pulses and peanut ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Gamma thionin Name Plant defensins image 1ayj.gif width caption Antifungal protein 1 Pfam PF00304 Pfam clan CL0054 InterPro IPR008176 SMART PROSITE PDOC00725 SCOP 1gps TCDB OPM family 61 OPM protein 1jkz CDD cd00107 PDB PDB3 1gpt 1 47 PDB3 1gps 1 47 PDB3 1ti5 A 28 73 PDB3 1mr4 A 26 72 PDB3 1n4n A 26 72 PDB3 1h3r A 28 72 PDB3 1jkz A 1 46 PDB3 1myn 27 70 PDB3 1ayj 2 51 PDB3 1bk8 4 50 Gamma thionins also known as plant defensins are small Protein family evolutionarily related proteins of plants that serve to defend them against parasites. The following plant proteins belong to this family Gamma thionins from Triticum aestivum Wheat endosperm gamma purothionins and gamma hordothionins from Hordeum vulgare Barley are toxic to animal cells and inhibit protein synthesis in cell free systems. ref name PUB00000384 cite journal author Bruix M, Jime nez MA, Santoro J, Gonzalez C, Colilla FJ, Mendez E, Rico M title Solution structure of gamma 1 H and gamma 1 P thionins from barley and wheat endosperm determined by 1H NMR a structural motif common to toxic arthropod proteins journal Biochemistry volume 32 issue 2 pages 715 724 year 1993 pmid 8380707 doi 10.1021 bi00053a041 ref A flower specific thionin FST from Nicotiana tabacum Common Tobacco . ref name PUB00003753 cite journal author Gu Q, Kawata EE, Cheung AY, Morse MJ, Wu HM title A flower specific cDNA encoding a novel thionin in tobacco journal Mol. Gen. Genet. volume 234 issue 1 pages 89 96 year 1992 pmid 1495489 ref Antifungal proteins AFP from the seeds of Brassicaceae species such as radish, mustard, turnip and Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress . ref name PUB00001650 cite journal author Osborn RW, Torrekens S, Vanderleyden J, Broekaert WF, Cammue BP, Terras FR, Van Leuven F title A new family of basic cysteine rich plant antifungal proteins from Brassicaceae species journal FEBS Lett. volume 316 issue 3 pages 233 240 year 1993 pmid 8422949 doi 10.1016 0014 5793 93 81299 F ref Inhibitors of insect alpha a ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
