no footnotes date December 2011 The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Mikl s M ller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote an archaea , giving rise to a symbiosis symbiotic association of two cells from which the first Eukaryote eukaryotic cell could have arisen. According to the hydrogen hypothesis The host that acquired the mitochondrion was a prokaryote, a hydrogen dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to a modern methanogenic archaea which uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane The future mitochondrion was a Facultative anaerobic facultatively anaerobic Eubacteria eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host s hydrogen dependence anaerobic syntrophy . The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic Cell biology cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolution evolutionary significance to hydrogenosome s and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria that produce adenosine triphosphate ATP by, as a rule, converting pyruvate into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate . Examples from modern biology are known where methanogens cluster around hydrogenosomes within eukaryotic cells. Most theories within the endosymbiotic theory framework do not address the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward explanation for the observation that eukaryotes are genetic Chimera genetics chimeras with genes of archaeal and eubacterial ancestry. Furthermore, it would imply that archaea and eukarya split afte ... more details
For his brother, a Russian writer Dmitry Merezhkovsky Image Merezhkovsky K S.jpg thumb 200px right Konstantin Mereschkowski Konstantin Mereschcowsky 1855 1921 lang ru , also transliteration transliterated Konstantin Sergeevich Merezhkovsky , Konstantin Sergivich Merezhkovsky , Constantin Sergeevi M rejkovski , Constantin Sergejewicz Mereschcowsky , and Konstantin Sergejewicz Mereschkovsky was a prominent Russia n biologist , botanist and advocate of eugenics active mainly around Kazan , whose research on lichens led him to propose the theory of symbiogenesis that larger, more complexity complex cell biology cells evolution evolved from the symbiotic relationship between less complex ones. He presented this theory in 1909, in his Russian work, The Theory of Two Plasms as the Basis of Symbiogenesis, a New Study or the Origins of Organisms , although the fundamentals of the idea already had appeared in his earlier 1905 work, The nature and origins of chromatophores in the plant kingdom . He was inspired by his work as a leading lichenologist lichens were of major interest at the time as it had recently been shown that they exhibit a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae . Around the turn of the century he collecting collected a sizeable lichen herbarium , containing over 2000 specimens from lands in Russia , Austria and around the Mediterranean . The collection is currently in the possession of Kazan University . He also studied hydras . Merezhkovsky rejected Darwinian evolutionary theory. He did not believe that natural selection could explain biological novelty, positing instead the acquisition and inheritance of microbe s as central. He was criticised by another Russian lichenologist, Alexandr Alexandrovich Elenkin . Although the modern evolutionary synthesis supports Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection, Merezhovsky s ideas of symbiogenesis are reflected in the modern endosymbiont endosymbiotic theory develop ... more details
taxobox domain Eukaryota color taxobox colour chromalveolata unranked regnum Hacrobia unranked phylum Katablepharida genus Hatena species Hatena arenicola Hatena arenicola is a species of unicellular organism single celled eukaryote s described in 2006. ref name okamoto The species is a flagellate , and can resemble a plant at one stage of its life, in which it carries a photosynthesis photosynthesizing alga inside itself, ref name sciam cite web url http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id marine microorganism play title Marine Microorganism Plays Both Host and Killer work Scientific American accessdate 2009 07 06 first Tracy last Staedter date 14 October 2005 ref or an animal , acting as predator in another stage of its life. Researchers believe that this organism is in the process of endosymbiosis , in which one organism is incorporated into another, resulting in a completely new life form. Endosymbiosis is the process by which