An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism, i.e. forming an endosymbiosis Greek language Greek endon within , syn together and biosis living . Examples are nitrogen fixing bacteria called rhizobia which live in root nodules on legume roots, single celled algae inside reef building corals , and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10 15 of insects. Many instances of endosymbiosis are obligate that is, either the endosymbiont or the host cannot survive without the other, such as the Siboglinidae gutless marine worms of the genus Riftia , which get nutrition from their endosymbiotic bacteria. The most common examples of obligate endosymbiosis are mitochondria and chloroplasts . Some human parasites, e.g. Wucherichia bancrofti and Mansonella perstans thrive in their hosts because of an obligate endosymbiosis with Wolbachi spp. . They can both be eliminated from their host by treatments that target this bacterium. However, not all endosymbioses are obligate. Also, some endosymbioses can be symbiosis harmful to either of the organisms involved. It is generally agreed that certain organelle s of the Eukaryote eukaryotic cell, especially mitochondria and plastid s such as chloroplast s, originated as bacterial endosymbionts. This theory is called the endosymbiotic theory , and was first articulated by the Russia n botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905. ref cite journal author Mereschkowsky C ... and the aerobic bacteria. Living intermediates show that the evolution proposed by the endosymbiont ... pisum and its endosymbiont Buchnera proteobacteria Buchnera sp. APS, ref cite journal last Douglas ... endosymbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia brevipalpis and the endosymbiotic protists in lower termite .... Sodalis glossinidius is a secondary endosymbiont tsetse flies that lives inter and intracellularly ... pl Endosymbiont pt Endossimbiose simple Endosymbiosis sk Endosymbi za fi Endosymbioosi sv Endosymbios ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Taxobox color violet name Streblomastix domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Excavata phylum Metamonad a ordo Oxymonadida A symbiotic eukaryote that lives in the stomach of termite s, and other insects, Streblomastix is a protist that helps to digest wood along with other protists . The Streblomastix engages in a relationship similar to that of bacteria endosymbiont s of rumen ous animals such as the cow . Motilty The Streblomastix moves by beating its anterior flagella . Morphology This protozoa n looks like a spade , with the stomach on the Posterior anatomy posterior , and the flagella on the anterior end. These animals measure around 100 micrometers in length. References http www.microscopy uk.org.uk mag indexmag.html?http www.microscopy uk.org.uk mag artmar03 rhtermite.html http www.ucmp.berkeley.edu protista basalprotists.html External links Protist s Endosymbiont Rumen Termite Category Metamonads es Streblomastix ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Proto mitochondrion regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria The proto mitochondrion is the ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria are thought to be derived. Phylogeny The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alpha proteobacteria l origin for this endosymbiont . Although the order Rickettsiales has been proposed as the alpha proteobacteria l sister group of mitochondria , there is no definitive evidence as to from which alpha proteobacteria l group the proto mitochondrion emerged. Rickettsialesphylogeny Metabolism Toni Gabald n and Martijn Huynen 2003 reconstructed the proteome and corresponding metabolism of the proto mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an Aerobic organism aerobic alpha proteobacterium catabolyzing lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genome s analyzed in the study. ref name Gabaldon References reflist refs ref name Gabaldon Cite journal first T. last Gabald n coauthors et al. title The proto mitochondrial metabolism journal Science volume 301 issue 5633 year 2003 pages 690 doi 10.1126 science.1085463 pmid 12893934 ref Cell biology stub Category Microbiology Category Mitochondria Category Proteobacteria Category Symbiosis ca Protomitocondri ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Rickettsias image Rickettsia rickettsii.jpg image width 250px image caption Rickettsia rickettsii regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rickettsiales ordo authority Gieszczkiewicz, 1939 subdivision ranks Families subdivision Rickettsiaceae br Anaplasmataceae ref name