About biological thermoregulation chemical reactions Endothermic An endotherm is an organism that produces heat through internal means, such as muscle shivering or increasing its metabolism Greek endon within , therm heat . The opposite of endothermy is ectothermy . Mechanisms Generating and conserving heat File Homeothermy poikilothermy.png thumb right Sustained energy output of a warm blooded mammal and a cold blooded reptile animal as a function of core temperature Many endotherms have a larger number of mitochondria per cell biology cell than ectotherms, which enables them to generate heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolize fat s and sugar s. These animals require a much greater quantity of food than ectothermic animals to sustain their higher metabolism. In many endothermic animals, a controlled state of hypothermia , called hibernation or torpor , conserves energy by lowering the body temperature. Many birds and small mammals e.g. tenrec s body temperature drops during daily inactivity, such as at night for diurnality diurnal animals or during the day for nocturnality nocturnal animals, thus reducing the energy cost of maintaining body temperature. Human metabolism also slows down slightly during sleep. The resting human body generates about two thirds of its heat through metabolism inside internal organs in the thorax and abdomen, as well as in the brain. The brain generates about 16 of the total heat produced by the body. ref http users.rcn.com jkimball.ma.ultranet BiologyPages H HeatTransport.html ref Heat loss is a major threat to smaller creatures, as they have a larger ratio of surface area to volume . Most small warm blooded animals have thermal insulation insulation in the form of fur or feather s. Aquatic, warm blooded animals, such as pinniped seals generally have deep layers of fat under the skin for insulation, since fur or feathers would ... inverted. The Metabolism metabolic terms ectotherm and endotherm respectively refer to organisms ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Bulk endotherms are endotherms animal s that are warmer than their environments due to sheer size rather than any special adaptations like those of birds and mammals . An example of a bulk endotherm includes Brachiosaurus ref cite journal last Paul first Gregory S. date July 1988 title Physiological, Migratorial, Climatological, Geophysical, Survival, and Evolutionary Implications of Cretaceous Polar Dinosaurs journal Journal of Paleontology publisher Paleontological Society volume 62 issue 4 jstor 1305468 pages 640 652 ref References Reflist Category Animal physiology animal physiology stub ... more details
Onesource date April 2009 A thermal neutral zone TNZ is essentially an warm blooded endotherm s temperature tolerance range. Within the TNZ the basal rate of heat production is in equilibrium with the rate of heat loss to the external environment. The endotherm does not have to use large amounts of energy to control its temperature within the thermal neutral zone , the organism adjusts to the temperatures within the zone through different responses requiring little energy. It can show postural changes where it changes its body shape or moves and exposes different areas to the sun shade, and through radiation, convection and conduction, heat exchange occurs. Vasomotor responses allow control of the flow of blood between the periphery and the core to control heat loss from the surface of the body. Lastly, the organism can show insulation adjustments a common example being goosebumps in humans where hair follicle s are raised by pilomotor muscles, also shown in animals pelage and plumage. ref D. Randall, W. Burggren, K. French. eckert Physiology animal physiology 2001 W.H Freeman ref This allows heat to be trapped between hairs. Below the thermal neutral zone there is the zone of LCT lower critical temperature and above there is the zone of UCT upper critical temperature . The organism reaches the LCT when the Ta ambient temp. decreases. When an organism reaches this stage the Metabolism metabolic rate increases significantly and thermogenesis increases the Tb body temp. If the Ta continues to decrease far below the LCT hypothermia occurs. When the Ta reaches too far out of the UCT the rate heat gain and heat production become higher than the rate of heat dissipation heat loss through evaporative cooling , resulting in hyperthermia. References Reflist Category Animal physiology animal physiology stub ... more details
