An endostyle is a longitudinal cilia ted groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordate s and cephalochordate s, and in the larvae of lamprey s. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus . It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove. The endostyle in larval lampreys ammocetes Metamorphosis biology metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being Homology biology homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrate s. However, Dumont, et al. have questioned whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates. It is generally considered as a synapomorphy of chordates. Since the endostyle is found in the three branches of chordate s, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these Taxon taxa , along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. References reflist No footnotes date September 2009 Marine, David. 1913. http jem.rupress.org content 17 4 379.abstract The Metamorphosis of the Endostyle Thyroid Gland of Ammocoetes branchialis Larval Land Locked Petromyzon marinus Jordan or Petromyzon dorsatus Wilder , The Journal of Experimental Medicine , 17 379 395. Ogasawara, M. and Satoh, N. 1998. http www.biolbull.org cgi content abstract 195 1 60 Isolation and Characterization of Endostyle Specific Genes in the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis , The Biological Bulletin , 195 60 69. Dumont, J. E., Corvilain, B., and Maenhaut, C. 2002. http www.thyroidmanager.org Chapter1 chapter01.pdf Chapter 1 The Phylogeny, Ontogeny, Anatomy, and Metabolic Regulation of the Thyroid , Thyroid Disease Manager . Category Chordate anatomy chordate stub animal anatomy stub cs Endostyl de Endostyl es Endostilo pl Endostyl pt End stilo uk ... more details
Taxobox name Didazoon fossil range Early Cambrian image Didazoon haoae.jpg image caption Didazoon haoae regnum Animal ia phylum Vetulicolia phylum authority Shu, et al. 2001 ordo Vetulicolida ordo authority Chen & Zhou 1997 familia Didazoonidae familia authority Shu & Han 2001 genus Didazoon genus authority Shu & Han 2001 species Didazoon haoae species authority Shu & Han 2001 The genus Didazoon was erected by Shu, et al. based on fossils found in the Qiongzhusi Chiungchussu Formation, Yu anshan Member Eoredlichia zone , Early Cambrian Lower Cambrian , in the Dabanqiao area Kunming , about 60 km northwest of Chengjiang , China . It currently consists of the single species Didazoon haoae . The fossils show that the body of the animal was covered in a thin, flexible cuticle . The anterior part of the body was divided into six Segment biology segments , with fairly broad membranes separating the segments, and the Posterior anatomy posterior part of the body was divided into seven segments. The constriction between the anterior and posterior parts of the animal shows creasing, and the authors hypothesize that it was quite flexible. The fossils are interpreted as showing a large anterior opening, presumably a mouth, a spacious anterior cavity, an alimentary canal , possibly voluminous in the anterior section, and a narrow intestine in the posterior section, straight or coiled in one specimen . There are five structures on each side of the anterior portion that the authors interpret as gills . Narrow strands towards the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms lateral margins, sometimes branched, may represent vascular tissue . The authors also identify a dark strand on the lower interior surface of the anterior section, which they speculate is an endostyle . See also Maotianshan shales References Cite doi 10.1038 35106514 External links http www.geolsoc.org.uk template.cfm?name OFNANP New phylum on the block http cas.bellarmine.edu tietjen Evolution vetulicola ... more details
Taxobox name Banffia fossil range Middle Cambrian image Banffia constricta.JPG image caption artist s reconstruction regnum Animalia superphylum ? Deuterostomia phylum ? Vetulicolia phylum authority Shu, et al. 2001 classis Banffozoa ordo Banffidae genus Banffia species B. constricta Banffia is a genus of animals described from Middle Cambrian fossil s. The genus commemorates Banff, Alberta , near where the first fossil specimens were discovered. Its placement in higher taxon taxa is controversial. Anatomy Banffia constricta is known from hundreds of fossils found in the Burgess Shale s. It is up to 10 cm in length, and divided equally into anterior and posterior parts. The entire body is twisted in a clockwise spiral, as seen from the front. This is believed to be a secondary adaptation from an initial symmetry biology bilateral condition for a burrowing lifestyle. The anterior section is covered by two carapace like un mineralized shells that are fused together. A crown like structure formed of