Anaplasmataceae cite book last Garrity first George title Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology publisher Springer year 2005 isbn 0 387 24145 0 ref Holosporaceae The Rickettsiales , also called rickettsias, are an order of small proteobacteria . Most of those described survive only as endosymbiont s of other cells. Some are notable pathogens, including Rickettsia , which causes a variety of diseases in humans. On the other end of the scale, gene tic studies support the endosymbiotic theory according to which mitochondrion mitochondria and related organelle s developed from members of this group. Some have also speculated that virus es might have developed from them, or from organisms like them. The Rickettsiales are among the most mysterious groups of Proteobacteria, owing largely to difficulties in cultivating them. Originally the group included all obligate endosymbiont bacteria. However, a number of species have been removed, such as Coxiella burnetii , the cause of Q fever . Environmental samples have found a variety of genes that originate from this group, pointing to a number of free living plankton ic species. These include SAR11, later cultivated as Pelagibacter ubique , one of the most common bacterium bacteria in the world. As of 2005, the exact composition and classification is far from settled. Rickettsialesphylogeny References references div class references small div Category Proteobacteria Category Rickettsiales Rickettsiales Proteobacteria stub cs Rickettsiales de Rickettsiales es Rickettsiales fr Rickettsiales ja pt Rickettsiales uk Rickettsiales zh ... more details
Image Mitochondrie.svg thumb 300px right Mitochondria structure 1 inner membrane, 2 outer membrane, 3 cristae, 4 matrix The mitochondria l inner membrane forms internal compartments known as crista e, which allow greater space for the proteins such as cytochrome s to function properly and efficiently. The electron transport chain is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Within the inner mitochondrial membrane are also transport protein s that transport in a highly controlled manner metabolites across this membrane. The inner membrane of mitochondria IMM is similar in lipid composition to the membrane of bacteria . This phenomenon can be explained by the endosymbiont hypothesis of the origin of mitochondria as prokaryotes internalized by a eukaryotic host cell. See also Mitochondrial shuttle Translocase of the inner membrane External links http opm.phar.umich.edu localization.php?localization Mitochondrial 20inner 20membrane http www.med.uiuc.edu histo small atlas objects 1340.htm Mitochondrial enzymes Category Membrane biology biochemistry stub ca Membrana mitocondrial interna zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera , found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose . Some types of cyanobacteria are endosymbiont to types of lichens and sponges. Symbiotic bacteria are able to live in or on plant or animal tissue biology tissue . In digestive systems, symbiotic bacteria help break down foods that contain fibre . They also help produce vitamins . br Symbiotic bacteria can live near hydrothermal vents. They usually have a mutual relationship with other bacteria. Some live in giant tube worm tube worm s. A use for symbiotic bacteria has recently been in paratransgenesis for controlling important vectors for disease, such as the transmission of Chagas disease by Triatoma Triatome kissing bug s. Symbiotic bacteria in legume roots provide the plants with ammonia in exchange for the plants carbon and a protected home. br DEFAULTSORT Symbiotic Bacteria Category Symbiosis Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology Bacteria stub Ecology stub fr Bact rie symbiotique ... more details
refimprove date February 2012 italic title Taxobox name Sirex image Sirex noctilio F Dos .JPG image caption Sirex noctilio regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hymenoptera subordo Symphyta superfamilia Siricoidea familia Siricidae genus Sirex genus authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 1761 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Sirex cyaneus Sirex juvencus Sirex noctilio etc. Sirex is a genus of wood wasp in the Siricidae family. It infects coniferous wood where it lays eggs with its large ovipositor, along with a fungal endosymbiont which partially digests the wood for the larva. The fungus is kept in mycangia which are lined with glands which produce secretions which nourish the fungus which is deposited through pores opening into the ovipositor during oviposition. References The Sirex Woodwasp and its fungal symbionts Research and Management of a worldwide invasive pest. By Bernard Slippers, Peter de Groot, Michael John Wingfield. Springer Science and Business Media, to be published in 2012 Category Siricidae Sawfly stub la Sirex pt Sirex ... more details