wiktionary cold blooded Cold blooded may refer to ectotherm y, controlling body temperature through external means, such as by basking in the sun poikilotherm y, the ability of an organism to function over a wide internal temperature range bradymetabolism , the ability to greatly alter metabolic rate in response to need for example, animals that hibernate Cold Blooded song Cold Blooded song , the title track from Rick James s 1983 album Cold Blooded Rick James album Coldblooded album Coldblooded album , a 1974 funk album by The Bar Kays Coldblooded film Coldblooded film , a 1995 comedy thriller about hitmen The term cold blood is also used in Glossary of equestrian terms C equestrianism , with a distinct meaning See also Cold blood disambiguation Endotherm disambiguation In Cold Blood disambiguation Thermoregulation Warm blooded disambiguation vi ng v t m u l nh sa ... more details
about the physical effect self maintained thermal homeostasis Endotherm In thermodynamics , the word endothermic within heating describes a process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from the surroundings in the form of heat . It is a modern coinage formed from Greek roots as is often the case with scientific terminology . The prefix endo derives from the Greek word endon meaning within, and the latter part of the word comes from the Greek word root therm meaning hot. Hence it refers to a reaction that needs heat. The opposite of an endothermic process is an exothermic process, one that releases energy in the form of heat. Thus in each term endothermic & exothermic the prefix refers to where heat goes as the reaction occurs. The term endothermic was coined by Marcellin Berthelot 25 October 1827 18 March 1907 . The concept is frequently applied in physical sciences to, for example, chemical reactions , where thermal energy heat is converted to chemical bond energy . Implications for chemical reactions Chemical endothermic reactions need heat to be performed. In a thermochemical reaction that is endothermic, the heat is placed on the reactants side heat is necessary for and absorbed during the reaction . Contrast between thermodynamic and biological terminology Note that because of historical accident, students encounter a source of possible confusion between the terminology of physics and biology. Whereas the thermodynamic terms exothermic and endothermic respectively refer to processes that give out heat energy and processes that absorb heat energy, in biology the sense is effectively inverted. The Metabolism metabolic terms Ectotherm ectothermic and Endotherm endothermic respectively refer to organisms that rely largely on external heat to achieve a full working temperature, and to organisms that produce heat from within as a major factor in controlling ... Endotherm sq Reaksione endotermik sl Endotermna reakcija fi Endoterminen reaktio sv Endoterm reaktion ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 Merge to Endergonic reaction date January 2012 Endergonic from the prefix endo , derived from the Greek word endon , within , and the Greek word ergon , work thermodynamics work means absorbing energy in the form of work. Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous. By thermodynamic standards, positive work, a form of energy , is defined as moving from the wikt surroundings surroundings the external region to the system the internal region . Thus, an endergonic process, as contrasted with an exergonic process, is one wherein the system absorbs energy from the surroundings. As a result, during an endergonic process, energy is put into the system. If the transformation occurs at constant pressure and temperature, G 0 . An endergonic reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs energy in the form of work. A good example of a net endergonic process is photosynthesis . Also, in metabolism , an endergonic process is anabolic , meaning, that energy is stored. In metabolism, catabolic and anabolic processes are coupled by Adenosine triphosphate ATP . See also col begin col break Exergonic Exergonic reaction Exothermic Endothermic col break Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction Warm blooded Endotherm Warm blooded Exotherm col end Category Thermodynamics Category Chemical thermodynamics ar hu Endergonikus reakci nl Endergoon ... more details
