Image Lipid A.png thumb 250px Chemical structure of lipid A as found in E. Coli ref name Raetz2009 cite journal author Raetz, Christian R. H. Guan, Ziqiang Ingram, Brian O. Six, David A. Song, Feng Wang, Xiaoyuan Zhao, Jinshi title Discovery of new biosynthetic pathways the lipid A story journal Journal of Lipid Research year 2009 pages S103 S108 ref Saccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty acid s are linked directly to a sugar backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids, a monosaccharide substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipid s and glycerophospholipid s. The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylated glucosamine precursors of the lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharides in Gram negative bacteria . Typical lipid A molecules are disaccharides of glucosamine, which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty acyl chains. The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in E. coli is Kdo2 Lipid A, a hexa acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3 deoxy D manno octulosonic acid Kdo residues. ref cite journal author Raetz CR, Garrett TA, Reynolds CM, Shaw WA, Moore JD, Smith DC Jr, Ribeiro AA, Murphy RC,Ulevitch RJ, Fearns C, Reichart D, Glass CK, Benner C, Subramaniam S, Harkewicz R, Bowers Gentry RC, Buczynski MW, Cooper JA, Deems RA, Dennis EA year 2006 title Kdo2 Lipid A of Escherichia coli, a defined endotoxin that activates macrophages via TLR 4 journal Journal of Lipid Research volume 47 pages 1097 1111 doi 10.1194 jlr.M600027 JLR200 pmid 16479018 issue 5 ref See also Lipid s References reflist Category Lipids ca Sacarol pid ... more details
, inhibition of cellular respiration Binds and inactivates endotoxin ref name pmid17201926 cite ... to its antibiotic function, polymyxin B has been used to clear endotoxin contamination in reagents ... more details
unreferenced date April 2011 Virulence factors are molecules expressed and secreted by pathogens bacteria , virus es, fungi and protozoa that enable them to achieve the following colonization of a niche in the host this includes adhesion to cells Immunoevasion Redirects to here , evasion of the host s immune response Immunosuppression , inhibition of the host s immune response entry into and exit out of cells if the pathogen is an intracellular one obtain nutrition from the host. Virulence factors are very often responsible for causing disease in the host as they inhibit certain host functions. Pathogens possess a wide array of virulence factors. Some are intrinsic to the bacteria e.g. capsules and endotoxin whereas others are obtained from plasmid s e.g. some toxins . A major group of virulence factors are bacterial toxins. These are divided into two groups endotoxins and exotoxins . Lipopolysaccharide LPS is a prototypical example of an endotoxin. Lipopolysaccharide is a component of the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria. The Lipid A component of LPS has toxic properties. Citation needed date September 2010 The LPS is a very potent antigen and, as a result, stimulates an intense host immune response. As part of this immune response cytokines are released these can cause the fever and other symptoms seen during disease. If a high amount of LPS is present then septic shock or endotoxic shock may result which, in severe cases, can lead to death. Exotoxins are actively secreted by some bacteria and have a wide range of effects including inhibition of certain biochemical pathways in the host. The two most potent exotoxins known to man Citation needed date September 2009 are the tetanus toxin tetanospasmin secreted by Clostridium tetani and the botulinum toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum . Exotoxins are also produced by a range of other bacteria including Escherichia coli Vibrio cholerae causative agent of cholera Clostridium perfringens common causative agent o ... more details
endotoxin , glucan and lipoteichoic acid. These three molecules are found mainly within gram negative bacteria , fungi and gram positive bacteria , respectively. Endotoxin and glucan are detected ... from a cabin surface, dissolve it in endotoxin free water, and analyze it quantitatively with LOCAD ... endotoxin on surfaces within the ISS. ref J. Maule, N. Wainwright, A. Steele, L. Monaco, H. Morris .... ref Endotoxin was found to be distributed throughout the ISS, despite previous indications that most ... Station . Microb. Ecol. 2004 Feb 47 2 119 26. ref Endotoxin was detected at 50 of all surface sites and commonly found on surfaces within exercise, hygiene, sleeping and dining areas. Endotoxin was found ... patterns to those observed for endotoxin, but glucan was found at higher levels and found to be far ... more details
