Refimprove date June 2010 The term endotoxin was coined by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer , who ..., and endotoxin, which he considered to be a toxin kept within the bacterial cell and to be released only after destruction of the bacterial cell wall. Today, the term endotoxin is used synonymously ... or destroyed by detergents. The term endotoxin came from the discovery that portions of Gram negative bacteria themselves can cause toxicity , hence the name endotoxin. Studies of endotoxin over the next 50 years revealed that the effects of endotoxin are, in fact, due to lipopolysaccharide ... on immune cells such as monocytes , macrophages , dendritic cells , and others. Upon challenge with endotoxin ... en.svg thumb Structure of a lipopolysaccharide The prototypical examples of endotoxin are lipopolysaccharide ... journal author Tzeng YL, Datta A, Kolli VK, Carlson RW, Stephens DS title Endotoxin of Neisseria meningitidis ... 11948150 ref The term LPS is often used interchangeably with endotoxin, owing to its historical ... endotoxin. Injection of a small amount of endotoxin in human volunteers has been shown ... positive Results from one 1979 study indicated that Listeria monocytogenes may produce an endotoxin ..., and biological properties of an endotoxin like material from the gram positive organism ..., a subsequent study failed to confirm that this Gram positive species produces an endotoxin. ref name urlEstablishment of beta hydroxy fatty acids as chemical marker molecules for bacterial endotoxin ... endotoxin by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. format work accessdate 2008 11 06 ref Bacillus thuringiensis is known to produce an endotoxin called delta endotoxin . The expression of the toxin ... medium. Toxins secreted are exotoxins . The delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis ... pathways, which may contribute to the overall endotoxic effect. Endotoxin contamination Endotoxins ... on animal physiology. In pharmaceutical production, it is necessary to remove all traces of endotoxin ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Endotoxin N Name delta endotoxin, N terminal domain image PDB 1ji6 EBI.jpg width caption crystal structure of the insecticidal bacterial del endotoxin cry3bb1 bacillus thuringiensis Pfam PF03945 Pfam clan InterPro IPR005639 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1dlc TCDB 1.C.2 OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Pfam box Symbol Endotoxin M Name delta endotoxin image PDB 1dlc EBI.jpg width caption Structure of insecticidal delta endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. ref name pmid1658659 cite journal author Li JD, Carroll J, Ellar DJ title Crystal structure of insecticidal delta endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis at 2.5 A resolution journal Nature volume 353 issue 6347 pages 815 21 year 1991 month October pmid 1658659 doi 10.1038 353815a0 url ref Pfam PF00555 InterPro IPR015790 SMART Prosite SCOP 1dlc TCDB 1.C.2 OPM family 95 OPM protein 1w99 PDB PDB3 1ciy 259 460 PDB3 1dlc 295 499 PDB3 1ji6 A 296 502 PDB3 1w99 A 283 470 Infobox protein family Symbol Endotoxin mid Name Bacillus thuringiensis delta Endotoxin, middle domain image PDB 1i5p EBI.jpg width caption insecticidal crystal protein cry2aa Pfam PF09131 Pfam clan InterPro IPR015214 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1i5p TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Infobox protein family Symbol Endotoxin C Name delta endotoxin image PDB 1i5p EBI.jpg width caption insecticidal crystal protein cry2aa Pfam PF03944 Pfam clan CL0202 InterPro IPR005638 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1dlc TCDB 1.C.2 OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Delta endotoxins endotoxins , also called Cry and Cyt toxins are pore forming toxin s produced by Bacillus thuringiensis species of bacteria. They are useful for their insecticidal action. During spore formation ... extension is cleaved in some members. Once activated, the endotoxin binds to the gut epithelium ... of the insecticidal bacterial delta endotoxin Cry3Bb1 of Bacillus thuringiensis journal Acta Crystallogr ... IPR015790 DEFAULTSORT Delta Endotoxin Category Protein domains Category Peripheral membrane proteins ... more details
marine org images animals Limulus blood bang.html The History of Limulus and Endotoxin , Marine Biological ... for validation of the LAL test as an endotoxin test for such products http www.fda.gov CBER ... inhibition and enhancement One of the most time consuming aspects of endotoxin testing using ... using endotoxin in water. Therefore, unless the sample is water, some components of the solution may interfere with the LAL test such that the recovery of endotoxin is affected. If the product being tested causes the endotoxin recovery to be less than expected, the product is inhibitory ... test for use in the final release testing of injectables and medical devices. Proper endotoxin ... Endotoxin Detection Product http docs.google.com viewer?a v&q cache adwIP8iyqzwJ www.fda.gov downloads ... more details