. A1Hsp Isolated Endosymbionts include Hall s coccus P9 UV 7 endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. TUME1 endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. UWC22 endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. UWE1 Uncultured lineages include ... more details
Refimprove type Chromalveolata date December 2009 Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Dinoflagellate Dinoflagellata classis Syndiniophyceae ordo Syndiniales ordo authority Loeblich III 1976 small The Syndiniales are an order biology order of dinoflagellate s, found exclusively as endosymbiosis endosymbiont s of the tintinnid ciliate s, crustacea ns, fish , protozoa , algae , and other dinoflagellates. ref name Hoek1995 Cite book last1 Hoek first1 C. van den last2 Mann first2 D. G. last3 Jahns first3 Hans Martin title Algae an Introduction to Phycology year 1995 publisher Cambridge University Press location Cambridge isbn 0 521 31687 1 pages 277 280 ref The trophozoite trophic form is often multinucleate , and ultimately divides to form motile spore s, which have two flagellum flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplast s, and unlike all other orders, the cell nucleus nucleus is never a dinokaryon . A well studied example is Amoebophrya , which is a parasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending algal bloom red tide s. The order Syndiniales belongs to the class biology class Syndiniophyceae or Syndinea . ref cite pmid 20188628 ref See also Duboscquella Hematodinium Syndinium References Reflist Alveolata Category Dinoflagellates Category Parasites Chromalveolate stub Parasite stub ca Sindinial es Syndiniales pt Syndiniales ... more details
An epiphytic fungus is a fungus that grows upon, or attached to, a living plant . The term epiphyte epiphytic derives from the Greek epi meaning upon and phyton meaning plant . Examples Many examples of epiphytic microorganisms exist. ref name review http www.ejbiotechnology.info content vol3 issue1 full 4 index.html Endophytic Microorganisms A Review On Insect Control And Recent Advances On Tropical Plants Bot generated title ref The ergoline alkaloids found in Convolvulaceae are produced by a seed transmitted epiphytic claviceps clavicipitaceous fungus . ref name ergoline cite journal last1 Steiner first1 U last2 Ahimsa M ller first2 MA last3 Markert first3 A last4 Kucht first4 S last5 Gross first5 J last6 Kauf first6 N last7 Kuzma first7 M last8 Zych first8 M last9 Lamsh ft first9 M title Molecular characterization of a seed transmitted clavicipitaceous fungus occurring on dicotyledoneous plants Convolvulaceae journal Planta volume 224 issue 3 pages 533 44 year 2006 pmid 16525783 doi 10.1007 s00425 006 0241 0 ref See also Portal Fungi Epiphyte Endophytic fungus , an endophyte that grows inside a plant Endosymbiont References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Epiphytic Fungus Category Mycology Fungus stub it Fungo epifita ... more details
Taxobox image Alviniconcha hessleri.jpg image caption Alviniconcha hessleri regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda superfamilia Abyssochrysoidea updated, in 2008 placed in this superfamilia by Kaim et al. familia Provannidae subfamilia genus Alviniconcha species A. hessleri binomial Alviniconcha hessleri binomial authority Okutani, T.A. & S. Ohta, 1988 synonyms Alviniconcha hessleri is a species of deep water sea snail , a marine ocean marine gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Provannidae . These snails are part of the fauna of the hydrothermal vent s in Indian Ocean. An member of Bacteria from class Epsilonproteobacteria occurs as endosymbiont of large gill s of Alviniconcha hessleri . ref Yohey Suzuki, Takenori Sasaki, Masae Suzuki, Yuichi Nogi, Tetsuya Miwa, Ken Takai, Kenneth H. Nealson & Koki Horikoshi September 2005 Novel Chemoautotrophic Endosymbiosis between a Member of the Epsilonproteobacteria and the Hydrothermal Vent Gastropod Alviniconcha aff. hessleri Gastropoda Provannidae from the Indian Ocean . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 71 9 5440 5450. doi 10.1128 AEM.71.9.5440 5450.2005 ref References reflist External links Provannidae stub Category Provannidae vi Alviniconcha hessleri ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Candidatus Carsonella ruddii Taxobox color lightgrey name Candidatus Carsonella ruddii regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo unclassified genus Candidatus Carsonella species Ca. C. ruddii binomial Candidatus Carsonella ruddii binomial authority synonyms Candidatus Carsonella ruddii is an obligate endosymbiotic Gamma Proteobacteria Gamma Proteobacterium ref Spaulding, A. W. and C. D. von Dohlen. 