full text ref responses to endotoxin ref Fong YM, Marano MA, Barber A et al. . 1989 Total parenteral nutrition and bowel rest modify the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. Ann Surg 210 ... tissue metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. J Clin Invest 85 1896 1904 PMID 2347917 http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov ... parenteral nutrition and bowel rest modify the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. Ann Surg ... metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. J Clin Invest 85 1896 1904 PMID 2347917 http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov ... more details
of reactive oxygen species , and reduce the effects of endotoxin . ref cite web url http www.imulan.com ... T was demonstrated to have biological activity and thermoregulatory properties related to endotoxin ... 15 3 1 9 ref ,. ref Mathison R, Lo P, Tan D, Scott B, Davison JS. The tripeptide feG reduces endotoxin ... more details
on the Kupffer cell that internalize endotoxin lipopolysaccharide or LPS . This activates the transcription .... ref cite journal author Michael D. Wheeler, Ph.D. title Endotoxin and Kupffer Cell Activation in Alcoholic ... more details
for the American poet Lia Purpura Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Vasculitis.JPG Caption Petechia and purpura on the low limb due to medication induced vasculitis DiseasesDB 25619 ICD10 ICD10 D 69 d 65 ICD9 ICD9 287 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D011693 Purpura from lang la purpura , meaning purple is the appearance of red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. They are caused by bleeding underneath the skin. Purpura measure 0.3 1 cm 3 10 mm , whereas petechia e measure less than 3 mm, and Ecchymosis ecchymoses greater than 1 cm. ref name Robbins cite book author Mitchell RS Kumar V Robbins SL Abbas AK Fausto N title Robbins basic pathology 8th ed. publisher Elsevier Saunders Elsevier location year 2007 pages 10 11 isbn 1 4160 2973 7 oclc doi accessdate ref This is common with typhus and can be present with meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis meningococcal meningitis or Sepsis septicaemia . In particular, meningococcus Neisseria meningitidis , a Gram negative diplococci organism, releases endotoxin when it lyses. Endotoxin activates the Hageman factor clotting factor XII , which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation. The Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC is what appears as a rash on the affected individual. Classification Purpura is a common and nonspecific medical sign however, the underlying mechanism commonly involves one of the following Platelet Platelet disorders Thrombocytopenic purpura idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Primary thrombocytopenic purpura Secondary thrombocytopenic purpura Post transfusion purpura Vascular disorders Nonthrombocytopenic purpura Microvascular injury, as seen in senile old age purpura, when blood vessels are more easily damaged Hypertensive states Deficient vascular support Vasculitis , as in the case of Henoch Sch nlein purpura Coagulopathy Coagulation disorders Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC Scurvy vit ... more details
, that is an endotoxin , from Moraxella osloensis is a molluscicide for Deroceras reticulatum ... an endotoxin which was identified to be a rough type lipopolysaccharide with a molecular weight ... more details
Refimprove date July 2010 Cotton fever is a syndrome that is often associated with intravenous drug use recreational intravenous drug use , specifically the use of cotton to filter drugs like heroin . ref name Harrison The cause of the condition has been established to be the endotoxin shed by the bacteria Enterobacter agglomerans which colonizes cotton plants. ref name Ferguson A condition very similar to cotton fever was described in the early 1940s among cotton farm workers. The term cotton fever was coined in 1975 after the syndrome was recognized in intravenous drug users. However, some sources have attributed the symptoms of cotton fever with simple sepsis occasioned by unsafe and unsanitary drug injection practices. This is borne out by the fact cotton fever occurs in equal spread with all injectable drug users, with various filter materials utilized. Symptoms Symptoms of cotton fever usually appear with 10 20 minutes