system is not exposed to free endotoxin while the colonic wall is intact. When LPS is released upon ... acceptable endotoxin level Because endotoxin molecular weight may vary a great deal 10,000 to 1,000,000 Da , endotoxin levels are measured in endotoxin units EU . One EU is approximately equivalent to 100 ... doses of endotoxin in the blood stream are often fatal. The FDA has set the following maximum permissible endotoxin levels for drugs distributed in the United States Drug injectable, intrathecal 0.2 ... on intended use Pyrogen detection Rabbit Test Early endotoxin detection was accomplished by injecting ... endotoxin tolerance to humans, and were thus an ideal choice. However, this method was costly, time ... was its inability to quantify the endotoxin level. LAL Test Currently, the method of choice for endotoxin detection is the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate LAL test. This test is based on Dr. Frederik ... with a sample suspected of endotoxin contamination, and a reaction is observed if endotoxins are present ... through the column before the endotoxin, and an effective separation can be achieved. This method ... can be coupled to an anion exchange system to increase its endotoxin binding strength and further improve the purity of the final product. Typical examples of endotoxin binding ligands include ... 2 of the endotoxin does not bind to the column. However, this 2 washes out before the albumin peak, and can thus be removed simply by starting collection after this 2 has washed out. 10 of the endotoxin .... The remaining 90 of the bound endotoxin 88.2 of the original total must be cleaned off the column ... to the column instead of the endotoxin. The endotoxin then washes through the column, and a pure target ... variability of endotoxin size, it can be difficult to select the correct membrane, hence ... the condensed vapor in an endotoxin free vessel see heating below . The large LPS molecules do ... of endotoxin levels. Due to the high temperature levels, this method is also not suitable when ... more details
Mergeto Microbial toxins date April 2010 A bacterial toxin is a type of toxin that is generated by bacteria . ref DorlandsDict eight 000109722 bacterial toxins ref Toxinosis is pathogenesis caused by the bacterial toxin alone, not necessarily involving bacterial infection e.g. when the bacteria have died, but have already produced toxin, which becomes ingested It can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus toxins. ref name Microbiology348 Page 348 in cite book author Fisher, Bruce Harvey, Richard P. Champe, Pamela C. title Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Microbiology Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Series publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year pages isbn 0 7817 8215 5 oclc doi ref One primary classification used is to distinguish between exotoxin and endotoxin . Exotoxins are generated by the bacteria and actively secreted. Endotoxins are part of the bacteria itself. Usually, endotoxin is part of the bacterial outer membrane , and it is not released until the bacteria is killed by the immune system . The body s response to endotoxin can involve severe inflammation . In general, the inflammation process is usually considered beneficial to the infected host, but if the reaction is severe enough, it can lead to sepsis . Some bacterial toxins can be used in the treatment of tumor s. ref name urlDefinition of bacterial toxin NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms cite web url http www.cancer.gov Templates db alpha.aspx?CdrID 45610 title Definition of bacterial toxin NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms format work accessdate 2008 12 13 ref See also colbegin Alpha toxin Anthrax toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Cyanotoxin Diphtheria toxin Exotoxin Food microbiology Microbiology Microbial toxins Neurotoxin Pertussis toxin Shiga toxin Shiga like toxin Toxin Toxin antitoxin system colend References Reflist Toxins Category Bacterial toxins sv Bakterietoxin ar ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced November 2010 context November 2010 Lipooligosaccharide LOS , a potent endotoxin , causes Petechiae , Purpura , Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome , Septic shock Lipooligosaccharides are naturally occurring variants of the more common glycolipid, lipopolysaccharide. While lipopolysaccharides are common in the enteric bacteria, LOS is present in bacteria that colonize those mucosal surfaces that are not bathed in bile. LOS is a highly phase variable molecule. LOS is clinically relevant in Neisseria meningitidis infections, where it has been shown to correlate with the severity of disease, as well as cause the complications listed above which are hallmarks of meningococcal meningitis . Category Membrane active molecules Category Glycolipids health stub ... more details