plants diverged from the trunk of the Tree of life science tree of life . The algal endosymbiont is a green alga from the genus Nephroselmis . ref name okamoto cite journal doi 10.1016 j.protis.2006.05.011 pmid 16891155 year 2006 month October last1 Okamoto first1 Noriko last2 Inouye first2 Isao title Hatena arenicola gen. et sp. nov., a katablepharid undergoing probable plastid acquisition volume 157 issue 4 pages 401 19 journal Protist ref Unlike a fully integrated organelle, the Nephroselmis alga does not divide along with the host cell. When the host cell divides, one of the daughter cells receives the Nephroselmis cell and the other daughter returns to a heterotrophic lifestyle. ref cite journal pmc 2593190 doi 10.1128 EC.00118 08 year 2008 month Dec author Mittelmeier, Tm Berthold, P Danon, A Lamb, Mr Levitan, A Rice, Me Dieckmann, Cl title C2 Domain Protein MIN1 Promotes Eyespot Organization in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii volume 7 issue 12 pages 2100 12 issn 1535 9778 pmid 18849467 journal Eukaryotic cell url http ec.asm.org cgi ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 411084531 ImageFile Pederin.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName small 2S N S 2S,4R,6R 6 2S 2,3 dimethoxypropyl 4 hydroxy 5,5 dimethyl 2 tetrahydropyranyl methoxymethyl 2 hydroxy 2 2R,5R,6R 2 methoxy 5,6 dimethyl 4 methylene 2 tetrahydropyranyl acetamide small OtherNames Pederine Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 27973 72 4 PubChem 5381287 SMILES C C H 1 C H O C CC1 C C H C O N C H C H 2C C H C C H O2 C C H COC OC C C O OC O OC C Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 25 sub H sub 45 sub NO sub 9 sub MolarMass 503.6261 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Pederin is a vesicant toxic amide with two tetrahydropyran rings, found in the haemolymph of the Paederus genus of beetles, including the Nairobi fly , belonging to the Staphylinidae family. It was first characterized by processing 25 million field collected P. fuscipes . ref name mdn http www.forces.gc.ca health sante wn qn adv avi Paederus eng.asp Bugs Don t Have to Bite to Do Damage The Tale of the Paederus Beetle ref It makes up approximately 0.025 of an insects weight for P. fuscipes . ref name mdn It has been demonstrated that the production of pederin relies on the activities of an endosymbiont Pseudomonas ssp. within Paederus . ref name piel cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.222481399 author Piel J year 2002 title A polyketide synthase peptide synthetase gene cluster from an uncultured bacterial symbiont of Paederus beetles journal PNAS volume 99 issue 22 pages 14002 14007 pmid 12381784 pmc 137826 ref The manufacture of pederin is largely confined to adult female beetles&mdash larvae and males only store pederin acquired maternally i.e., through eggs or by ingestion. ref name mdn Mode of action Pederin blocks mitosis at levels as low as 1 ng ml, by inhibiting protein and DNA synthesis without affecting RNA synthesis, ref cite journal author Frank JH, Kanamitsu K year 1987 title Paederus, S ... more details
italic title Taxobox regnum Bacteria phylum Bacteroidetes phylum Bacteroidetes classis Flavobacteria ordo Flavobacteriales familia Blattabacteriaceae genus Blattabacterium genus authority Hollande & Favre, 1931 subdivision ranks Species subdivision B. cuenoti small Mercier, 1906 small B. relictus nowrap small Clark & Kambhampati, 2003 small B. clevelandi nowrap small Clark & Kambhampati, 2003 small B. punctulatus nowrap small Clark & Kambhampati, 2003 small Blattabacterium in an obligate mutualistic endosymbiont bacterium that is believed to inhabit all species of cockroach studied to date, with the exception of Nocticola species. ref cite journal author Nathan Lo, Tiziana Beninati, Fred Stone, James Walker & Luciano Sacchi year 2007 title Cockroaches that lack Blattabacterium endosymbionts the phylogenetically divergent genus Nocticola journal Biology Letters volume 3 issue 3 pages 327 330 doi 10.1098 rsbl.2006.0614 pmc 2464682 pmid 17376757 ref Its presence in the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis led to speculation, later confirmed, that termites and cockroaches are evolutionarily linked. ref Wendy Zuckerman, The roach s secret , New Scientist , 16 April 2011 ref ref Nathan Lo & Paul Eggleton, http www.springerlink.com content r841m00h78538675 Termite Phylogenetics and Co cladogenesis with Symbionts , Bignell, D., Roisin ,Y., & Lo, N., ed 2011 , Biology of Termites A Modern Synthesis 27 50, DOI 10.1007 978 90 481 3977 4 2 ref B. cuenoti was traditionally considered the only species in the genus Blattabacterium , ref cite journal author Jeffrey W. Clark & Srinivas Kambhampati year 2003 title Phylogenetic analysis of Blattabacterium , endosymbiotic bacteria from the wood roach, Cryptocercus Blattodea Cryptocercidae , including a description of three new species journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution issue 1 pages 82 88 pmid 12470940 doi 10.1016 S1055 7903 02 00330 5 volume 26 ref which is in turn the only genus in the family Blattabacteriaceae ref cite book t ... more details