after injection. In addition to fever , they may include headache s, malaise , chills , nausea , shortness of breath, and tachycardia . The fever itself usually reaches convert 38.5 40.3 C F within the first hour. Citation needed date September 2010 The symptoms of cotton fever resemble those of sepsis and patients can be initially misdiagnosed upon admission to a hospital. Treatment Dr. H of the website Heroin Helper stresses that cotton fever rarely requires medical treatment. It will usually resolve itself within a few hours to a day. Extreme cases particularly severe or long lasting can be treated with antibiotics. A lot of things have been claimed especially in the drug world It has been claimed that resistance to cotton fever can be developed after repeated experiences, resulting in a decrease in symptom intensity. Citation needed date September 2010 External links http www.heroinhelper.com user health cotton fever.shtml Heroin Helper Cotton Fever Article for IV Drug Users References READ ME PLEASE DO not JUST ADD NEW NOTES AT THE BOTTOM. ... more details
Distributive shock is defined by hypotension and generalized tissular Hypoxia medical hypoxia . This form of relative hypovolemia is the result of blood vessel vasodilation dilation . ref name urlShock Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders Merck Manual Home Edition cite web url http www.merck.com mmhe sec03 ch024 ch024a.html title Shock Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders Merck Manual Home Edition format work accessdate ref Septic shock is the major cause ref name Kumar cite book author Mitchell, Richard Sheppard Kumar, Vinay Abbas, Abul K. Fausto, Nelson title Robbins Basic Pathology With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access publisher Saunders location Philadelphia year pages chapter Chapter 4 edition 8th isbn 1 4160 2973 7 oclc doi ref , but there are other examples as well. Examples Examples of this form of shock are Septic shock This is caused by an overwhelming infection leading to vasodilation , such as by Gram negative bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli which releases an endotoxin which produces adverse biochemical, immunological and occasionally neural mechanisms which are harmful to the body. Although tissues are being hyperperfused due to the massive vasodilation, the hypotensive state of the individual, paired with the massive inflammation found in septic shock, causes a reduction in tissular oxygen extraction tissular hypoxia . Resultingly, SvO sub 2 sub levels are very high. Septic shock is treated by antibiotics , fluid replacement, and vasoconstrictor s. Anaphylactic shock Caused by a severe anaphylaxis anaphylactic reaction to an allergen , antigen , drug or foreign protein causing the release of histamine which causes widespread vasodilation. Leading to hypotension and increase capillary permeability. Acute adrenal insufficiency is frequently the result of discontinuing corticosteroid treatment without tapering the dosage. Neurogenic shock . Neurogenic shock is the rarest form of shock. It is caused by Physical trauma trauma to the spinal cord resulting in the sudden ... more details
chembox ImageFile ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Polyvinyl polypyrrolidone, crospovidone, crospolividone, E1202 Section1 Chembox Identifiers Abbreviations PVPP CASNo 9003 39 8 ChemSpiderID PubChem ChEMBL SMILES ATCCode prefix A07 ATCCode suffix BC03 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula MolarMass Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards FlashPt Autoignition Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone polyvinyl polypyrrolidone , PVPP , crospovidone , crospolividone or E1202 is a highly cross link ed modification of polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP . The cross link ed form of PVP is used as a disintegrant see also excipient s in pharmaceutical tablets. ref http www.pharma solutions.basf.com pdf Statements Technical 20Informations Pharma 20Solutions MEMP 20030730e Soluble 20Kollidon 20grades.pdf Kollidon Accessed November 26, 2007 ref ref http www.ispcorp.com products pharma content brochure polycros polycros.pdf Polyplasdone Accessed January 25, 2007 ref PVPP is a highly cross linked version of PVP, making it insoluble in water, though it still absorbs water and swells very rapidly generating a swelling force. This property makes it useful as a disintegrant in Tablet pharmacy tablets . PVPP can be used as a drug, taken as a tablet or suspension chemistry suspension to absorb compounds so called endotoxin s causing diarrhoea . Cf. bone char , charcoal . It is also used as a fining to extract impurities via agglomeration followed by filtration . It is used in winemaking . Using the same principle it is used to remove polyphenols in beer production and thus clear beers with stable foam are produced. ref http www.sls.hw.ac.uk components staffDocs G 2005 0718 294.pdf Microsoft Word G0294.doc Bot generated title ref One such commercial product is called Polyclar . PVPP formed bonds similar to peptidic bond s in protein especially, like proline residues and that is why it can precipitate tannin s the same way as proteins do. ref http online1.ispcorp.com en US Media Arti ... more details