1998. Phylogenetic Characterization and Molecular Evolution of Bacterial Endosymbionts in Psyllids Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha . Molecular Biology and Evolution 15 11 1506 1513 ref it has the smallest genome of any characterised bacteria. ref name Science cite journal author Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, Ishikawa H, Dunbar H, Moran N, Hattori M title The 160 kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella. journal Science volume 314 issue 5797 pages 267 year 2006 pmid 17038615 doi 10.1126 science.1134196 ref The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap feeding insects known as psyllid s. ref Thao, M.L. 2000. Cospeciation of Psyllids and Their Primary Prokaryotic Endosymbionts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 2898 2905 ref ref Thao, M.L. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of vertically transmitted psyllid endosymbionts Candidatus Carsonella ruddii based on atpAGD and rpoC comparisons with 16S 23S rDNA derived phylogeny. Current Microbiology 42 419 21 PMID 11381334 ref The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome . In 2006 the genome of Ca. C. ruddii strain Pathovar Pv Carsonella Pv of the Celtis hackberry petiole gall psyllid, Pachypsylla venusta , was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona . It was shown that the genome consists of a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pair s and that it has a high coding density 97 with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length. The number of predicted gene s was 182, also the lowest on re ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Oceanospirillales image GFAJ 1 grown on arsenic .jpg regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gammaproteobacteria ordo Oceanospirillales subdivision ranks Families subdivision Oceanospirillaceae br Alcanivoracaceae br Hahellaceae br Halomonadaceae br Litoricolaceae br Oleiphilaceae br Saccharospirillaceae br The Oceanospirillales are an order of Proteobacteria , with seven families ref http www.bacterio.cict.fr classiffamiliesorders.htm Oceanospirillales J.P. Euz by ref . The most species of this order are halotolerant or halophilic ref name Bergey George M. Garrity Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2. Auflage. Springer, New York, 2005, Volume 2 The Proteobacteria, Part B The Gammaproteobacteria ref . One strain of Oceanospirillales is an endosymbiont of the Osedax worms. ref cite journal journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology year 2007 volume 73 pages 2314 2323 title Genetic Diversity and Potential Function of Microbial Symbionts Associated with Newly Discovered Species of Osedax Polychaete Worms author S. K. Goffredi, S. B. Johnson, and R. C. Vrijenhoek doi 10.1128 AEM.01986 06 pmid 17277220 issue 7 pmc 1855680 ref They are not present in Osedax oocyte s so they are acquired later on. ref cite journal journal Marine Biology year 2009 volume 156 pages 395 405 title Spawning and development in Osedax boneworms Siboglinidae, Annelida author G. W. Rouse, N. G. Wilson, S. K. GoVredi, S. B. Johnson, T. Smart, C. Widmer, C. M. Young, and R. C. Vrijenhoek doi 10.1007 s00227 008 1091 z ref References reflist refbegin refend External links http www.bacterio.cict.fr classiffamiliesorders.htm Oceanospirillales J.P. Euz by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Category Proteobacteria Proteobacteria stub ca Oceanospiril lal de Oceanospirillales es Oceanospirillales fr Oceanospirillales it Oceanospirillales ja pl Oceanospirillales uk Oceanospirillales zh ... more details
Taxobox color khaki name Trichomonads image Trichomonas Giemsa DPDx.JPG domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Excavata phylum Metamonad a classis Parabasalid Parabasalia ordo Trichomonadida ordo authority Brugerolle & Lee 2000 subdivision ranks families subdivision Calonymphidae br Cochlosomatidae br Devescovinidae br Monocercomonadidae br Trichomonadidae The trichomonads are an order of anaerobic protist s, included with the parabasalid s. Most are either parasite s or other endosymbiont s of animals. They typically have four to six flagellum flagella at the cell s apical pole, one of which is recurrent that is, it runs along a surface wave, giving the aspect of an undulating membrane. Like other parabasalids