three concentrate circular features surrounds the mouth. An Antenna biology antenna form structure just posterior to the mouth may be a sensory organ. The posterior section is composed of 40 to 50 segments. The Gastrointestinal tract gut is straight, and the anus is at the terminal tip of the posterior section. The gut appears to have a series of diverticula or pouches. A possible circulatory system is visible in the fossils. B. constricta and its relative Skeemella were probably filter feeder filter or deposit feeder deposit feeders. Classification There is no agreement on the classification of Banffia . B. constricta was assigned to the annelid s by Charles Doolittle Walcott Walcott in 1911. As of 2006, different proposals would place Banffia in Tunicate Urochordata , Vetulicolia or Arthropod a. While the body plan equal anterior and posterior sections with segmentation resembles that of the Vetulicolians, it is argued that the absence of gill s and an endostyle , an ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Cyclosalpa bakeri regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Tunicate Tunicata classis Thaliacea ordo Salpida familia Salpidae genus Cyclosalpa species C. bakeri binomial Cyclosalpa bakeri binomial authority William Emerson Ritter Ritter , 1905 ref name WoRMS http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 266534 Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter, 1905 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011 11 15. ref Cyclosalpa bakeri is a salp , a marine tunicate in the Class biology class Thaliacea . It is found floating in the open sea in the Indo Pacific region. Description Like other salps, Cyclosalpa bakeri has two different phases. In one of these forms, individuals live a solitary life. They are cylindrical, transparent, gelatinous animals with a rather flabby test, growing to about 15cm 6ins long. There are openings at the anterior and posterior ends of the cylinder which can be opened or closed as needed. The bodies have seven transverse bands of muscle interspersed by white, translucent patches. A stolon grows from near the endostyle an elongated glandular structure producing mucus for trapping food particles . The stolon is a ribbon like organ on which a batch of aggregate forms of the animal are produced by budding . The aggregate is the second, colonial form of the salp and is also gelatinous, transparent and flabby. It takes the shape of a radial whorl of individuals up to about 20cm 4in in diameter. It is formed of approximately 12 zooid s linked side by side in a shape that resembles a crown. ref name JelliesZone http jellieszone.com cyclosalpa bakeri.htm Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter, 1905 JelliesZone. Retrieved 2011 11 15. ref ref name Salps http jellieszone.com tunicates.htm Tunicates JelliesZone. Retrieved 2011 11 15. ref Distribution Cyclosalpa bakeri has an Indo Pacific distribution. Its range includes tropical and temperate waters and extends as far north as Alaska . ref name WoRMS Biology Cyclosalpa bakeri moves by contracting its ... more details
Taxobox name Xidazoon fossil range Lower Cambrian image Xidazoon stephanus e.jpg image width 240px image caption Artist s concept of Xidazoon stephanus regnum Animal ia phylum Vetulicolia phylum authority Shu, et al. 2001 ordo Vetulicolida ordo authority Chen & Zhou 1997 familia Didazoonidae familia authority Shu & Han 2001 genus Xidazoon genus authority Shu, Conway Morris & Zhang 1999 species X. stephanus binomial Xidazoon stephanus The genus Xidazoon was erected by Shu, et al. 1999 based on fossil s found in the Qiongzhusi Chiungchussu Formation, Yu anshan Member Eoredlichia zone , Lower Cambrian, Haikou, Kunming , about 50 km west of Chengjiang , China . It currently consists of the single species Xidazoon stephanus . The fossils show that the body of the animal was divided into two parts. The anterior part of the body is moderately inflated, with a prominent mouth circlet. It has faint Transverse plane transverse divisions towards the front, but is otherwise smooth. The mouth circlet consists of about 30 plates divided into inner and outer regions. The anterior section has five structures on each side, which are interpreted as gills . A dark region running close to the ventral and posterior margins is interpreted as an endostyle . The condition of the anterior portion of the fossils suggests that it was thin walled, i.e., that the anterior portion was largely hollow. The Posterior anatomy posterior part of the body tapers towards front and back diamond shaped , and is divided into seven Segment biology segment s covered in cuticle with three less well defined segments at the anterior end. ref Shu Degan. 2005 On The Phylum Vetulicolia. Chinese Science Bulletin. ref There are short spines at the posterior tip. The authors describe an alimentary canal with terminal openings and a rectum with what might be dilator muscles. Based on a comparison of the incomplete damaged holotype with the incomplete damaged holotype of Pomatrum ventralis , researchers Aldridge, ... more details