One source date May 2009 Wiktionary exergonic Merge to catabolism date September 2010 Exergonic from the suffix exo , derived for the Greek word ex , outside and the suffix ergonic, derived from the Greek word ergon , work thermodynamics work means releasing energy in the form of work . In thermodynamics, work is defined as the energy moving from the system the internal region to the surroundings the external region during a given process. An exergonic process is one in which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings. This is in contrast with an endergonic process. ref GoldBookRef title exergonic exoergic reaction file E02262 ref Constant pressure, constant temperature reactions are exergonic iff the Gibbs free energy is negative G 0 . All physical and chemical systems in the universe follow the second law of thermodynamics and proceed in a downhill, i.e., exergonic , direction. Thus, left to itself, any physical or chemical system will proceed, according to the second law of thermodynamics , in a direction that tends to lower the thermodynamic free energy free energy of the system, and thus to expend energy in the form of work. These reactions occur spontaneously. See also col begin col break Endergonic Endergonic reaction Exothermic Endothermic Exergonic reaction col break Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction Warm blooded Endotherm Warm blooded Exotherm col end References Reflist Category Thermodynamics Category Chemical thermodynamics de Exergone und endergone Reaktion fr R action exergonique hu Exergonikus reakci nl Exergoon pt Exerg nica ... more details
File White shark.jpg thumb The great white shark , Carcharodon carcharias , exhibits gigantothermy Gigantothermy sometimes called ectothermic homeothermy is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology , whereby large, bulky ectotherm ic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller Volume to surface area ratio surface area to volume ratio . ref http www.lib.ncsu.edu theses available etd 12312003 115912 unrestricted etd.pdf ref A bigger animal has proportionately less of its body close to the outside environment than a smaller animal of otherwise similar shape, and so it gains heat from, or loses heat to, the environment much more slowly. ref cite web url http www.bio.davidson.edu people midorcas animalphysiology websites 2005 Fitzpatrick Gigantothermy.htm title Gigantothermy publisher Bio.davidson.edu date accessdate 2011 12 21 ref The phenomenon is important in the biology of ectothermic megafauna , such as large turtle s particularly the leatherback turtle leatherback sea turtle , and aquatic reptiles like ichthyosaur s and mosasaur s. It is also present in certain large fish, most notably the great white shark . Gigantotherms, though almost always ectothermic, generally have a body temperature similar to that of endotherm s. Citation needed date July 2010 It has been suggested that the larger dinosaurs would have been gigantothermic, rendering them virtually homeotherm. ref cite web url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 5166518.stm title Science Nature & 124 Big dinosaurs had warmer blood publisher BBC News date 2006 07 11 accessdate 2011 12 21 ref See also Bergmann s rule Physiology of dinosaurs Notes linkrot date December 2011 reflist External links http www.bio.davidson.edu people midorcas animalphysiology websites 2005 Fitzpatrick Gigantothermy.htm Gigantothermy at Davidson Thermoreg Category Animal physiology paleo stub animal physiology stub ca Gigan ... more details