orphan date May 2011 The Phage ligand technology is a technology to detect, bind and remove bacteria and bacterial toxin s by using highly specific bacteriophage derived proteins. ref http www.hyglos.de en technology technological background.html Technological background ref Origins The Bacteriophages Attachment and penetration host recognition of bacteriophages occur via bacteria binding proteins that have strong binding affinities to specific protein or carbohydrate structures on the surface of the bacterial host. At the end of the Bacteriophages Replication infection life cycle the bacteria lysing Endolysin is synthesized and degrades the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall , resulting in lysis and therefore killing of the bacterial cell. Applications Bacteriophage derived proteins are used for detection and removal of bacteria ref Kretzer JW, Lehmann R, Banz M, Kim KP, Korn C. Loessner MJ 2007 Use of high affinity cell wall binding domains of bacteriophage endolysins for immobilization and separation of bacterial cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 1992 2000 ref ref Rozand, C., Feng, P. C. H. 2009 . Specifity analysis of a novel phage derived ligand in an Enzyme linked fluorescent assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157 H7. J. food protection 72, 1078 1081. ref and bacterial components especially Endotoxins Endotoxin contamination endotoxin contaminations in food, ref citation title Bacteriophages New Applications in Food Microbiology journal bioFood n 3 December 2006, page 2 url http www.biomerieux usa.com upload bioFood 20Dec 2006 1.pdf ref ref http www.hyglos.de en technology applications.html Applications of the phage ligand technology ref human diagnostics and decolonization of bacteria causing nosocomial infections e.g. MRSA . Protein modifications allow the biotechnological adaption to specific requirements. See also Affinity magnetic separation References references DEFAULTSORT Phage Ligand Technology Category Laboratory techniques Category Molecular bio ... more details
LPS may stand for Medicine Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin Leucocytic Plasmacytic Stomatitis veterinary disease Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Schools Leighton Park School Lincoln Public Schools Livonia Public Schools Lucknow Public School Miscellaneous Lanterman Petris Short Act Plattenbau Large Panel System Large Polyp Scleractinia Stony corals Leases per second, a speed measure for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP servers Leica Photogrammetry Suite , official name was changed to LPS in 2008 Lexus Personalized Settings Liberal Party of Switzerland Limit of Positive Stability Linux Powered System Liter s per second Littlest Pet Shop Local Positioning Systems Lostprophets an alternative metal band from Pontypridd, Wales, UK Long playing records Low Pressure Sodium vapor lamp s Surf Amtrak station , Lompoc, California, United States Amtrak station code LPS. disambig cs LPS de LPS it LPS lt LPS ja LPS ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 An amebocyte or amoebocyte IPA mi .b .sa t is a mobile biological cell cell moving like an amoeba in the body of invertebrate s such as echinoderm s, mollusk s or sponge s. They move by pseudopod ia. Similarly to some of the white blood cell s of vertebrate s, in many species amebocytes are found in the blood or body fluid and play a role in the defense of the organism against pathogen s. Depending on the species, it may also digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types. Also known as explosive cells. Limulus amebocyte lysate , an aequous extract of amebocytes from the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus , is commonly used in a test to detect bacteria l endotoxin s. In sponges, amebocytes or archaeocyte s are cells found in the mesohyl that can transform into any of the animal s more specialized cell types. In old literature, the term amebocyte is sometimes used as a synonym of phagocyte . References reflist invertebrate stub Category Animal physiology es Amebocito fr Amibocyte kk uk ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 Cry3Bb1 is a protein toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis . ref name Galitsky 2001 cite journal last1 Galitsky first1 Nikolai last2 Cody first2 Vivian last3 Wojtczak first3 Andrzej last4 Ghosh first4 Debashis