Taxobox color lightgrey name Bacillaceae image Bacillus subtilis Gram.jpg image width 220px image caption Bacillus subtilis , Gram stained regnum Bacteria divisio Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Bacillaceae familia authority Garrity et al. 2001 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Alkalibacillus br Amphibacillus br Anoxybacillus br Bacillus br Caldalkalibacillus br Cerasibacillus br Exiguobacterium br Filobacillus br Geobacillus br Gracilibacillus br Halalkalibacillus br Halobacillus br Halolactibacillus br Jeotgalibacillus br Lentibacillus br Lysinibacillus br Marinibacillus br Oceanobacillus br Ornithinibacillus br Paraliobacillus br Paucisalibacillus br Pelagibacillus br Piscibacillus br Pontibacillus br Saccharococcus br Salibacillus br Salimicrobium br Salinibacillus br Salirhabdus br Salsuginibacillus br Tenuibacillus br Terribacillus br Thalassobacillus br Ureibacillus br Virgibacillus br Vulcanibacillus Bacillaceae is a Family taxonomy family of Gram positive , heterotrophic , rod shaped bacteria that may produce endospore s. ref Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2 ed. , Volume 3. 2008. The low G C Gram positive Bacteria . Editors De Vos, P., Garrity, G., Jones, D., Krieg, N.R., Ludwig, W., Rainey, F.A., Schleifer, K. H. and W.B. Whitman. ISBN 0 387 95041 9 ref Motile members of this family are characterized by peritrichous flagellae. Some Bacillaceae are Aerobic organism aerobic , while others are Facultative anaerobic organism facultative or strict anaerobes . Most are non pathogenic , but Bacillus species are known to cause disease in humans. Gram variable cell wall Some Bacillaceae, such as the genera Filobacillus , Lentibacillus and Halobacillus , stain Gram negative or Gram variable, but are known to have a Gram positive cell wall. ref Lim, J.M., Jeon, C.O., Song, S.M., and C.J. Kim. 2005. http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi content full 55 1 165?ck nck Pontibacillus chungwhensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic Gram po ... more details
Taxobox name Desulfotomaculum image image width 240px image caption regnum Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Clostridia ordo Clostridiales familia Peptococcaceae genus Desulfotomaculum genus authority Campbell & Postgate 1965 Desulfotomaculum is a genus of Gram positive , Anaerobic organism obligately anaerobic soil bacteria. A type of sulfate reducing bacteria , Desulfotomaculum can cause food spoilage in poorly processed canned foods Fact date August 2008 . Their presence can be identified by the release of hydrogen sulfide gas with its rotten egg smell when the can is first opened. They are endospore forming bacteria Fact date August 2008 . A new strain of Desulfotomaculum bacteria has been discovered in a South African gold mine, that exists completely independent of photosynthesis ref cite journal author Li Hung Lin, Pei Ling Wang, Douglas Rumble, Johanna Lippmann Pipke, Erik Boice, Lisa M. Pratt, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Eoin L. Brodie, Terry C. Hazen, Gary L. Andersen, Todd Z. DeSantis, Duane P. Moser, Dave Kershaw, and T. C. Onstott title Long Term Sustainability of a High Energy, Low Diversity Crustal Biome journal Science volume 314 pages 479 year 2006 doi 10.1126 science.1127376 pmid 17053150 issue 5798 ref . The bacteria uses the energy provided by radioisotopes to form hydrogen sulfide , H sub 2 sub S, which replaces the hydrogen bonds produced by normal photosynthesis. This discovery holds great promise, as it proves that organisms can obtain energy from sources other than from the sun, which means similar life forms may be found on other planets in the Solar System . Desulfotomaculum are straight or curved rods, are highly heat resistant and a free living fixer of atmospheric nitrogen. They are motile with a peritrichous flagella and are common inhabitants of soil, water, geothermal run off, insect intestines and in rumen. They also cause sulphide stinker spoilage of canned foods. References Reflist cite book author Madigan M Martinko J editors . tit ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443696483 Reference ref http www.sigmaaldrich.com catalog search ProductDetail ALDRICH P63808 2,6 Pyridinedicarboxylic acid at Sigma Aldrich ref ImageFile Dipicolinic acid.png ImageSize 180px IUPACName Pyridine 2,6 dicarboxylic acid OtherNames 2,6 Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 9940 InChI 1 C7H5NO4 c9 6 10 4 2 1 3 5 8 4 7 11 12 h1 3H, H,9,10 H,11,12 InChIKey WJJMNDUMQPNECX UHFFFAOYAM ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 284104 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C7H5NO4 c9 6 10 4 2 1 3 5 8 4 7 11 12 h1 3H, H,9,10 H,11,12 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey WJJMNDUMQPNECX UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 499 83 2 PubChem 10367 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB04267 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 46837 SMILES c1cc nc c1 C O O C O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 7 sub H sub 5 sub NO sub 4 sub MolarMass 167.1189 Appearance Density MeltingPt 248 250 C BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards Irritant Xi FlashPt Autoignition RPhrases R36 37 38 SPhrases S26 S36 Dipicolinic acid pyridine 2,6 dicarboxylic acid or PDC is a chemical compound which composes 5 to 15 of the dry weight of bacteria l spores. ref name pyridine Sliemandagger, TA., Nicholson, WL. 2001 . Role of Dipicolinic Acid in Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Exposed to Artificial and Solar UV Radiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 3 . 