italic title taxobox name Rhizanthes image Rafflesiaceae sp vMH378.jpg image caption Illustration of Rhizanthes then known as Brugmansia , from Der Bau und die Eigenschaften der Pflanzen 1913 . regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Malpighiales familia Rafflesiaceae genus Rhizanthes genus authority Dumort. type species Rhizanthes zippelii small Carl Ludwig Blume Blume douard Spach Spach small Rhizanthes is a genus of 4 species of parasite parasitic flowering plants without leaves, stems, roots, or photosynthetic tissue. They grow on roots of a few species of Tetrastigma vines. The genus is limited to the tropical forests of south and south east Asia. The flowers of Rhizanthes vary from 14 to 43 cm in diameter. At least one species of Rhizanthes , R. lowii , is endotherm endothermic . It not only produces it own heat, but has the rare ability to regulate its own temperature. ref name Banzinger cite journal last Banziger first Hans coauthors Bertel Hansen title A new taxonomic revision of a deceptive flower, Rhizanthes Dumortier Rafflesiaceae journal The Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society year 2000 pages 117 143 url http www.aseanbiodiversity.info Abstract 53001052.pdf ref ref cite journal last Pati o first S. coauthors J. Grace, H. B nziger title Endothermy by flowers of Rhizanthes lowii Rafflesiaceae journal Oecologia year 2000 volume 124 issue 2 pages 149 155 url http www.springerlink.com content fp2hva64w4y2h8xy ref Species Rhizanthes deceptor Sumatra Rhizanthes infanticida S. Thialand, W. Malaysia, Sumatra Rhizanthes lowii Borneo Rhizanthes zippelii W. Java References Reflist External Links http books.google.com books?id F97dSF j0UC&lpg PA58&dq Rhizanthes 20description&pg PA58 v onepage&q Rhizanthes 20description&f false The Flowering of Australia s Rainforests A Plant and Pollination Miscellany br commonscat Malpighiales stub Category Rafflesiaceae ... more details
italic title taxobox name Rhizanthes lowii image regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Malpighiales familia Rafflesiaceae genus Rhizanthes species R. lowii binomial Rhizanthes lowii binomial authority Odoardo Beccari Beccari Hermann Harms Harms Rhizanthes lowii is a species of parasite parasitic flowering plants without leaves, stems, roots, or photosynthetic tissue. They grow on roots of the Tetrastigma vine. They are only found in the tropical forests of Borneo. With the largest flowers in Rhizanthes , the flowers are from 25 to 43 cm across. They are endotherm ic, not only producing their own heat, but they also have the rare ability to regulate their own temperature. ref name Banzinger cite journal last Banziger first Hans coauthors Bertel Hansen title A new taxonomic revision of a deceptive flower, Rhizanthes Dumortier Rafflesiaceae journal The Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society year 2000 pages 117 143 url http www.aseanbiodiversity.info Abstract 53001052.pdf ref ref cite journal last Pati o first S. coauthors J. Grace, H. B nziger title Endothermy by flowers of Rhizanthes lowii Rafflesiaceae journal Oecologia year 2000 volume 124 issue 2 pages 149 155 url http www.springerlink.com content fp2hva64w4y2h8xy ref References Reflist External links http books.google.com books?id F97dSF j0UC&lpg PA58&dq Rhizanthes 20description&pg PA58 v onepage&q Rhizanthes 20description&f false The Flowering of Australia s Rainforests A Plant and Pollination Miscellany commons category Category Rafflesiaceae Malpighiales stub ... more details
Taxobox fossil range Early Jurassic regnum Animal ia image image width 250px image caption Hadrocodium skull phylum Chordata subphylum Vertebrata unranked classis Amniota classis Synapsida unranked ordo Mammaliaformes genus Hadrocodium Hadrocodium wui is an extinct Basal phylogenetics basal mammal species that lived during the Lower Jurassic approx. 195 million years ago, during the Sinemurian stage in what is now the Yunnan province of China . Hadrocodium was a mere 3.2 cm 1.35 in in length about 2 grams , and is one of the smallest mammals of either the Mesozoic or Cenozoic eras. Hadrocodium is the earliest known example of several features distinctive to mammals, ref http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Units Unit420 420.300.html Symmetrodonta Palaeos Dead link date October 2011 ref including mammal like mandible and middle ear structures and a relatively large brain cavity. ref Cite web title Tiny creature may be ancestor of all mammals url http archives.cnn.com 2001 TECH science 05 24 tiny.ancestor index.html publisher CNN date May 24, 2001 ref The discovery of Hadrocodium suggests that the origination of these distinctive mammaliaform features was much older 45 million years older than previously thought. Whether Hadrocodium was Warm blooded endothermic or Poikilotherm cold blooded has not been settled, although its apparent Nocturnal animal nocturnal features would seem to place it in the endotherm group. References reflist Bibliography cite journal author Z. X. Luo, A. W. Crompton and A. L. Sun title A New Mammaliaform from the Early Jurassic and Evolution of Mammalian Characteristics journal Science journal Science year 2001 issue 5521 volume 292 pages 1535 1540 url http www.sciencemag.org content 292 5521 1535.full doi 10.1126 science.1058476 pmid 11375489 Science article requires free log in, http www.oeb.harvard.edu faculty crompton pdfs luocromptonsun2001.pdf here is a free PDF. Cite journal last1 Rowe first1 Timothy last2 Macrini first2 Thom ... more details