Taxobox name Alcyoniidae image Folded Coral Flynn Reef.jpg image caption Sarcophyton sp. on the Great Barrier Reef regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa ordo Alcyonacea familia Alcyoniidae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision center See text ref http www.eol.org pages 6720 Encyclopedia of Life ref center Alcyoniidae is a family of Alcyonacea leathery or soft corals in the phylum Cnidaria . ref name WS http www.wildsingapore.com wildfacts cnidaria coralsoft alcyoniidae.htm Leathery corals ref Description A colony of leathery coral is stiff, hard and inflexible. It is composed of tiny polyps projecting from a shared leathery tissue. Members of the family may have two kinds of polyps the autozooids have long trunks and eight tiny branched tentacles and project from the shared leathery tissue while the siphonozooids remain below the surface and pump water for the colony. They appear as tiny hollows or mounds among the taller autozooids. Different genera have different proportions of these two kinds of polyps. The autozooids only emerge when the colony is fully submerged. ref name WS Distribution and habitat Leathery corals occur globally in temperate and tropical seas. They are often pioneer reef species and are found in wave exposed areas of reef crests, less turbid waters in lagoons, on steep slopes, under overhangs and at depths of thirty metres or even deeper. ref name GBR http www.int res.com articles meps 126 m126p145.pdf Slow population turnover in the soft coral genera Sinularia and Sarcophyton on mid and outer shelf reefs of the Great Barrier Reef ref Biology File Lobophyton soft coral with extended polyps.jpg thumb 224px Lobophyton sp. with extended polyps Leathery coral polyps include Endosymbiont endosymbiotic algae called zooxanthallae. The algae undergo photosynthesis and produce sugars from sunlight. This food is shared with the host, which itself provides the algae with minerals and shelter. Periodically, the surface layer of the leathery tis ... more details
This list of parasitic alien species is limited to species and groups of genetically related extraterrestrial organisms that exhibit physical features, attributes or forms similar to, but potentially far from a typical Terran species of parasites or symbiotes, while excluding specific references to individual organisms. This list includes sentient, non sentient and hybrid forms of alien symbiotes, parasites or species that are parasitic or symbiotic during one or more developmental stages. Andromeni Battlelords of the 23rd Century Body snatcher pods The Body Snatchers Bebi Dragon Ball Dragon Ball GT Dragonball GT Black oil X Files Brain Slug Futurama Byrum Mr. Gray Dreamcatcher novel Dreamcatcher DomZ Beyond Good & Evil Energy Rider Farscape Endosymbiont Needle novel Needle Goa uld Stargate SG 1 Tok ra Stargate SG 1 List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens Gelth Gelth Doctor Who Ing Dark creatures with the ability to possess living beings, the dead, and the Artificial Intelligence artificially intelligent , who become darklings. Metroid Prime 2 Echoes List of Doctor Who villains Fendahl Fendahl Doctor Who The Flood Halo The Flood Halo video game series Halo Headcrab Half Life series Half Life The Hive Dark Skies Invid Robotech Invid Robotech Iskoort Animorphs List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens Krynoid Krynoid Doctor Who List of Ratchet & Clank characters Species The Loki Ratchet & Clank Martians in The War of the Worlds who injected human blood into themselves. Metroid series Metroids Metroid Metroid series Metroid Nomads Freelancer Puppet Masters The Puppet Masters Symbiote comics Symbiote Marvel Comics Trill Star Trek Trill Star Trek Ungooma Ascendancy video game Ascendancy The wind Hooded Swan series Hooded Swan List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens Wirrn Wirrn Doctor Who Xenocyte Ben 10 Alien Force Yeerk s Animorphs X Parasite Metroid Alien Alien franchise Xenomorph Alien film Alien See also List of fictional parasites References reflist fictional biology ... more details