they typically have an axostyle , pelta , costa body costa and Basal body parabasal bodies . In Histomonas there is only one flagellum and a reduced axostyle, and in Dientamoeba both are absent. Trichomonads reproduce by a special form of longitudinal binary fission fission , leading to large numbers of trophozoite s in a relatively short time. Microbial cyst Cysts never form, so transmission from one host to another is always based on direct contact between the sites they occupy. Some organisms in this order include Trichomonas vaginalis , an organism living inside the vagina of humans Dientamoeba fragilis , parasitic ameboid in humans Histomonas meleagridis , parasite that causes blackhead disease in poultry. Mixotricha paradoxa , a symbiotic organism inside termites, host of Endosymbiosis endosymbionts . External links http parasitology.informatik.uni wuerzburg.de login n h 1484.html General info Excavata Category Metamonads cs Trichomon dy es Trichomonadida ja ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Wigglesworthia glossinidia regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Wigglesworthia Aksoy, 1995 species W. glossinidia binomial Wigglesworthia glossinidia Aksoy, 1995 Wigglesworthia glossinidia is a Gram negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae , related to E. coli , which lives in the gut of the tsetse fly . The bacterium was described by Serap Aksoy ref Aksoy, S. 1995. Wigglesworthia gen. nov. and Wigglesworthia glossinidia sp. nov., Taxa Consisting of the Mycetocyte Associated, Primary Endosymbionts of Tsetse Flies INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY, Vol. 45, No. 4, p. 848 851 ref and bears the name of the British entomologist Sir Vincent Brian Wigglesworth , who died the year prior to its description. Wigglesworthia has symbiotically coevolved with the tsetse fly for millions of years, and is a textbook example of a bacterial endosymbiont . Because of this relationship, Wigglesworthia has lost a large part of its genome and has one of the smallest known genomes of any living organism. Together with Buchnera aphidicola , Wigglesworthia has been the subject of genetic research into the Genome Minimal genomes minimal genome necessary for any living organism. Wigglesworthia also synthesises key vitamins which the tsetse fly does not get from its diet of blood. Without the vitamins Wigglesworthia produces, the tsetse fly cannot reproduce. Since the tsetse fly spreads African trypanosomiasis African sleeping sickness , Wigglesworthia may one day be used to control the spread of this disease. References references External links http www.genomenewsnetwork.org articles 09 02 wiggles.shtml Genome News Network article on Wigglesworthia http www.ebi.ac.uk 2can genomes bacteria Wigglesworthia glossinidia.html 2can bioinformatics reference on Wigglesworthia http www.bath.ac.uk news articles releases minimalgenome290306. ... more details
Taxobox domain Archaea regnum Crenarchaeota phylum Thaumarchaeota classis incertae sedis ordo Cenarchaeales familia Cenarchaeaceae genus Cenarchaeum subdivision ranks Species biology Species subdivision Cenarchaeum symbiosum C. symbiosum uncultured Cenarchaeum sp. synonyms Cenarchaeum DeLong and Preston 1996 In alpha taxonomy taxonomy , Cenarchaeum is a genus biology genus of the Cenarchaeaceae . ref See the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 46769 webpage on Cenarchaeum . Data extracted from the cite web url ftp ftp.ncbi.nih.gov pub taxonomy title NCBI taxonomy resources publisher National Center for Biotechnology Information accessdate 2007 03 19 ref The marine archaean Cenarchaeum symbiosum lives within it is an endosymbiont of the sponge Axinella Axinella mexicana . ref name Preston1996 cite journal year 1996 title A psychrophilic crenarchaeon inhabits a marine sponge Cenarchaeum symbiosum gen. nov., sp. nov. journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 93 issue 13 pages 6241&ndash 6246 author Preston, C.M. Wu, K.Y. Molinski, T.F. Delong, E.F. doi 10.1073 pnas.93.13.6241 pmid 8692799 pmc 39006 ref References reflist 1 Further reading Scientific journals cite journal author Preston CM, Wu KY, Molinski TF, De Long EF year 1996 title A psychrophilic crenarchaeon inhabits a marine sponge Cenarchaeum symbiosum gen. nov., sp. nov journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA volume 93 pages 6241&ndash 6246 pmid 8692799 doi 10.1073 pnas.93.13.6241 issue 13 pmc 39006 Scientific books Scientific databases Taxonomic references taxon Cenarchaeum External links Taxonomic links microbe yes NCBI taxID 46769 taxoname Cenarchaeum LSPN letter c LSPN taxoname cenarchaeum Category Archaea genera archaea stub cs Cenarchaeum symbiosum ko ja ... more details