last5 Luft first5 Joseph R. last6 Pangborn first6 Walter last7 English first7 Leigh title Structure of the insecticidal bacterial endotoxin Cry3Bb1 ofBacillus thuringiensis journal Acta Crystallographica D volume 57 issue Pt 8 pages 1101 9 year 2001 pmid 11468393 doi 10.1107 S0907444901008186 ref Uses Cry3Bb1 is utilized as an insecticide. See also MON 863 References reflist External links http www.epa.gov oppbppd1 biopesticides ingredients factsheets factsheet 006484.htm Cry3Bb1 at the United States Environmental Protection Agency Category Proteins agriculture stub ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 458638230 Monoclonal antibody data type mab mab type mab source o target endotoxin Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU pregnancy US pregnancy category legal AU legal CA legal UK legal US legal status routes of administration Intravenous therapy Intravenous infusion Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID NA CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 141410 98 2 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank Chemical data chemical formula molecular weight Edobacomab , codenamed E5 , is a mouse monoclonal antibody that was investigated as a possible treatment for sepsis caused by Gram negative bacteria l infections. Further reading cite journal author Greenman RL title A controlled clinical trial of E5 murine monoclonal IgM antibody to endotoxin in the treatment of gram negative sepsis. The XOMA Sepsis Study Group journal JAMA volume 266 issue 8 pages 1097 102 year 1991 month August pmid 1865542 doi 10.1001 jama.266.8.1097 url author separator , author2 Schein RM author3 Martin MA display authors 3 last4 Wenzel first4 RP last5 MacIntyre first5 NR last6 Emmanuel first6 G last7 Chmel first7 H last8 Kohler first8 RB last9 McCarthy first9 M cite journal author Bone RC title A second large controlled clinical study of E5, a monoclonal antibody to endotoxin results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. The E5 Sepsis Study Group journal Crit. Care Med. volume 23 issue 6 pages 994 1006 year 1995 month June pmid 7774238 doi url http meta.wkhealth.com pt pt core template journal lwwgateway media landingpage.htm?issn 0090 3493&volume 23&issue 6&spage 994 author separator , author2 Balk RA author3 Fein AM display authors 3 last4 Perl first4 TM last5 Wenzel first5 RP last6 Reines first6 HD last7 Quenzer first7 RW last8 Iberti first8 TJ last9 Ma ... more details
Image Peter Ludvig Panum.jpg thumb Peter Ludvig Panum Peter Ludvig Panum 19 December 1820 &ndash 2 May 1885 was a Danish physiologist and pathologist born in R nne . The Panum Institute in Copenhagen is named in his honor. In 1846 he was chosen by the government to undertake research of a measles epidemic in the Faroe Islands . As a result of his investigations he published a classic treatise titled Observations Made During the Epidemic of Measles on the Faroe Islands in the Year 1846 . Later he studied with Rudolf Virchow at the University of W rzburg 1851 , and with Claude Bernard in Paris 1852 53 . From 1855 to 1864 he was a professor at the University of Kiel , afterwards relocating to the University of Copenhagen as professor of physiology, where he spent the remainder of his career. Panum is acknowledged as being the first person to perform systematic and comprehensive studies of endotoxin , ref http books.google.com books?id oWhqhK1cE gC&pg PA5&lpg PA5&dq Panum endotoxin&source bl&ots 7f70aeohjX&sig NG5Ki70Thz 1kJzK3iUHyqhE04M&hl en&ei uyBUStTUIpXAMNPR4fMI&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 7 Endotoxin in health and disease by Helmut Brade ref which he referred to at the time as putrid poison . He believed that this substance was responsible for signs and symptoms observed in patients with sepsis . In his studies of binocular vision , the eponymous Panum s fusional area is derived. This term is defined as the area on the retina of one human eye eye over which a point sized image can range, while still being able to provide a single image with a specific point of stimulus on the retina of the other eye. Therefore, the region in visual space that we perceive single vision is Panum s fusional area, and objects in front and behind this region exist in physiological diplopia double vision . References http www.danmedbul.dk Dmb 2006 0406 0406 artikler DMB3843.htm Danish Medical Bulletin No. 4. November 2006 Essay on Panum s Research of Endotoxin http books.google ... more details