endosymbiont or chloroplast , which represents the next two membranes, within which the thylakoid ... heterokont was an alga, and all colorless groups arose through loss of the secondary endosymbiont ... more details
as evidence for, the endosymbiont hypothesis . Most genes for proteins of chloroplasts ..., endosymbiont genes move to the cell nucleus , while others did not. Proposed solution CoRR states ... more details
BLP sources date February 2010 Dr. W. Ford Doolittle born 1942 in Urbana, Illinois is a biochemist . As of 2005 , he is a professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax former city , Nova Scotia Halifax, Nova Scotia . ref http www.biochem.dal.ca faculty facultypages doolittle ref He received his Bachelor of Arts BA in Biochemical Sciences from Harvard University in 1963 and his PhD from Stanford University in 1967. Since joining the biochemistry department at Dalhousie in 1971, Dr. Doolittle has made significant contributions to the study of cyanobacteria , found evidence for the endosymbiont hypothesis of chloroplasts origins, developed a theoretical basis for the initial evolution of eukaryotes and shown the importance of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotic evolution. In 1981, Dr. Doolittle received some level of notoriety for his article in The CoEvolution Quarterly entitled Is Nature Really Motherly? . A sharp rebuttal of James Lovelock J. E. Lovelock s formulation of the Gaia Theory , Doolittle s article is often cited by Lovelock s critics. Because of his philosophical musings on the non existence of an all encompassing Tree of Life, Doolittle has occasionally been cited on Intelligent Design blogs. However, though Doolittle argues that a bifurcating tree is not an adequate metaphor for the evolution of life on earth, he is not a supporter of Intelligent Design . A single common ancestor and tree relating all of life on earth is not a necessary component of the theory of descent with modification, the essence of evolution. He is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. ref cite web url http www.dnva.no c26849 artikkel vis.html?tid 40126 title Gruppe 6 Cellebiologi og molekyl rbiologi publisher Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters language Norwegian accessdate 7 October 2010 ref In addition to his contributions to evolutionary biology, Doolittle is an artist who studies at the Nova Scotia College of Art ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Elysia viridis image Elysia viridis.png image caption A live individual of Elysia viridis on brown algae. image2 Elysia viridis 2.jpg image2 caption Four live individuals of Elysia viridis regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Panpulmonata br clade Sacoglossa br clade Plakobranchacea superfamilia Plakobranchoidea familia Plakobranchidae genus Elysia gastropod Elysia species E. viridis binomial Elysia viridis binomial authority George Montagu naturalist Montagu , 1804 Elysia viridis or the sap sucking slug is a small to medium sized species of green sea slug , a marine ocean marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family biology family Plakobranchidae . This sea slug resembles a nudibranch , but it is not closely related to that clade of gastropods. It is instead a sacoglossa n. Distribution This species lives in the northeastern Atlantic , from Norway to the Mediterranean Sea as well as all around the South African coast. It is found from the intertidal zone to a depth of about 5 m. Description The animal grows up to 30 mm in total length. It has a smooth bright green or brown body with iridescent spots and two wing like flaps extending along its sides. These flaps are usually folded back. The rhinophore s are rolled. ref Zsilavecz G. 2007 . Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay . ISBN 0 620 38054 3 ref Ecology This species lives in a subcellular endosymbiont endosymbiotic relationship with chloroplast s derived from the algae alga Codium fragile . These chloroplasts provide the Elysia host with the products of photosynthesis . ref cite journal author R.K. Trench, J.E. Boyle and D.C. Smith title The Association between Chloroplasts of Codium fragile and the Mollusc Elysia viridis. I. Characteristics of isolated Codium chloroplasts journal Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences volume 184 pages 51 61 url htt ... more details
Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the issue is settled Article for deletion dated page Aevol timestamp 20120410020128 year 2012 month April day 10 substed yes help off For administrator use only Old AfD multi page Aevol date 10 April 2012 result keep End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point orphan date March 2012 Aevol is a Computer simulation simulation Computing platform platform that allows to let populations of digital organism s evolve in different conditions and study experimentally the mechanisms responsible for the structuration of the genome and the transcriptome . ref name Knibbe et al, 2007 Knibbe, C., Coulon, A., Mazet, O., Fayard, J. M., Beslon, G., 2007. A long term evolutionary pressure on the amount of noncoding dna. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 10 , 2344 2353. ref Scientific context All bacteria l species share a common evolutionary history . However, depending on their lifestyle, their environment or on evolutionary conditions, bacteria can have very different genomic and transcriptomic structures. For instance, all endosymbiont s present very compact genomes while free bacteria usually have much larger genomes, containing up to ten times as many genes. The Aevol model Aevol is a digital genetics model populations of digital organisms are subjected to a process of selection and variation, which creates a Darwinian dynamics. By modifying the characteristics of selection e.g. population size, type of environment, environmental variations or variation e.g. mutation rates, chromosomal rearrangement rates, types of rearrangements, horizontal transfer , one can study experimentally the impact of these parameters on the structure of the evolved organisms. In particular, since Aevol integrates a precise and realistic model of the genome, it allows for the study of structural variations of the genome e.g. number of genes, synteny , proportion of coding sequences . The simulation platform comes along with a set of too ... more details
endosymbiont and provides the host with chemicals necessary to its survival. ref Cite journal first1 ... malayi Endosymbiont Evolution within a Human Pathogenic Nematode journal PLos Biology volume 3 issue ... Foster J, Ganatra M, Kamal I, et al. title The Wolbachia Genome of Brugia malayi Endosymbiont Evolution ... N. last1 Kent first2 Seth R. last2 Bordenstein year 2010 title Phage WO of Wolbachia lambda of the endosymbiont ... Endosymbiont Wolbachia Determined by Targeted Genome Capture journal Genome in Biology and Evolution ... more details
from endosymbiont s, which can only survive within the host cell and which the host cell likewise ... Buchnera aphidicola , Rickettsia prowazekii and Mycobacterium leprae . One obligate endosymbiont of psyllid ... al. year 2006 title The 160 kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella journal Science ... more details
About the bodily orifice for details specific to the human anus Human anus pp semi small yes Infobox Anatomy Name Anus Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Protovsdeuterostomes.svg Caption Formation of anus in proto and deuterostomes Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an animal s digestive tract from the mouth . Its function is to control the expulsion of feces , unwanted semi solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of matter which the animal cannot digest, such as coprolite bones ref name ChinEtal1998KingSizeCoprolite cite journal date 1998 06 18 title A king sized theropod coprolite journal Nature volume 393 pages 680 author Chin, K., Erickson, G.M. et al. url http www.nature.com nature journal v393 n6686 abs 393680a0.html doi 10.1038 31461 issue 6686 Summary at cite journal author Monastersky, R. title Getting the scoop from the poop of T. rex journal Science News volume 153 issue 25 date 1998 06 20 pages 391 url http www.sciencenews.org pages sn arc98 6 20 98 fob2.htm doi 10.2307 4010364 publisher Society for Science & 38 jstor 4010364 ref food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbiont s. Amphibian s, reptile s, and bird s use the same orifice for excreting liquid and solid wastes, and for copulation and Egg biology egg laying this orifice is known as the cloaca . Monotreme mammals also have a cloaca, which is thought to be a feature inherited from the earliest amniote s via the therapsid s. Marsupial s have two nether orifices one for excreting both solids and liquids the other for reproduction, which appears as a vagina in females and a penis in males. Female placental mammals have completely separate orifices for defecation ... more details