italic title Taxobox color taxobox color fungi name Nuclearia domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokont a ordo Nucleariid a familia Nucleariidae genus Nuclearia genus authority Cienkowsky, 1865 Nuclearia is a nucleariid genus. ref name urlNuclearia cite web url http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 154967 title Nuclearia publisher UniProt accessdate March 8, 2009 ref ref cite web url http starcentral.mbl.edu microscope portal.php?pagetitle assetfactsheet&imageid 9800 title micro scope date March, 2006 accessdate March 23, 2009 ref Species include Nuclearia delicatula ref cite journal author Linda A. Amaral Zettler, Thomas A. Nerad, Charles J. O Kelly & Mitchell L. Sogin year 2001 title The nucleariid amoebae more protists at the animal fungal boundary journal Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology volume 48 issue 3 pages 293 297 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2001.tb00317.x pmid 11411837 ref Nuclearia moebiusi Nuclearia pattersoni small Dykov , Veverkov , Fiala, Mach kov & Peckov , 2003 small ref cite journal author I. Dykov , M. Veverkov , I. Fiala, B. Mach kov & H. Peckov year 2003 title Nuclearia pattersoni sp. n. Filosea , a new species of amphizoic amoeba isolated from gills of roach Rutilus rutilus , and its rickettsial endosymbiont journal Folia Parasitologica volume 50 pages 161 170 pmid 14535340 ref Nuclearia simplex Nuclearia thermophila ref cite journal author Masaki Yoshida, Takeshi Nakayama & Isao Inouye year 2009 title Nuclearia thermophila sp. nov. Nucleariidae , a new nucleariid species isolated from Yunoko Lake in Nikko Japan journal European Journal of Protistology volume 45 issue 2 pages 147 155 doi 10.1016 j.ejop.2008.09.004 pmid 19157810 ref clear References Reflist 2 Life Category Nucleariids protist stub ko pt Nuclearia ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Pyrenomonas domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptophyta classis Cryptophyceae ordo Pyrenomonadales familia Pyrenomonadaceae genus Pyrenomonas genus authority Santore Pyrenomonas is a genus of cryptomonad . Dubious date July 2010 One species is Pyrenomonas helgolandii . ref name pmid16570126 cite journal author Tanifuji G, Erata M, Ishida K, Onodera N, Hara Y title Diversity of secondary endosymbiont derived actin coding genes in cryptomonads and their evolutionary implications journal J. Plant Res. volume 119 issue 3 pages 205 15 year 2006 month May isbn 1026500602635 pmid 16570126 doi 10.1007 s10265 006 0263 5 ref ref name pmid11070060 cite journal author Stibitz TB, Keeling PJ, Bhattacharya D title Symbiotic origin of a novel actin gene in the cryptophyte Pyrenomonas helgolandii journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 17 issue 11 pages 1731 8 year 2000 month November pmid 11070060 doi url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11070060 ref Pyrenomonas salina was characterized in 1990, ref name pmid2081536 cite journal author Hansmann P, Eschbach S title Isolation and preliminary characterization of the nucleus and the nucleomorph of a cryptomonad, Pyrenomonas salina journal Eur. J. Cell Biol. volume 52 issue 2 pages 373 8 year 1990 month August pmid 2081536 doi url ref but has since been renamed to Rhodomonas salina . ref name urlThe Rhodomonas salina mitochondrial genome bacteria like operons, compact gene arrangement and complex repeat region Hauth et al. 33 14 4433 Nucleic Acids Research cite web url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 33 14 4433 B15 title The Rhodomonas salina mitochondrial genome bacteria like operons, compact gene arrangement and complex repeat region Hauth et al. 33 14 4433 Nucleic Acids Research format work accessdate 2009 06 24 ref References Reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Chromalveolata Chromalveolate stub ... more details