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Wikify date February 2011 Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide DODAB is a doublechained quaternary ammonium surfactant that forms unilamellar Vesicle biology and chemistry vesicles ULVs in water. Among various preparation methods, the hot water method offers a simple procedure to prepare DODAB cationic vesicles by simply dissolving the DODAB in hot water above 50 C, i.e., chain melting main Transition state transition , Tm. In general, the DSC thermograms of the unsonicated DODAB Dispersion chemistry dispersions are dominated by two endotherms the pre 35 36 C and main transition 42.7 45 C peaks. Moreover, in literature reported the presence of a third endotherm post transition at 52.2 C. The main transition Tm is ascribed to gel to liquid crystalline phase transition in which the alkyl chains transform from solidlike to liquid like state. The 10 mM DODAB is a critical concentration , below which the dispersions consist of large polydispersed unilamellar vesicles ULVs that exhibit a local chain melting transition at 43 C, beyond which a structural transition occurs ULVs MLVs multilamellar vesicles as indicated by the sudden increase in the dynamic moduli. However, above 10 mM DODAB, the dispersions are mostly formed by ULVs in coexistence with lamellar fragments resulting in a network that shows a rheogram similar to that of hexagonal liquid crystalline phase. ref Coppola L. , Youssry M. , Nicotera I. , Gentile L. , Rheological investigation of thermal transitions in vesicular dispersion . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2009, Vol. 338, n. 2, pp. 550 557. http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WHR 4WMDHKN 2& user 3776633& coverDate 10 2F15 2F2009& rdoc 32& fmt high& orig browse& srch doc info 23toc 236857 232009 23996619997 231453049 23FLA 23display 23Volume & cdi 6857& sort d& docanchor & ct 37& acct C000061349& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 3776633&md5 19cf4146cb0ce822adf7c092fea2012e Abstract ref See also Alkyltrimethylammonium salts C ... more details
About the biological term the song Hot Blooded Image wiki snake eats mouse.jpg thumb right Thermographic image a coldblooded snake is eating a warmblooded mouse The term warm blooded is a colloquial term to describe animal species which have a relatively higher blood temperature, and maintain thermal homeostasis primarily through internal metabolism metabolic processes. These are characteristics of mammal s and bird s. Both the terms warm blooded and cold blooded have fallen out of favour with scientists because of the vagueness of the terms and an increased understanding of the field. Body temperature types are not discrete categories. Each term may be replaced with one or more variants see the next section for examples . Body temperature maintenance thermoregulation incorporates a wide range of different techniques that result in a body temperature continuum. Characteristics of warm bloodedness Warm bloodedness generally refers to three separate aspects of thermoregulation . Endotherm y is the ability of some creatures to control their body temperatures through internal means such as muscle shivering or increasing their metabolism Greek endon within , therm heat . Some writers Who date September 2010 restrict the meaning of endothermy to mechanisms that directly raise the animal s metabolic rate in order to produce heat. The opposite of endothermy is ectothermy . Homeotherm y is thermoregulation that maintains a stable internal body temperature regardless of external influence. This temperature is often, though not necessarily, higher than the immediate environment Greek homoios similar , therm heat . The opposite is poikilothermy . Tachymetabolism is the kind of thermoregulation used by creatures that maintain a high resting metabolism Greek tachys tachus fast, swift , metabol n throw beyond . Tachymetabolic creatures are, essentially, on all the time. Though their resting metabolism is still many times slower than their active metabolism, the difference is oft ... more details