system that would enable a re transfer of their protein products. While the Endosymbiontendosymbiont ... from the bacterial endosymbiont. Plastids are present in very different groups of protist s, some of which ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Epsilonproteobacteria image Campylobacter.jpg image width 200px image caption Campylobacter domain Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Epsilonproteobacteria subdivision ranks Order biology Order s subdivision Nautiliales small small Nautiliaceae small small Caminibacter small small Lebetimonas small small Nautilia small small Nitratifractor small small Nitratiruptor small small Thioreductor small small Campylobacterales small small Hydrogenimonadaceae small small Hydrogenimonas small small Campylobacteraceae small small Candidatus Thioturbo small small Arcobacter small small Campylobacter small small Sulfurospirillum small small Helicobacteraceae small small Helicobacter Sulfuricurvum Sulfurimonas Sulfurovum Thiovulum Wolinella Epsilonproteobacteria is a class of Proteobacteria . ref name urlwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 29547 title www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov format work accessdate 2009 03 19 ref All species of this class are, like all Proteobacteria, gram negative . The Epsilonproteobacteria consist of few known genera, mainly the curved to spirilloid Wolinella spp., Helicobacter spp., and Campylobacter spp. Most of the known species inhabit the digestive tract of animals and serve as symbiosis symbionts Wolinella spp. in cattle cows or pathogen s Helicobacter spp. in the stomach, Campylobacter spp. in the duodenum . There have also been numerous environmental sequences of Epsilonproteobacteria recovered from hydrothermal vent s and cold seep habitats. A member of the class Epsilonproteobacteria occurs as an endosymbiont in the large gill s of the deep water sea snail Alviniconcha hessleri . ref Yohey Suzuki, Takenori Sasaki, Masae Suzuki, Yuichi Nogi, Tetsuya Miwa, Ken Takai, Kenneth H. Nealson & Koki Horikoshi September 2005 http dx.doi.org 10.1128 AEM.71.9.5440 5450.2005 Novel Chemoautotrophic Endosymbiosis between a Member of the Epsilonproteobacteria and the Hydrot ... more details
Taxobox regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Corallimorpharia familia Discosomatidae genus Rhodactis species R. howesii binomial Rhodactis howesii binomial authority Saville Kent, 1893 ref cite WoRMS author Fautin, D. year 2010 title Rhodactis howesii Saville Kent, 1893 id 290979 accessdate 2011 12 09 ref synonyms Rhodactis howesi small Saville Kent, 1893 small Discosoma howesii Rhodactis howesii is a species of marine cnidarian in the order Corallimorpharia , a sea anemone like corallimorph found on reef s in tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean . It is commonly known as the green fuzzy or elephant ear mushroom coral and also as the giant anemone , the giant mushroom anemone , the giant cup mushroom or the giant anemone . ref name AW http animal world.com encyclo reef corallimorph GreenFuzzyMushroom.php Animal World Green Fuzzy Mushroom ref This species is toxic when eaten raw and ingestion can cause fatal poisoning. ref name Tox http scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu bitstream 10125 8604 1 vol14n4 403 407.pdf Observations on the Toxic Sea Anemone, Rhodactis howesii Coelenterata ref Description This coral mushroom is essentially a coral without a skeleton and its internal structure is similar to a Scleractinia stony coral . The upper surface is the oral disc. It has a short stalk or column below which is the pedal disc which adheres to the Substrate biology substrate . It can detach itself and drift to another location. It is either green or brown, and five to eight centimetres high. The tentacles are very short and somewhat knobbly, giving the oral disc a fuzzy appearance. They tentacles at the edge of the disc are longer and contain toxins which damage other corals close by but which are harmless to humans. ref name Tox R. howesii is a carnivore and catches plankton and other micro particles that float past its oral disc. It also obtains nutriments from its Endosymbiont endosymbiotic alga e. ref name AW Reproduction There are ... more details