One source date October 2011 Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 31433 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D012790 Shwartzman phenomenon , also known as Shwartzman reaction, is a rare reaction of a body to particular types of toxins , called endotoxins , which cause thrombosis in the affected Biological tissue tissue . A clearing of the thrombosis results in a reticuloendothelial blockade , which prevents re clearing of the thrombosis caused by a repeat introduction of the toxin. That will cause tissue necrosis . Shwartzman phenomenon is usually observed during delivery or abortion, when foreign bodies are introduced into the tissues of the female reproductive system . The Shwartzman phenomenon is named for Gregory Shwartzman , the doctor at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City who was the first to develop the concept of immune system hypersensitivity in the 1920s. This reaction was experimented using Neisseria meningitidis endotoxin. ref Cite web url http www.mountsinaifpa.org patient care practices allergy and clinical immunology about us firsts in clinical immunology title Mount Sinai Faculty Practice Associates Firsts in Clinical Immunology accessdate 2011 10 07 ref This is notably seen with Neisseria meningitidis ref First Aid for the USMLE. 2009. ref References Reflist Category Toxicology fr R action de Shwartzman ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 458283142 image Monoclonal antibody data type mab mab type mab source u target endotoxin Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international nebacumab pregnancy AU pregnancy US pregnancy category legal AU legal CA legal UK legal US legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 138661 01 5 ATC prefix J06 ATC suffix BC01 PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D05126 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID NA Chemical data chemical formula molecular weight Nebacumab is a human monoclonal antibody developed for the treatment of sepsis . ref pmid 10825037 ref It has been withdrawn in 1993 because it failed to reduce mortality in clinical trial s. ref http apps.who.int medicinedocs en d Js4902e 4.1.262.html Js4902e.4.1.262 WHO Consolidated List of Products ref References reflist Monoclonals for infectious disease and toxins Immune sera and immunoglobulins antiinfective drug stub monoclonal antibody stub Category Monoclonal antibodies ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Bacillus weihenstephanensis image image width image caption regnum Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Bacillaceae genus Bacillus species B. weihenstephanensis binomial Bacillus weihenstephanensis binomial authority Lechner et al. 1998 Bacillus weihenstephanensis is a soil dwelling, Gram positive bacteria Gram positive , Bacillus rod shaped , hemolysis microbiology beta hemolytic bacteria bacterium . It is differentiated by its psychrotolerant growth that is, growth can occur at temperatures of 7 C or lower . ref cite journal last Lechner first S coauthors Mayr, R, Francis, KP, Pr ss, BM, Kaplan, T, Wiessner Gunkel, E, Stewart, GS, Scherer, S title Bacillus weihenstephanensis sp. nov. is a new psychrotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus group. journal International journal of systematic bacteriology date 1998 Oct volume 48 Pt 4 pages 1373 82 pmid 9828439 ref Pathogenisis Strains of B. weihenstephanensis may carry genes coding for endotoxin s generally associated with Bacillus cereus . ref cite journal last Stenfors first LP coauthors Mayr, R, Scherer, S, Granum, PE title Pathogenic potential of fifty Bacillus weihenstephanensis strains. journal FEMS microbiology letters date 2002 09 24 volume 215 issue 1 pages 47 51 pmid 12393199 ref References Reflist bacteria stub Category Bacillus ... more details
Pathogen associated molecular patterns , or PAMP s, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens , that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. These molecules can be referred to as small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by Toll like receptor s TLRs and other pattern recognition receptor s PRRs in both plants and animals. They activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved non self molecules. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide LPS , an endotoxin found on the bacterial cell membrane of a bacterium, is considered to be the prototypical PAMP. LPS is specifically recognised by TLR 4 , a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin recognized by TLR 5 , lipoteichoic acid from Gram positive bacteria, peptidoglycan , and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double stranded RNA dsRNA , recognized by TLR 3 or unmethylated CpG motifs, recognized by TLR 9 . Although the term PAMP is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an endotoxin receptor are found in much of the older literature. The term PAMP has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected the term microbe associated molecular pattern , ref cite journal author Ausubel title Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? journal Nature Immunology pmid 16177805 year 2005 doi 10.1038 ni1253 volume 6 issue 10 pages 973 9 ref or MAMP , ref cite journal author Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard J title Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system journal Cell Mol Life Sci year 2006 pmid 15971103 doi 10.1007 s00018 005 5032 4 volume 62 issue 12 pages 1285 7 pmc 1865479 ref has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal ca ... more details