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis HGE is a disease of dog s characterized by sudden vomiting and bloody diarrhea . The symptoms are usually severe, and HGE can be fatal if not treated. HGE is most common in young adult dogs of any breed, but especially small dogs such as the Toy Poodle and Miniature Schnauzer . ref name Ettinger 1995 cite book author Ettinger, Stephen J. Feldman, Edward C. title Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine edition 4th ed. publisher W.B. Saunders Company year 1995 isbn 0 7216 6795 3 ref It is not contagious. Cause The cause is uncertain. Suspected causes include abnormal responses to bacteria or bacterial endotoxin , or a hypersensitivity to food. ref name Merck cite web title Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis work The Merck Veterinary Manual date 2006 url http www.merckvetmanual.com mvm index.jsp?cfile htm bc 23311.htm accessdate 2007 03 20 ref Pathologically there is an increase in the permeability of the intestinal lining and a leakage of blood and proteins into the bowel. Clostridium perfringens has been found in large numbers in the intestines of many affected dogs. ref name Ettinger 1995 Signs and symptoms Profuse vomiting is usually the first symptom, followed by depression and bloody diarrhea with a foul odor. Severe hypovolemia low blood volume is one of the hallmarks of the disease, and severe hemoconcentration concentrated blood is considered necessary for diagnosis. The progression of HGE is so rapid that hypovolemic Shock circulatory shock and death can occur within 24 hours. ref name Ettinger 1995 Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC is a possible sequela of HGE. Diagnosis Symptoms of HGE and canine parvovirus CPV are similar enough that they need to be differentiated. HGE is different from CPV in that there is no fever or low white blood cell count, and that there is a high hematocrit. A negative fecal parvovirus test is sometimes necessary to completely rule out CPV. Other potential causes of vomiting and diarrhea, white foam f ... more details
Image Marc van Montagu and Jozef Schell.jpg thumb 200px right Marc Van Montagu left and Jozef Schell right Plant Genetic Systems PGS , since 2002 part of Bayer CropScience , is a Biotechnology biotech company located in Ghent , Belgium . The focus of its activities is the genetic engineering of plants. The company is best known for its work in the development of insect resistant transgenic plant s. Its origin goes back to the work of Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell at the University of Ghent who were among the first to assemble a practical system for genetic engineering of plants. They developed a vector system for transferring foreign genes into the plant genome, by using the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens . They also found a way to make plant cells resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin by transferring a bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the plant genome. PGS was the first company in 1985 to develop genetically engineered tobacco plants with insect tolerance by expressing genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Bt . History The company was founded in 1982 by Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell who worked at the University of Ghent , Belgium. In 1996 the company was acquired by AgrEvo . In 2000, Aventis Aventis CropScience was formed through a merger of AgrEvo and Rh ne Poulenc Rh ne Poulenc Agro . In 2002, Bayer CropScience is formed through Bayer s acquisition of Aventis CropScience. See also CropDesign Flanders Interuniversity Institute of Biotechnology VIB FlandersBio Marc Zabeau References Hofte H, de Greve H, Seurinck J, Jansens S, Mahillon J, Ampe C, Vandekerckhove J, Vanderbruggen H, van Montagu M, Zabeau M, et al., Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715, Eur J Biochem. 