This list of parasitic alien species is limited to species and groups of genetically related extraterrestrial organisms that exhibit physical features, attributes or forms similar to, but potentially far from a typical Terran species of parasites or symbiotes, while excluding specific references to individual organisms. This list includes sentient, non sentient and hybrid forms of alien symbiotes, parasites or species that are parasitic or symbiotic during one or more developmental stages. Andromeni Battlelords of the 23rd Century Body snatcher pods The Body Snatchers Bebi Dragon Ball Dragon Ball GT Dragonball GT Black oil X Files Byrum Mr. Gray Dreamcatcher novel Dreamcatcher DomZ Beyond Good & Evil Energy Rider Farscape Endosymbiont Needle novel Needle Goa uld Stargate SG 1 Tok ra Stargate SG 1 List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens Gelth Gelth Doctor Who Ing Dark creatures with the ability to possess living beings, the dead, and the Artificial Intelligence artificially intelligent , who become darklings. Metroid Prime 2 Echoes List of Doctor Who villains Fendahl Fendahl Doctor Who The Flood Halo The Flood Halo video game series Halo Headcrab Half Life series Half Life The Hive Dark Skies Invid Robotech Invid Robotech Iskoort Animorphs List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens Krynoid Krynoid Doctor Who List of Ratchet & Clank characters Species The Loki Ratchet & Clank Metroid series Metroids Metroid Metroid series Metroid Nomads Freelancer Puppet Masters The Puppet Masters Symbiote comics Symbiote Marvel Comics Trill Star Trek Trill Star Trek Ungooma Ascendancy video game Ascendancy The wind Hooded Swan series Hooded Swan List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens Wirrn Wirrn Doctor Who Xenocyte Ben 10 Alien Force Yeerk s Animorphs X Parasite Metroid Alien Alien franchise Xenomorph Alien film Alien References reflist fictional biology navbox Category Lists of fictional species ... more details
italictitle Taxobox color lightgrey name Buchnera aphidicola regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Buchnera species B. aphidicola binomial Buchnera aphidicola Buchnera aphidicola a member of the Proteobacteria , is the primary Endosymbiosis endosymbiont of Aphid aphids , and has been studied in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum . Buchnera was once one believed to have a free living, Gram negative ancestor similar to a modern Enterobacteriaceae , such as Escherichia coli . Buchnera is 3 m in diameter and has some of the key characteristics of their Enterobacteriaceae relatives, such as a Gram negative cell wall. However, unlike most other Gram negative bacteria, Buchnera lacks the genes to produce lipopolysaccharides for its outer membrane. The long association with aphids and the limitation of Chromosomal crossover crossover events due to strictly vertical transmission has seen the deletion of genes required for anaerobic respiration , the synthesis of amino sugars , fatty acids , phospholipids , and complex carbohydrates . This has resulted not only in one of the smallest known genomes of any living organism, but also one of the most genetically stable. The Symbiosis symbiotic relationship with aphids began between 160 million and 280 million years ago, ref name symbionin cite journal title The Interactions of Allium sativum Leaf Agglutinin with a Chaperonin Group of Unique Receptor Protein Isolated from a Bacterial Endosymbiont of the Mustard Aphid url http www.jbc.org cgi content full M401405200 pmid 15028723 doi 10.1074 jbc.M401405200 year 2004 last1 Banerjee first1 S last2 Hess first2 D last3 Majumder first3 P last4 Roy first4 D last5 Das first5 S volume 279 issue 22 pages 23782 9 journal The Journal of biological chemistry ref and has persisted through aternal transmission and Speciation cospeciation . Aphids have developed bacteriocyte cells to house Buchnera . A ... more details
Taxobox name Gymnosphaerids domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Rhizaria phylum Cercozoa ? classis Proteomyxidea? ordo Gymnosphaerida ordo authority Poche , 1913 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Gymnosphaera elbida br Hedraiophrys hovassei br Actinocoryne contractilis The gymnosphaerids or Gymnosphaerida ref name pmid15148395 cite journal author Nikolaev SI, Berney C, Fahrni JF, et al. title The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 101 issue 21 pages 8066 71 year 2004 month May pmid 15148395 pmc 419558 doi 10.1073 pnas.0308602101 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15148395 ref are a small group of heliozoa n protists found in marine environments. They tend to be roughly spherical with radially directed pseudopod axopods , supported by microtubule s in a triangular hexagonal array arising from an amorphous central Granule cell biology granule . Genera There are only three genera, each with a single species Gymnosphaera albida , Hedraiophrys hovassei , and Actinocoryne contractilis . Gymnosphaera albida is free living, usually benthic in shallow water. The cells are round and naked, around 70 100 m in diameter, and resemble the unrelated actinophryid Actinosphaerium . The outer cytoplasm, or ectoplasm, forms a distinct layer containing large vesicles. Hedraiophrys hovassei is larger and lives attached to alga e and other objects. The cells have a conical base, and are covered with long siliceous spicules. The ectoplasm is distinct and frothy, and typically contains bacterial and algal endosymbiont s. Actinocoryne contractilis is benthic. When feeding, it has a multinucleate base and a contractile stalk up to 150 m in length, supporting a relatively small uninucleate head, where the central granule and axopods are located. It may move about in a headless Clarify date June 2010 Does it move only when it is headless, or is the head simply retrac ... more details