ciliated groove, or endostyle , runs along one side of the pharynx, and a projecting ridge along the other. The endostyle may be Homology biology homologous with the thyroid gland of vertebrates, despite ... part of the digestive system. The endostyle produces a supply of mucus which is then passed ... end opens into a single vessel, one running to the endostyle, and the other to the dorsal surface of the pharynx ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Pyrosoma atlanticum image Pyrosoma atlanticum.JPG image caption Pyrosoma atlanticum regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Tunicate Tunicata classis Thaliacea ordo Pyrosomida familia Pyrosomidae genus Pyrosome Pyrosoma species P. atlanticum binomial Pyrosoma atlanticum binomial authority Fran ois P ron P ron , 1804 ref name WoRMS http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 137250 Pyrosoma atlanticum P ron, 1804 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011 11 10. ref synonyms Pyrosoma benthica small Monniot & Monniot, 1966 small synonyms ref ref name WoRMS Pyrosoma atlanticum is a pelagic species of marine Colony biology colonial tunicate in the class Thaliacea . It is found in temperate waters worldwide. The name of the genus comes from the Greek language Greek words pyros meaning fire and soma meaning body , referring to the bright bioluminescent light sometimes emitted. ref name JelliesZone http jellieszone.com pyrosoma.htm Pyrosoma atlanticum Peron, 1804 Pyrosome The JelliesZone. Retrieved 2011 11 10. ref The specific name atlanticum refers to the Atlantic Ocean from where the species was first described in 1804 by the French naturalist, Fran ois P ron . ref name WoRMS Description A colony of Pyrosoma atlanticum is cylindrical and can grow up to 60 cm 2 ft long and 4 6 cm wide. The constituent zooid s form a rigid tube which may be pale pink, yellowish or bluish. One end of the tube is narrower and is closed while the other is open and has a strong diaphragm. The outer surface or test is gelatinised and dimpled with backward pointing, blunt processes. The individual zooid s are up to 8.5 mm 0.3 in long and have a broad, rounded branchial sac with gill slits. Along the side of the branchial sac runs the endostyle which produces mucus filters. Water is moved through the gill slits into the centre of the cylinder by Cilium cilia pulsating rhythmically. Plankton and other food particles are caught in mucus filters in the pro ... more details
italic title Taxobox image Ascidia mentula 001.png image ref Ascidia mentula at atrial aperture br branchial aperture t test name Ascidia regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Ascidiacea ordo Enterogona subordo Phlebobranchia familia Ascidiidae genus Ascidia genus authority Carolus Linnaeus Linnaeus , 1767 synonyms ref ref name WoRMS synonyms Ascidea Linnaeus, 1767 Spelling variation Ascidie Linnaeus, 1767 Spelling variation Ascidiopsis Verrill, 1872 Bathyascidia Hartmeyer, 1901 Phallusioides Huntsman, 1912 Tunica Ascidia is a genus of tunicate s in the family Ascidiidae . ref name ZT2864 Bonnet, N.Y.K. & Rocha, R.M. 2011 . The family Ascidiidae Herdman Tunicata Ascidiacea in Bocas del Toro Panama. Description of six new species. Zootaxa 2864 1 33. ref ref name WoRMS Sanamyan, K. Monniot, C. 2012 . Ascidia. In Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira Da Rocha, Billie J Swalla, Xavier Turon 2012 Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 103483 on 2012 02 25 ref Selected species File Ascidia 001.png thumb Diagrammatic section of an Ascidia , representing the three sacs and the branchial sac as the pharynx or throat a branchial orifice b atrial orifice c tunic or test d mantle e branchial sac f gullet g stomach h anal orifice i dorsal lamina the dotted line indicates the endostyle div col colwidth 20em Ascidia achimotae Millar, 1953 Ascidia adamanensis Oka, 1915 Ascidia ahodori Oka, 1927 Ascidia alisea Monniot & Monniot, 2006 Ascidia alpha Tokioka, 1953 Ascidia alterna Monniot & Monniot, 1991 Ascidia archaia small Sluiter, 1890 small Ascidia arenosa Hartmeyer, 1898 Ascidia armata Hartmeyer, 1906 Ascidia aspera Brunetti, 2007 Ascidia austera Sluiter, 1904 Ascidia aximensis Millar, 1953 Ascidia azurea Monniot & Monniot, 1996 Ascidia bathybia Hartmeyer, 1922 Ascidia bifissa Sluiter, 1895 Ascidia bocatorensis small Bonnet & Rocha, 2011 small ref ... more details
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