1986 December 1 161 2 273 80. Leemans J, Ti to Tomato, Tomato to Market A decade of plant biotechnology, Bio Technology, vol. 11, March 1993. Vaeck, M., A. Reynaerts, H. Hofte, S. ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 447996514 IUPAC name 7 chloro 1 2 ethylsulfonylethyl 5 2 fluorophenyl 3H 1,4 benzodiazepin 2 one image Elfazepam.svg width 180 Clinical data tradename legal status Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 52042 01 0 ATC prefix none PubChem 65445 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 58907 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII RM53R5R2BL Chemical data C 19 H 18 Cl 1 F 1 N 2 O 3 S 1 molecular weight 408.87 smiles O S O CC CCN1C O C N C c2cc Cl ccc12 c3ccccc3F InChI 1 C19H18ClFN2O3S c1 2 27 25,26 10 9 23 17 8 7 13 20 11 15 17 19 22 12 18 23 24 14 5 3 4 6 16 14 21 h3 8,11H,2,9 10,12H2,1H3 InChIKey BSPSXMXQKZZNFP UHFFFAOYAG StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C19H18ClFN2O3S c1 2 27 25,26 10 9 23 17 8 7 13 20 11 15 17 19 22 12 18 23 24 14 5 3 4 6 16 14 21 h3 8,11H,2,9 10,12H2,1H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey BSPSXMXQKZZNFP UHFFFAOYSA N Elfazepam ref US Patent 4010154 ref is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ref http www.psychotropics.dk moleculeView default.aspx?ID 1445&Catalogtype A&ChapterID 1&Thissortorder 42 Psychotropics.dk ref Presumably it has sedative and anxiolytic actions like those of other benzodiazepines. It has appetite stimulating properties in animals. ref Cite journal last1 Baile first1 CA. last2 McLaughlin first2 CL. title A review of the behavioral and physiological responses to elfazepam, a chemical feed intake stimulant. journal J Anim Sci volume 49 issue 5 pages 1371 95 month Nov year 1979 PMID 396294 ref ref Cite journal last1 Baile first1 CA. last2 Naylor first2 J. last3 McLaughlin first3 CL. last4 Catanzaro first4 CA. title Endotoxin elicited fever and anorexia and elfazepam stimulated feeding in sheep. journal Physiol Behav volume 27 issue 2 pages 271 7 month Aug year 1981 PMID 7029576 ref The mechanism f ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Coagulin Name Coagulin Pfam PF02035 InterPro IPR000275 PROSITE PDB PDB 1aoc Coagulin is a gel forming protein of hemolymph that hinders the spread of invaders by immobilising them ref name PUB00002327 cite journal author Iwanaga S, Miyata T, Srimal S, Kawabata S title The complete amino acid sequence of coagulogen isolated from Southeast Asian horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda journal J. Biochem. volume 98 issue 2 pages 305 318 year 1985 pmid 3905780 ref ref name PUB00002323 cite journal author Iwanaga S, Miyata T, Usui K title The amino acid sequence of coagulogen isolated from southeast Asian horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas journal J. Biochem. volume 95 issue 6 pages 1793 1801 year 1984 pmid 6469947 ref . The protein contains a single 175 residue polypeptide chain this is cleaved after Arg 18 and Arg 46 by a clotting enzyme contained in the hemocyte and activated by a bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide . Cleavage releases two chains of coagulin, A and B, linked by two disulphide bonds, together with the peptide C ref name PUB00002327 ref name PUB00002323 . Gel formation results from interlinking of coagulin molecules. Secondary structure prediction suggests the C peptide forms an alpha helix, which is released during the proteolytic conversion of coagulogen to coagulin gel ref name PUB00002327 cite journal author Iwanaga S, Miyata T, Srimal S, Kawabata S title The complete amino acid sequence of coagulogen isolated from Southeast Asian horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda journal J. Biochem. volume 98 issue 2 pages 305 318 year 1985 pmid 3905780 ref . The beta sheet structure and 16 half cystines found in the molecule appear to yield a compact protein stable to acid and heat. Mammalian blood coagulation is based on the proteolytically induced polymerization of fibrinogen s. Initially, fibrin monomers noncovalently interact with each other. The resulting homopolymers are further stabilized when the plasma transglutaminase TGa ... more details
Endotoxin on Water Intake, Food Intake, and Body Temperature in the Albino Rat . J Exp Med. 118 649 ... 1 in macrophages and in ramified microglia in the brain of endotoxin treated rats a pathway for the induction ... drugs was found to attenuate sickness behavior symptoms in rodents ref Yirmiya, R. 1996 Endotoxin ... more details
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