1274 1279 ref ref Sci Tech Dictionary. McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms , McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. ref It is implicated as responsible for the heat resistance of the endospore . ref name pyridine ref Madigan, M., J Martinko, J. Parker 2003 . Brock Biology of Microorganisms , 10th edition. Pearson Education, Inc., ISBN 981 247 118 9. ref However, mutants resistant to heat but lacking dipicolinic acid have been isolat ... more details
italic title File Clostridium butyricum tablets.JPG thumb MIYAIRI 588 tablets produced by Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Japan Clostridium butyricum is a strictly anaerobic endospore forming Gram positive butyric acid producing bacillus subsisting by means of fermentation biochemistry fermentation using an intracellularly accumulated amylopectin like polyglucan granulose as a Substrate chemistry substrate . It is uncommonly reported as a human pathogen and widely used as a probiotic in Asia particularly Japan . ref Seki, H., Shiohara, M., Matsumura, T., Miyagawa, N., Tanaka, M., Komiyama, A. & Kurata, S. 2003 . Prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea in children by Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI. Pediatr Int 45, 86 90 ref C. butyricum is a soil inhabitant in various parts of the world, has been cultured from the stool of healthy children and adults, and is common in soured milk and cheeses. ref Meng, X., Karasawa, T., Zou, K., Kuang, X., Wang, X., Lu, C., Wang, C., Yamakawa, K. & Nakamura, S. 1997 . Characterization of a neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum strain isolated from the food implicated in an outbreak of food borne type E botulism. J Clin Microbiol 35, 2160 2162. ref Therapeutic Uses Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 Strain was discovered by Dr. Miyairi in 1933 at Chiba Medical College now Chiba University School of Medicine in Japan. C. butyricum is a friendly Clostridium which can live normally in the human flora, is quite safe and is available commercially in Japan, Korea and China. Its usefulness stems primarily from its ability to interfere with the growth of highly pathogenic Clostridium difficile by antagonizing its multiplication. ref Woo TD, Oka K, Takahashi M, Hojo F, Osaki T, Hanawa T, Kurata S, Yonezawa H, Kamiya S. 2011 . Inhibition of the cytotoxic effect of Clostridium difficile in vitro by Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 strain. J Med Microbiol 11, 1617 25 ref It is often used in Japanese hospitals for C. difficile prophylaxis amongst in ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Advert date February 2011 File CCFT Unit.jpeg thumbnail CCFT technology in an air sterilization duct unit. Close coupled field technology CCFT is an air sterilization microbiology sterilization process that kills 99.999 of microbe s, bacteria including bacterial endospore s , virus es, pathogen germs , mold spores, volatile organic compound s VOCs , fungal air contaminants and chemical agent s and their associated odor s. ref Pelekani, Liggie. Equipment News Airmanager the new revolutionary air cleaning system , http www.synfo.com news allnews.asp?news eqpt&id 14742 synfo.com, January 15, 2010. ref CCFT utilizes small high voltage coils within a Faraday cage to generate a non thermal plasma physics plasma field to destabilize inorganic compound inorganic and organic compound s at the molecular level. ref Wagner, Siobhan. AirManager cleans cabin air , The Engineer magazine The Engineer , September 21, 2009. ref As air is passed through this electrostatic field it is converted to ozone which oxidize s airborne contaminant s. ref http www.medicalnewstoday.com articles 69653.php New Weapons In The Fight Against Superbugs , Medical News Today , May 2 , 2007 ref Enclosing the ozone retains its ability to remove contaminants quickly while making it safe for populated environments. ref Edited by the Laboratorytalk editorial team. Kill 99.7 of airborne bacteria and viruses , http www.laboratorytalk.com news que que100.html August 12, 2005. ref History CCFT was originally invented by David Hallam to remove unpleasant odors from a nursing home where an ailing uncle was a resident. ref Edited by the Laboratorytalk editorial team. Kill 99.7 of airborne bacteria and viruses , http www.laboratorytalk.com news que que100.html August 12, 2005. ref When the nursing staff noticed a dramatic decrease in the spread of infection s, this led Hallam to further investigate CCFT. Hallam went on to develop the AirManager system, which uses a combination of CCFT and high ... more details