Infobox Disease Name boogers Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 J 66 0 j 60 ICD9 ICD9 504 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D002095 Byssinosis , also called brown lung disease or Metal fume fever Monday fever , is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working environments. ref name Hollander cite journal last Hollander first AG title Byssinosis journal Chest volume 24 issue 6 pages 674 678 publisher American College of Chest Physicians date December 1953 url http www.chestjournal.org cgi reprint 24 6 674 pmid 13107566 accessdate 2008 01 31 doi 10.1378 chest.24.6.674 doi brokendate 2010 06 23 ref Byssinosis commonly occurs in workers who are employed in yarn and Textile fabric manufacture industries. It is not thought that the cotton dust directly causes the disease and some believe that the causative agents are endotoxin s that come from the cell walls of gram negative bacteria that grow on the cotton. Although bacterial endotoxin is a likely cause, the absence of similar symptoms in workers in other industries exposed to endotoxins makes this uncertain. ref cite web url http www.merck.com mmpe sec05 ch057 ch057f.html title Byssinosis last Newman first Lee S. date June 2008 work Merck Manuals online medical dictionary publisher Merck & Co. accessdate 2009 06 15 ref Of the 81 byssinosis related fatalities reported in the United States between 1990 and 1999, 48 included an occupation in the yarn, thread, and fabric industry on the victim s death certificate. ref cite book title The Work Related Lung Disease Surveillance Report, 2002 url http www.cdc.gov niosh docs 2003 111 year 2003 chapter Section 4. Byssinosis and Related Exposures work National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ref This disease often occurred in the times of the industrial revolution. Most commonly young girls working in mills or other textile factories would be afflicted with this disease. The term brown lung ... more details
contained high levels of endotoxin a known issue . The latter concern also applies to the use of Percoll with any other cells that might be injected back into a patient, since endotoxin can cause ... more details
Infobox journal title Innate Immunity cover File Innate Immunity journal front cover image.jpg editor Otto Holst discipline Health Sciences peer reviewed language former names Formerly until 2008 Journal of Endotoxin Research United Kingdom 0968 0519 abbreviation Innate Immun. publisher SAGE Publications country frequency Bi monthly history 1994 present openaccess license impact 3.283 impact year 2010 website http www.sagepub.com journalsProdDesc.nav?prodId Journal201861 link1 http ini.sagepub.com content current link1 name Online access link2 http ini.sagepub.com content by year link2 name Online archive JSTOR OCLC 226438859 LCCN 2008233328 CODEN IINMCB ISSN 1753 4259 eISSN 1753 4267 boxwidth Innate Immunity is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of health sciences and immunology . The journal s Editor in Chief editor is Otto Holst Research Centre Borstel, Germany . It has been in publication since 1994 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the International Endotoxin & Innate Immunity Society IEIIS . ref cite web title Innate Immunity Journal Page on IEIIS Site url http www.ieiis.org index.aspx Publications Innate Immunity work Innate Immunity Journal Page on IEIIS Site publisher IEIIS accessdate 14 September 2011 ref Scope This interdisciplinary journal focuses on basic, applied, and clinical research on innate immunity in humans, animals, and plants. Subject areas include but are not limited to biochemistry , biophysics , cell biology , chemistry , clinical medicine , immunology , infectious diseases , microbiology , molecular biology , and pharmacology . Abstracting and indexing Journal title is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases MEDLINE , SCOPUS , and the Sciences Citation Index . According to the Journal Citation Reports , its 2010 impact factor is 3.283, ranking it 117th out of 286 journals in the category Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 52nd out of 134 journals in the catego ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae image Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 01.png image caption Blood agar plate culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Erysipelotrichi ordo Erysipelotrichales familia Erysipelotrichidae genus Erysipelothrix species E. rhusiopathiae binomial Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae binomial authority Walter Migula Migula , 1900 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a gram positive , catalase negative, rod shaped bacterium . It grows aerobically and anaerobically and does not contain endotoxin. Distributed worldwide, E. rhusiopathiae is primarily considered an animal pathogen , causing a disease known as erysipelas in animals and erysipeloid in humans see below . Turkey bird Turkey s and pig s are most commonly affected, but cases have been reported in other bird s, sheep , fish , and reptile s. ref name Brooke 1999 cite journal author C. Josephine Brooke & Thomas V. Riley title Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of an occupational pathogen journal Journal of Medical Microbiology volume 48 issue 9 pages 789 799 year 1999 pmid 10482289 doi 10.1099 00222615 48 9 789 ref In pigs, the disease is known as diamond skin disease. The human disease called erysipelas is not caused by E. rhusiopathiae , but by various members of the genus Streptococcus . It is most frequently associated as an occupational disease of butchers. Clinical diseases In humans, E. rhusiopathiae infections most commonly present in a mild cutaneous form known as erysipeloid . ref name Brooke 1999 Less commonly, it can cause septicemia this scenario is often associated with endocarditis. Laboratory assays Gram positive rods though Gram stain has low sensitivity for this microbe . It is non motile, catalase negative, microaerophilic, capnophilic, and non spore forming. It can also produce H2S gas , which is a unique characteristic for a gram positive bacillus. Treatment Penici ... more details
enzyme Name acyloxyacyl hydrolase EC number 3.1.1.77 CAS number IUBMB EC number 3 1 1 77 GO code 0050528 image width caption In enzymology , an acyloxyacyl hydrolase EC number 3.1.1.77 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 3 acyloxy acyl group of bacterial lipopolysaccharide lipid A moiety math rightleftharpoons math 3 hydroxyacyl group of bacterial lipopolysaccharide a fatty acid Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , the 3 acyloxy acyl groups of bacterial lipopolysaccharides , and two product chemistry products , partially deacylated lipopolysaccharide and fatty acid . The enzyme removes from lipid A the secondary acyl chains that are needed for lipopolysaccharides to be recognized by the MD 2 TLR4 receptor on animal cells. This reaction inactivates the lipopolysaccharide endotoxin . Acyloxyacyl hydrolase is produced by monocyte macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and renal cortical epithelial cells. It is a protein of Mr 60,000 that has two disulfide linked subunits. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is . References reflist 1 cite journal author Erwin AL, Munford RS date 1990 title Deacylation of structurally diverse lipopolysaccharides by human acyloxyacyl hydrolase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 265 pages 16444 9 pmid 2398058 issue 27 cite journal author Hagen, F., O Hara PJ, Munford RS date 1991 title Expression and characterization of recombinant human acyloxyacyl hydrolase, a leukocyte enzyme that deacylates bacterial lipopolysaccharides journal Biochemistry. volume 30 pages 8415 8423 pmid 1883828 doi 10.1021 bi00098a020 issue 34 cite journal author Munford RS, Hunter JP date 1992 title Acyloxyacyl hydrolase, a leukocyte enzyme that deacylates bacterial lipopolysaccharides, has phospholipase, lysophospholipase, diacylglycerollipase, and acyltransferase activities in vitro journal J. Biol. Chem. volum ... more details
enzyme Name acyl acyl carrier protein UDP N acetylglucosamine O acyltransferase EC number 2.3.1.129 CAS number 105843 69 4 IUBMB EC number 2 3 1 129 GO code 0008780 image width caption In enzymology , an acyl acyl carrier protein UDP N acetylglucosamine O acyltransferase EC number 2.3.1.129 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction R 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl acyl carrier protein UDP N acetylglucosamine math rightleftharpoons math acyl carrier protein UDP 3 O 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl N acetylglucosamine Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are R 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl acyl carrier protein and UDP N acetylglucosamine , whereas its two product chemistry products are acyl carrier protein and UDP 3 O 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl N acetylglucosamine . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those acyltransferase s transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is R 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl acyl carrier protein UDP N acetylglucosamine 3 O 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl transferase . Other names in common use include UDP N acetylglucosamine acyltransferase and uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine acyltransferase . This enzyme participates in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis . Structural studies As of late 2007, 7 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1J2Z , PDB link 1LXA , PDB link 2AQ9 , PDB link 2JF2 , PDB link 2JF3 , PDB link 2QIA , and PDB link 2QIV . References reflist 1 cite journal author Anderson MS, Bulawa CE, Raetz CR date 1985 title The biosynthesis of gram negative endotoxin. Formation of lipid A precursors from UDP GlcNAc in extracts of Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 260 pages 15536&ndash 41 pmid 3905795 issue 29 transferase stub Category EC 2.3.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
enzyme Name lipid A disaccharide synthase EC number 2.4.1.182 CAS number 105843 81 0 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 182 GO code 0008915 image width caption In enzymology , a lipid A disaccharide synthase EC number 2.4.1.182 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl glucosamine 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl 1 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math UDP 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl D glucosaminyl 1,6 beta D 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are UDP 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl glucosamine and 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl 1 phosphate, whereas its 2 product chemistry products are uridine diphosphate UDP and 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl D glucosaminyl 1,6 beta D 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl 1 phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl glucosamine 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytet radecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl 1 phosphate 2,3 bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl glucosaminyltransferase . This enzyme participates in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis . References reflist 1 cite journal author Crowell DN, Reznikoff WS, Raetz CR date 1987 title Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli gene for lipid A disaccharide synthase journal J. Bacteriol. volume 169 pages 5727&ndash 34 pmid 2824445 issue 12 pmc 214086 cite journal author Ray BL, Painter G, Raetz CR date 1984 title The biosynthesis of gram negative endotoxin. Formation of lipid A disaccharides from monosaccharide precursors in extracts of Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 259 pages 4852&ndash 9 pmid 6370995 issue 8 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name tetraacyldisaccharide 4 kinase EC number 2.7.1.130 CAS number 107309 06 8 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 130 GO code 0009029 image width caption In enzymology , a tetraacyldisaccharide 4 kinase EC number 2.7.1.130 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP 2 N,3 O bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl 1 6 2 N,3 O bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl phosphate math rightleftharpoons math ADP 2 N,3 O bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl 4 O phosphono beta D glucosaminyl 1 6 2 N,3 O bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl phosphate The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , 2 N,3 O bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl 1 6 2 , and N,3 O bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D glucosaminyl phosphate , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP , 2 N,3 O bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl 4 O phosphono beta D , glucosaminyl 1 6 2 N,3 O bis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl beta D , and glucosaminyl phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP 2,3,2 ,3 tetrakis 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl D glucosaminyl beta D 1,6 glucosaminyl beta phosphate 4 O phosphotransferase . This enzyme is also called lipid A 4 kinase . This enzyme participates in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis . Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 2HF1 . References reflist 1 cite journal author Ray BL, Raetz CR date 1987 title The biosynthesis of gram negative endotoxin. A novel kinase in Escherichia coli membranes that incorporates the 4 phosphate of lipid A journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 262 pages 1122&ndash 8 pmid 3027079 issue 3 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
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