File House Sparrow mar08.jpg thumb 300px House Sparrow , Passer domesticus The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to birds Bird s Class biology class Aves &ndash bird flight wing ed, Bipedalism biped al, Endotherm biology endothermic warm blooded , egg biology egg laying , vertebrate animals. There are around 10,000 living species, making them the most varied of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant taxon Extant birds range in size from the convert 5 cm in sigfig 1 abbr on Bee Hummingbird to the convert 2.75 m ft sigfig 1 abbr on Ostrich . Biological classification Image Neoaves Alternative Cladogram.png thumb 300px right Cladogram showing the most recent classification of Neoaves, based on several phylogenetic studies. See Biological classification Kingdom Animal ia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Nature of birds Main article Bird Bird anatomy Main Bird anatomy Image Birdmorphology.svg thumb 300px External anatomy topography of a typical bird 1 Beak, 2 Head, 3 Iris, 4 Pupil, 5 Mantle, 6 Lesser coverts, 7 Scapulars, 8 Coverts, 9 Tertials, 10 Rump croup Rump , 11 Primaries, 12 Vent, 13 Thigh, 14 Tibio tarsal articulation, 15 Tarsus, 16 Feet, 17 Tibia, 18 Belly, 19 Flanks, 20 Breast, 21 Throat, 22 Wattle if editing this caption, please check for other articles using the same image, and edit captions there too List of terms used in bird topography Beak Comb anatomy Cockscomb Feather s Alula Barb feather Barbule Covert feather Crest feathers Down feather Ear tuft Feather holes Feather plucking Flight feather Pennaceous feather Pin feather Plumage Quill Speculum feather Gape Gizzard Preen gland Syrinx biology Syrinx Bird vision Vision Nictitating membrane Pecten oculi Wattle anatomy Wattle Bird behavior Main Bird behavior Bird flight Flight Flightless birds Bird migration Flyway Atlantic Flyway Central Flyway Central Asian Flyway East Asian Australasian Flyway East Atlantic Flywa ... more details
File Neonatal rats huddle.jpg thumb right Neonatal lab rats huddling for warmth. Kleptothermy is any form of thermoregulation by which an animal shares in the metabolic thermogenesis of another animal. It may or may not be reciprocal, and occurs in both endotherm s and ectotherm s. Its most common form is huddling. Huddling File Snuggling garder snakes 001.JPG thumb left 150px Male Canadian garter snakes huddle around a female after hibernation when mating. Some species of ectotherms including lizard s ref Shah B, Shine R, Hudson S, Kearney M. 2003 . Sociality in lizards why do thick tailed geckos Nephrurus milii aggregate? Behaviour 140, 1039 1052. doi 10.1163 156853903322589632 ref and snake s, such as boa constrictor s ref Myres BC, Eells MM. 1968 . Thermal aggregation in Boa constrictor. Herpetologica 24, 61 66. jstor 3891156 ref and Tiger snake s, ref Aubret F, Shine R. 2009 . Causes and consequences of aggregation by neonatal tiger snakes Notechis scutatus, Elapidae . Aust. Ecol. 34, 210 217. doi 10.1111 j.1442 9993.2008.01923.x ref increase their effective mass by clustering tightly together. This allows the individuals to increase their thermal inertia as with gigantothermy and so reduce heat loss. ref Canals M, Rosenmann M, Bozinovic F. 1989 . Energetics and geometry of huddling in small mammals. J. Theor. Biol. 141, 181 189. doi 10.1016 S0022 5193 89 80016 5 ref It is also widespread amongst gregarious endotherms such as bat s ref Arends A, Bonaccorso FJ, Genoud M. 1995 . Basal rates of metabolism of nectarivorous bats Phyllostomidae from a semiarid thorn forest in Venezuela. J. Mammal. 76, 947 956. doi 10.2307 1382765 ref and birds such as the mousebird ref Brown CR, Foster GG. 1992 . The thermal and energeticsignificance of clustering in the speckled mousebird, Colius striatus. J. Comp. Physiol. B 162, 658 664. doi 10. 1007 BF00296648 ref and emperor penguin ref Ancel A, Visser H, Handrich Y, Masman D. Le Maho Y. 1997 . Energy saving in huddling penguins ... more details
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