cell division. Auxospores divide by mitosis. Endospore formation The term sporogenesis can also refer to endospore formation in bacteria , which allows the cells to survive unfavorable conditions. Endospores ... more details
, producing a single endospore that can remain viable for decades and is resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions such as drought, salinity, extreme pH, radiation and solvents. The endospore ... ref . In particular, the basic principles and mechanisms underlying formation of the durable endospore ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Actinomycetes image Actinomyces israelii.jpg image width 240px image caption Scanning electron micrograph of Actinomyces israelii . domain Bacterium Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria classis Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales familia Actinomycetaceae genus Actinomyces genus authority Harz 1877 subdivision ranks Species subdivision A. bovis br A. bowdenii br A. canis br A. cardiffensis br A. catuli br A. coleocanis br A. dentalis br A. denticolens br A. europaeus br A. funkei br A. georgiae br A. gerencseriae br A. graevenitzii br A. hongkongensis br A. hordeovulneris br A. howellii br A. humiferus br A. hyovaginalis br Actinomyces israelii A. israelii br A. marimammalium br A. meyeri br Actinomyces naeslundii A. naeslundii br A. nasicola br A. neuii br A. odontolyticus br A. oricola br A. radicidentis br A. radingae br A. slackii br A. streptomycini br A. suimastitidis br A. suis br A. turicensis br A. urogenitalis br A. vaccimaxillae br A. viscosus Actinomyces from Greek language Greek actis ray, beam and mykes mucus, fungus, is a genus of the actinobacteria class of bacteria . They are all Gram positive . Actinomyces are Anaerobic organism anaerobic . Actinomyces species do not form endospore s, and, while individual bacteria are rod shaped, morphologically Actinomyces colonies form fungus like branched networks of hypha e. ref name Holt 1994 cite book author Holt JG editor title Bergey s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology edition 9th publisher Williams & Wilkins year 1994 isbn 0 683 00603 7 ref The aspect of these colonies initially led to the wrong assumption that the organism was a fungus and to the name Actinomyces or ray fungus. Actinomyces are known for causing disease in humans, and for the important role they play in soil ecology . They produce a number of enzymes that help degrade organic plant material , lignin and chitin . As such, their presence is important in the formation of compost . Pathology Actinomyces is normally pr ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey image E coli at 10000x, original.jpg image width 270px image caption Scanning electron microscope SEM micrograph of cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria. Each individual bacterium is oblong shaped domain Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gammaproteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Escherichia genus authority Castellani & Chalmers 1919 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Escherichia albertii E. albertii br Escherichia blattae E. blattae br Escherichia coli E. coli br Escherichia fergusonii E. fergusonii br Escherichia hermannii E. hermannii br Escherichia vulneris E. vulneris Escherichia is a genus of Gram negative , non Endospore spore forming, Facultative anaerobic organism facultatively anaerobic , rod shaped bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae . ref name Brock cite book author Madigan M Martinko J editors . title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th publisher Prentice Hall year 2005 isbn 0 13 144329 1 ref In those species which are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract s of warm blooded animals, Escherichia species provide a portion of the microbially derived vitamin K for their host. A number of the species of Escherichia are pathogenic. ref C.Michael Hogan. 2010. http www.eoearth.org article Bacteria?topic 49480 Bacteria . Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ref The genus is named after Theodor Escherich , discoverer of Escherichia coli E. coli Pathogenesis While many Escherichia are harmless commensals, particular strains of some species are human pathogen s, ref name Baron cite book author Guentzel MN title Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Proteus. In Baron s Medical Microbiology Baron S et al. , eds. edition 4th publisher Univ of Texas Medical Branch year 1996 id http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mmed.section.1451 via NCBI Bookshelf isb ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey Please read WP Taxobox usage Color before making any changes to the taxobox color. name Shigella dysenteriae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Shigella species S. dysenteriae binomial Shigella dysenteriae binomial authority Shiga 1897 br Castellani & Chalmers 1919 Refimprove date February 2010 Shigella dysenteriae is a species of the rod shaped bacteria l genus Shigella . ref cite book title Sherris medical microbiology an introduction to infectious diseases year 2004 publisher McGraw Hill Professional Med Tech isbn 9780838585290 edition 4 editor Ryan, Kenneth James Ray, C. George ref page needed date February 2012 Shigella can cause shigellosis bacillary dysentery . Shigellae are Gram negative , Endospore non spore forming , Facultative anaerobic organism facultatively anaerobic , Motility non motile bacteria. ref name Baron cite book last Hale first Thomas L. last2 Keusch first2 Gerald T. title Medical microbiology year 1996 publisher University of Texas Medical Branch location Galveston, Texas isbn 9780963117212 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books NBK8038 A1269 edition 4 editor Baron, Samuel accessdate February 11, 2012 chapter Shigella Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types ref S. dysenteriae , spread by contaminated water and food, causes the most severe dysentery because of its potent and deadly Shiga toxin , but other species may also be dysentery agents. ref cite journal author Herold S, Karch H, Schmidt H title Shiga toxin encoding bacteriophages genomes in motion journal International Journal of Medical Microbiology volume 294 issue 2 3 pages 115 121 year 2004 pmid 15493821 doi 10.1016 j.ijmm.2004.06.023 ref Contamination is often caused by bacteria on unwashed hands during food preparation, or soiled hands reaching the mouth Citation needed date February 2010 . Signs and Symptoms The most com ... more details
Italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Bacillus licheniformis regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Bacillaceae genus Bacillus species B. licheniformis binomial Bacillus licheniformis binomial authority refimprove date January 2012 Bacillus licheniformis is a bacteria bacterium commonly found in the soil. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground dwelling birds like sparrow s and aquatic species like duck s . It is a gram positive , thermophile thermophilic bacterium. Its optimal growth temperature is around 30 C, though it can survive at much higher temperatures. The optimal temperature for enzyme secretion is 37 C. It can exist in endospore spore form to resist harsh environments, or in a vegetative state when conditions are good. Scientists are currently exploring its ability to degrade feathers for agricultural purposes. Feathers contain high amounts of non digestible protein s, but researchers hope that, through fermentation with B. licheniformis , they can use waste feathers to produce cheap and nutritious feather meal to feed livestock. Ecological research is also being done looking at the interaction between plumage colors and B. licheniformis activity, and the consequences thereof. Feather degrading bacteria may have played an important role in the evolution of molt ing, and patterns in feather coloration Gloger s Rule . Feather protection through psittacofulvin Bacillus licheniformis degrades feathers of parrots , especially white feathers. Red feathers with high levels of psittacofulvin are more resistant. ref Edward H. Burtt, Max R. Schroeder, Lauren A. Smith, Jenna E. Sroka, Kevin J. McGraw 2010 Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation, Biology Letters, The Royal Society, doi 10.1098 rsbl.2010.0716. ref Biological laundry detergent Bacillus licheniformis is cultured in order to obtain protease for use in biological laundry detergent . The bacte ... more details
italic title Refimprove type bacteria date December 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Bacillus megaterium image width 240px image caption Kingdom Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Bacillaceae genus Bacillus species B. megaterium binomial Bacillus megaterium binomial authority Bacillus megaterium is a rod shaped, Gram staining Gram positive , endospore forming, aerotolerant species of bacteria used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture . Bacterium is arranged into the streptobacillus form. Bacillus megaterium is a rod shaped bacterium and one of the largest eubacteria found in soil. Groups of the bacteria are often found in chains where the cells are joined together by polysaccharides on the cell walls. Bacillus megaterium is able to survive in some extreme conditions such as desert environments due to the spores it forms. Where there are favourable conditions the spores can survive. Sometimes this particular bacteria can be found on common surfaces that are frequently touched. Bacillus megaterium produces penicillin amidase used for making penicillin. It produces enzymes for modifying corticosteroids, as well as several amino acid dehydrogenases. History of the name The species was described by A. deBary in 1884, who called it Bacillus megaterium , but did not give an etymology, ref DE BARY A. Vergleichende Morphologie und Biologie der Pilze, Mycetozoen und Bacterien. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1884. ref However, some subsequent authors called it B. megatherium assuming the name was incorrectly spelt. ref name JO1 cite doi 10.1099 0096266X 1 1 35 ref may required some tweaking to include http ijs.sgmjournals.org content 1 1 35.full.pdf The name is a nominative noun in apposition see http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books NBK8808 A227 Rule 12 of IBCN ref name code cite pmid 21089234 ref and is formed from the Ancient greek language Greek adjective mega , , , meaning great , ref LSJ me gas ref a ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Taxobox color lightgrey name Midichloria regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rickettsiales genus Midichloria Midichloria is a genus of Gram negative , non Endospore sporeforming bacteria, with bacillus shape of 0.45 m in diameter and 1.2 m in length. First described in 2004 with the temporary name IricES1, Midichloria are symbionts of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus . They live in the cells of the ovary of the females of this tick species. These bacteria have been observed in the mitochondrion mitochondria of the host cells, a trait that has never been described in any other symbiont of animals. Midichloria bacteria seem to consume the mitochondria they parasite, possibly using them as a source of energy and or molecules to multiply. The interaction of these symbionts with their host is currently unknown, though the 100 prevalence in the females of the host tick seems to suggest a Mutualism biology mutualistic association. Species Only one species, Midichloria mitochondrii , is described in this genus. Molecular screenings, however, have detected the presence of related bacteria in other tick species, as well as in other blood sucking arthropod s, suggesting the possibility of horizontal transmission of these bacteria. Naming The name of this bacterial genus , Midichloria mi.di.chlo ria. N.L. fem. n. , is derived from the midi chlorians , a microscopic life form from the fictional Star Wars universe. Genome The genome of Midichloria mitochondrii was recently sequenced by a international scientific consortium formed by researchers belonging to the University of Milan , the University of Sydney , the University of Valencia , the University of Pavia , and the University of Milan Bicocca . The genome is 1.2 Mb, and it is, for most characteristics, very similar to the genomes of the other Rickettsiales , with two notable exceptions the genome of Midichloria mitochondrii contains the gene sets for the s ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Caldicellulosiruptor image image width 240px image caption regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Clostridia small Rainey 2010 small ordo Thermoanaerobacteriales small Wiegel 2010 small familia Thermoanaerobacterales Family III small small genus Caldicellulosiruptor br small Rainey et al. 1994 emend. Onyenwoke et al. 2006 small subdivision ranks Species subdivision Caldicellulosiruptor acetigenus small Nielsen et al. 1994 Onyenwoke et al. 2006 small Caldicellulosiruptor bescii small Yang et al. 2010 small Caldicellulosiruptor hydrothermalis small Miroshnichenko et al. 2008 small Caldicellulosiruptor kristjanssonii small Bredholt et al. 1999 small Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskiensis small Miroshnichenko et al. 2008 small Caldicellulosiruptor lactoaceticus small Mladenovska et al. 1997 small Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis small Hamilton Brehm et al. 2010 small Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis small Huang et al. 1998 small Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus small Rainey et al. 1995 small Caldicellulosiruptor is an genus of thermophilic , Anaerobic organism anaerobic , Gram positive , non Endospore spore forming bacterium bacteria . Originally placed within the highly polyphyletic class Clostridia , order Thermoanaerobacterales and family Thermoanaerobacterales Family III according to the NCBI and LPSN , it is now thought to lie outside of the Firmicutes . Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN ref cite web author J.P. Euz by url http www.bacterio.cict.fr classifphyla.html Firmicutes title i Caldicellulosiruptor i accessdate 2011 11 17 publisher List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN http www.bacterio.cict.fr introduction.html ref and National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI ref cite web author Sayers et al. url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Undef&id 543371&lvl 3&lin title i Caldicellulo ... more details