Taxobox name Litostomatea image Balantidium coli wet mount.jpg image caption Balantidium coli Vestibulifera domain Eukaryote Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata unranked phylum Alveolata phylum Ciliate Ciliophora classis Litostomatea classis authority Eugene Small Small & Denis Lynn Lynn 1981 subdivision ranks Typical orders subdivision Subclass Haptoria br Haptorida br Pleurostomatida br Subclass Trichostomatia br Vestibulifera br Entodiniomorphida The Litostomatea are a class of ciliate protist s. ref name pmid19120803 cite journal author Gao S, Song W, Ma H, et al. title Phylogeny of six genera of the subclass Haptoria Ciliophora, Litostomatea inferred from sequences of the gene coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA journal J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. volume 55 issue 6 pages 562 6 year 2008 pmid 19120803 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2008.00360.x ref Until recently, the class Litostomatea was divided into two groups, the Haptoria and the Trichostomatia. However, new genetic information has resulted in the resurrection of a third subclass, Rhynchostomatia, first proposed by A. W. Jankowski in 1980. ref cite journal last Vd a n first Peter coauthors et al. title Phylogeny and Classification of the Litostomatea Protista, Ciliophora , with Emphasis on Free Living Taxa and the 18S rRNA Gene journal Mol Phylogenet Evol. year 2011 month May volume 59 issue 2 pages 510 22 pmid 21333743 doi 10.1016 j.ympev.2011.02.016 ref The Haptoria includes mostly carnivorous forms, for instance Didinium , a species of which preys exclusively on the ciliate Paramecium . The Trichostomatia trichostomes are mostly endosymbiont s in the digestive tracts of vertebrates. These include the species Balantidium coli , which is the only ciliate parasitic in humans. The Rhynchostomatia include two free living genera previously included among the Haptoria, but now discovered to be genetically distinct from them, the Dileptida and the Tra ... more details
Nucleomorphs are small, reduced eukaryotic nuclei found in certain plastid s. So far, only two groups of organisms are known to contain a nucleomorph the cryptomonads ref name Lane2007 Cite pmid 18077423 ref of the supergroup Chromista and the chlorarachniophyte chlorarachniophytes ref name Gilson2006 Cite pmid 16760254 ref of the supergroup Rhizaria , both of which have examples of sequenced nucleomorph genomes. ref name Lane2007 ref name Gilson2006 The nucleomorphs support the endosymbiotic theory , and are an evidence that the plastids of these organisms are so called complex plastids . Studies of the genomic organization and of the molecular phylogeny have shown that the nucleomorph of the cryptomonads formerly was the Cell nucleus nucleus of a red alga , whereas the nucleomorph of the chlorarchniophytes formerly was the nucleus of a green alga . In both groups of organisms the plastids originate from engulfed photoautotroph ic eukaryote s. After the red or green alga was engulfed by its host cell, it was reduced. Nucleomorphs retained only three chromosomes and many genes were transferred to the nucleus of the host cell. The unique combination of host cell and complex plastid results in cells with four genomes two prokaryotic genomes mitochondrion and plastid of the red or green alga and two Eukaryote eukaryotic genomes nucleus of host cell and nucleomorph . According to GenBank release 164 Feb 2008 , there are 13 Cercozoa and 181 Cryptophyta entries an entry is the submission of a sequence to the DDBJ EMBL GenBank public database of sequences . Most sequenced organisms were br Guillardia theta 54 Rhodomonas salina 18 Cryptomonas sp. 15 Chlorarachniophyceae sp. 10 Cryptomonas paramecium 9 Cryptomonas erosa 7. Note that the taxonomy used in the first section is probably outdated. See links below to NCBI TaxBrowser for present taxonomy See also Endosymbiont External links http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 23 5 856 Insight into the Diversity and Evoluti ... more details
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