and its bacterial endosymbiont journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 271 issue 15 pages 3093 102 year 2004 ... between the deep sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont journal European ... more details
Taxobox image Carpenter ant Tanzania crop.jpg image caption Camponotus sp worker regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hymenoptera familia Ant Formicidae subfamilia Formicinae tribus Camponotini genus Camponotus genus authority Gustav Mayr Mayr , 1861 type species Camponotus ligniperdus Formica ligniperda type species authority Latreille, 1802 diversity link List of Camponotus species diversity 1,000 species subdivision ranks Species subdivision Carpenter ants are large convert .25 to 1 in cm abbr on disp s ant s Indigenous ecology indigenous to many parts of the world. They prefer dead, damp wood in which to build nests. They do not eat it, however, unlike termite s. ref http www.extension.umn.edu distribution housingandclothing dk1015.html ref Sometimes carpenter ants will hollow out sections of trees. The most likely species to be infesting a house in the United States is the black carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus . However, there are over a thousand other species in the genus Camponotus . File Camponotus flavomarginatus ant.jpg thumb left Carpenter ant cleaning antennae Symbionts File Camponotus sp. ant.jpg thumb left Camponotus sp. All ants in this genus, and also some related genera, possess an obligate bacteria l Endosymbiosis endosymbiont called Blochmannia . ref name blochman http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov articlerender.fcgi?artid 2206011 ref This bacterium has a small genome, and retains genes to biosynthesis biosynthesize essential amino acid s and other nutrients. This suggests the bacterium plays a role in ant nutrition. Many Camponotus species are also infected with Wolbachia , another endosymbiont that is widespread across insect groups. Habitat Carpenter ant species reside both outdoors and indoors in moist, decaying or hollow wood. They cut galleries into the wood grain to provide passageways for movement from section to section of the nest. Certain parts of a house, such as around and under windows, roof eaves, decks and ... more details
This is a list of characters from the anime series Xam d Lost Memories . Main Characters Deleted image removed Image Wiki Xamdo form.jpg right 150px thumb Akiyuki in the form of Xam d Deleted image removed Image Xam d Zambani.jpg right 150px thumb The crew of the Postal Ship Zanbani . Nihongo visible anchor Akiyuki Takehara Takehara Akiyuki Anime voice Atsushi Abe Blake Shepard A high school student with a charismatic and helpful nature, he lives with his mother who has separated from his father due to marriage problems. He has two close friends, Haru and Furuichi. After a suicide bomber from the religious cult of Ruikonism detonates herself on his school bus, releasing the seven beings in a green egg inside her, they fly off as bright pulsing lights one of which lands on Akiyuki s arm, absorbs itself under his skin, and materialises as a blue gem like object on his right biceps. As the bomber is dying, she touches his forehead, making first a small red gem appear, then a white and green mask. Within moments, Akiyuki s entire body transforms into an exotic white creature and engages in battle with a humanform weapon which attacked the area around the bus shortly after the bombing. Following his successful defeat of the humanform weapon, Akiyuki is subdued by a mysterious woman named Nakiami, who threatens to let him turn to stone if he does not go with her to the airship Zanbani where he must learn to coexist with the being within him. The blue gem like object on Akiyuki s body, which has now moved to his forearm, is later revealed to be manifested appendage of an endosymbiont endosymbiotic organism referred to within the show as a Ebisu mythology hiruko . When a hiruko endosymbiont merges with a human, the resulting combined life form is referred to as a Xam d . Nihongo visible anchor Nakiami Anime voice Yuko Sanpei Luci Christian A mysterious and fairly unemotional woman, Nakiami makes her first entrance when she jumps in and subdues the enraged Xam d ... more details
compaction can be extreme. The smallest bacterial genome ever to be sequenced is of the endosymbiont ... Endosymbiont Carsonella, Science, vol. 314, no. 5797, pp. 267 CR Copyright & 169 2006 American Associatio ... more details
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