. Endospores Main article Endospore Perhaps the most well known bacterial adaptation to stress is the formation of endospore s. Endospore s are bacterial survival structures that are highly resistant ... been proposed that endospore formation has allowed for the survival of some bacteria for hundreds ... pmid 11057647 doi 10.1038 35038181 ref Endospore formation is limited to several genera of Gram ... one spore is formed per cell resulting in no net gain in cell number upon endospore germination. The location of an endospore within a cell is species specific and can be used to determine the identity ... more details
Taxobox name Heliobacteria regnum Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Clostridia ordo Clostridiales familia Heliobacteriaceae subdivision ranks Genera. ref name test Madigan M T, Martinko J M, Dunlap P V, Clark D P. 2009 . Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12 th edition p. 453 454 . ref subdivision Candidatus Helioclostridium br Heliobacterium br Heliobacillus br Heliophilum br Heliorestis The heliobacteria are phototrophy phototrophic , that is to say, they convert light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis they use a PSI type reaction center. The primary pigment involved is bacteriochlorophyll g , which is unique to the group and has a unique absorption spectrum this gives the heliobacteria their own environmental niche. Phototrophy takes place at the cell membrane, which does not form folds or compartments as it does in purple phototrophic bacteria. Even though heliobacteria are phototrophic, they can grow without light by fermentation of pyruvate. RNA trees place the heliobacteria among the Firmicutes but they do not stain gram positively. They have no outer membrane and like certain other firmicutes clostridia they form heat resistant endospore s, which contain high levels of calcium and dipicolinic acid. Heliobacteria are the only firmicutes known to conduct photosynthesis. Heliobacteria are photoheterotroph ic, requiring organic carbon sources, and they are exclusively Anaerobic organism anaerobic . So far heliobacteria have only been found in soils, and are apparently widespread in the waterlogged soils of paddy fields. They are avid nitrogen fixers and are therefore probably important in the fertility of paddy fields. Taxonomy Heliobacteria should not be confused with Helicobacter Heli c obacter , which is a different type of genus of bacteria. Family Heliobacteriaceae ref See the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Tree&id 31984&lvl webpage on Heliobacteriaceae Data extracted f ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Bacillus odysseyi image Bacillus odysseyi.jpg image width 300px image caption Colored micrograph of Bacillus odysseyi spores taken by a Field emission microscope field emission Scanning electron microscope Environmental SEM environmental SEM and magnified by 10 sup 7 sup . Spherical figures about 2 Micrometre m diameter are intact spores with exosporia. In center of image, spores rod shaped were exposed to 0.5 Radian SI multiples mrad Gamma ray gamma radiation for 60 min, thus the exosporium ribbon shaped separated. ref name IJS Duc, Myron T. La, Masataka Satomi, and Kasthuri Venkateswaran. Bacillus odysseyi sp. nov., a round spore forming bacillus isolated from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. Society for General Microbiology International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 2004 195 201 span class plainlinks http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi content full 54 1 195 view in HTML span or http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 54 1 195.pdf view as Adobe Acrobat document . ref superregnum Bacteria regnum Bacteria Eubacteria divisio Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Bacillaceae genus Bacillus species odysseyi binomial Bacillus odysseyi Bacillus odysseyi is a Gram positive , Aerobic organism aerobic , rod shaped, round spore and endospore forming Bacteria eubacterium of the Bacillus genus. ref name IJS Duc, Myron T. La, Masataka Satomi, and Kasthuri Venkateswaran. Bacillus odysseyi sp. nov., a round spore forming bacillus isolated from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. Society for General Microbiology International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 2004 195 201 span class plainlinks http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi content full 54 1 195 view in HTML span or http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 54 1 195.pdf view as Adobe Acrobat document . ref This novel species was discovered by scientist Myron T. La Duc of NASA s Biotechnology and Planetary ... more details
produce oval endospore s that can stay dormant for extended periods. These characteristics originally ... cells appear as rods, and a substantial portion usually contain an oval endospore at one end, making ... more details
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