IPstack The EndpointHandlespaceRedundancyProtocol is used by the Reliable server pooling RSerPool framework for the communication between Pool Registrar s to maintain and synchronize a handlespace . It is allocated on the application layer like the Aggregate Server Access Protocol . It is a Internet Draft work in progress within the Internet Engineering Task Force IETF . External links http tdrwww.iem.uni due.de dreibholz rserpool Thomas Dreibholz s Reliable Server Pooling RSerPool Page http www.ietf.org old 2009 html.charters OLD rserpool charter.html IETF RSerPool Working Group http tools.ietf.org html rfc5353 EndpointHandlespaceRedundancyProtocol ENRP http tools.ietf.org html rfc5354 Aggregate Server Access Protocol ASAP and EndpointHandlespaceRedundancyProtocol ENRP Parameters http tools.ietf.org html rfc5355 Threats Introduced by Reliable Server Pooling RSerPool and Requirements for Security in Response to Threats http tools.ietf.org html rfc5356 Reliable Server Pooling Policies Category Internet protocols Category Internet standards Category Session layer protocols Internet stub ja EndpointHandlespaceRedundancyProtocol ... more details
The Virtual Switch RedundancyProtocol VSRP is a proprietary protocol proprietary network resilience protocol developed by Foundry Networks and currently being sold in products manufactured by both Brocade Communications Systems formerly Foundry Networks and Hewlett Packard . The protocol differs from many others in use as it combines Data Link Layer Layer 2 and Network Layer Layer 3 resilience effectively doing the jobs of both Spanning tree protocol and the Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol at the same time. Whilst the restrictions on the physical topologies able to make use of VSRP mean that it is less flexible than STP and VRRP it does significantly improve on the failover times provided by either of those protocols. External links http www.foundrynet.com pdf wp vsrp.pdf Whitepaper Foundry Networks Category Internet protocols Category Routing protocols compu network stub ... more details
The Common Address RedundancyProtocol or CARP is a protocol which allows multiple hosts on the same local network to share a set of IP addresses . Its primary purpose is to provide failover redundancy ... by their patent of HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol . Nonetheless, IETF continued work on VRRP Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol . After some debate, people decided it was OK to allow patented ... cluster computing Category OpenBSD Category FreeBSD de Common Address RedundancyProtocol fr Common Address RedundancyProtocol lt CARP hu CARP ru CARP fi Carp ... one, pfsyncd is used to synchronize packet filter states. Principle of redundancy A group of hosts using CARP is called a group of redundancy . The group of redundancy allocates itself an IP address ... to several groups of redundancy. Each host must have a second unique IP address. A common use of CARP ... of redundancy is indicated as the address of the default router on the computers behind this group of firewalls ... protocol, Cisco began using VRRP instead, while still claiming it as its own. ref http www.ietf.org ... Internet protocol number From OpenBSD.org ref cite web url http www.openbsd.org lyrics.html ... protocol numbers, to give us numbers for CARP and pfsync our request was denied. Apparently we ... a protocol number which would not conflict with anything else of value, and decided to place CARP at IP protocol 112. We also placed pfsync at an open and unused number. We informed IANA of these decisions, but they declined to reply. IP protocol numbers at the time when the above request was made ... of these processes require a textual specification describing the protocol for which a protocol ... specification of the protocol, but source code especially source code licensed under specific ... for CARP, and IANA declined the request. The incompatible Cisco IETF VRRP also uses IP protocol 112, having been assigned it by IANA. See also OpenBSD FreeBSD Gateway Load Balancing Protocol Gateway ... more details
Parallel RedundancyProtocol PRP is a data communication network standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission as IEC 62439 3 Clause 4. It allows systems to overcome any single network failure without affecting the data transmission. It can be applied to most Industrial Ethernet applications since it is independent of the Communications protocol protocols and provides seamless failover . Under PRP, each Node networking network node has two Ethernet ports attached to two different local area network s of arbitrary, but similar topology. Properties The two LANs are completely separated and are assumed to be fail independent. A source node sends simultaneously two copies of a frame, one over each port. The two frames travel through their respective LANs until they reach a destination node, in the fault free case, with a certain time skew. The destination node accepts the first frame of a pair and discards the second, taking advantage of a sequence number in each frame that is incremented for each frame sent. Therefore, as long as one LAN is operational, the destination always receives one frame. This protocol provides a zero time recovery and allows to check the redundancy continuously to detect lurking failures. Non PRP nodes are either attached to one network only and therefore can communicate only with other nodes attached to the same network , or are attached through ... Redundancy HSR protocol, which uses a ring topology instead of parallel networks. To achieve this, the original ... PRP PRP Tutorial.pdf Tutorial on Parallel RedundancyProtocol PRP http lamspeople.epfl.ch kirrmann ... en engineering ines high availability prp solutions redundancy box.html title Redundancy Box ... is a layer 2 redundancy, which allows higher network protocols to operate without modification. Versions ... with HSR, which eases the implementation of multi protocol nodes. In particular, a redundant transition ... to as PRP 0 according to the protocol version , and PRP 2012 as PRP 1. ref cite web title Standardization ... more details
The Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol VRRP is a computer networking protocol that provides for automatic assignment of available Internet Protocol IP routers to participating hosts. This increases the availability and reliability of routing paths via automatic default gateway selections on an IP subnetwork . The protocol achieves this by creation of virtual routers, which are an abstract representation of multiple routers, i.e. master and backup router computing router s, acting as a group. The default ... mask 255.255.255.0 Broadcasts Gateway2 out the WAN through BGP See also Common Address RedundancyProtocol ... Load Balancing Protocol A Cisco Systems proprietary router redundancyprotocol providing load balancing Hot Standby Routing Protocol A Cisco Systems proprietary router redundancyprotocol R SMLT Routed Split Multilink Trunking An Avaya proprietary router redundancy and router load balancing protocol replacement for VRRP in Avaya core networks SMLT An Avaya redundancyprotocol NetScreen RedundancyProtocol NSRP A Juniper Networks proprietary router redundancyprotocol providing load balancing First Hop Redundancy Protocols Lists of default gateway redundancy protocols References reflist External ... Internet protocols Category Routing protocols de Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol es Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol fr Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol ja Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol ru ... subnet. It does not advertise Internet Protocol IP routes beyond that subnet or affect the routing ... ring networks with IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4 IPv4 , as well as IPv6 . The protocol is described in IETF publication RFC 5798, which is an open standard, but a similar protocol with essentially ... with Multicast address multicast Internet Protocol IP address 224.0.0.18 and IP protocol number 112. ref http tools.ietf.org html rfc3768 section 5.2 Section 5.2.4. Protocol ref Routers have a priority ... VRRP is based on Cisco s proprietary Hot Standby Router Protocol HSRP concepts. The protocols, while ... more details
Wiktionarypar endpoint An endpoint or end point is a mark of wikt termination termination or wikt Completion completion . In geometry , an endpoint is a Point geometry point at which a line segment or Line mathematics Ray ray terminates Endpoint chemistry , the conclusion of a chemical reaction, particularly for titration Clinical endpoint , in clinical research, a disease, symptom, or sign that constitutes one of the target outcomes of the trial or its participants End point of clinical trials , primary and secondary endpoints of clinical trials In computer science in discussions of communications protocols, an endpoint is the name for the entity on one end of a transport layer connection, see also communication endpoint In service oriented architecture , an endpoint is the entry point to a service, a process, or a queue or topic destination In computing , Endpoint is the name of several desktop based security tools from Kaspersky , Symantec Endpoint Protection Symantec , Check Point , Sophos , and McAfee Endpoint band , a hardcore punk band from Louisville, Kentucky . disambig pt Endpoint ... more details
wiktionarypar redundancyRedundancy may refer to Language Redundancy language redirects here Redundancy linguistics , the construction of a phrase that presents some idea using more information, often via multiple means, than is necessary for one to be able to understand the idea Tautology rhetoric , an unnecessary or unessential and sometimes unintentional repetition of meaning, using different and dissimilar words that effectively say the same thing twice often originally from different languages Pleonasm , the use of more words or word parts than is necessary for clear expression, often redundantly Logorrhoea linguistics , an excessive flow of words more generally Other uses Redundancy engineering Redundancy information theory Redundancy total quality management Redundancy user interfaces Data redundancy Gene redundancy Logic redundancy RAS syndrome Redundant acronym syndrome syndrome Redundant church Layoff , dismissal of an employee for lack of available work Redundant code , computer program code that is executed but has no effect on the output of the program Database normalization , the elimination of redundancy in databases Redundant play Redundant play , by Leo Butler Redundant song Redundant song , a song recorded by the American rock band Green Day in 1997 disambig de Redundanz fa fr Redondance it Ridondanza ja pt Redund ncia he ... more details
In a clinical trial clinical research trial , a clinical endpoint generally refers to occurrence of a disease ... of that individual or entity from the trial, then often termed humane clinical endpoint . In general sense In a general sense, a clinical endpoint is included in the entities of interest in a trial ... the pre determined clinical endpoint during the study interval compared with the overall number of people who were enrolled. Once a patient reaches the endpoint, he or she is generally excluded from further experimental intervention the origin of the term endpoint . For example, a clinical trial investigating ... pain as a clinical endpoint. Any patient enrolled in the trial who develops chest pain over the course of the trial, then, would be counted as having reached that clinical endpoint. The results would ultimately reflect the fraction of patients who reached the endpoint of having developed chest pain ... , the proportion of individuals who reach the clinical endpoint after an intervention is compared with the proportion of individuals in the control group who reached the same clinical endpoint, reflecting the ability of the intervention to prevent the endpoint in question. In clinical cancer research ... survival, where the endpoint is death from disease or death from toxicity. Clinical trial endpoints ... endpoint as a measure that will be considered success of the therapy being trialled eg. in justifying a marketing approval . The primary endpoint might be a statistically significant improvement in overall ... endpoints that are less likely to be met. Humane endpoint A humane endpoint can be defined as the point ... endpoint A surrogate endpoint or marker is a measure of effect of a certain treatment that may correlate with a real clinical endpoint but doesn t necessarily have a guaranteed relationship. The National Institutes of Health USA define surrogate endpoint as a biomarker intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint . ref Controlled Clinical Trials 22 485 502 2001 ref ref cite journal author ... more details
An endpoint interface , also known as a service endpoint interface SEI , is a term used in Java Platform, Enterprise Edition when exposing Enterprise JavaBean s as a Web service see also Service Implementation Bean SIB . It is annotated with code WebService code and is a component interface, which declares all the abstract methods that are exposed to the client. As it extends the code java.rmi.Remote code interface, all methods must throw the code RemoteException code . ref name uCertify cite web accessdate 2010 03 02 publisher uCertify location http www.ucertify.com title What is a web service endpoint interface? url http www.ucertify.com article what is a web service endpoint interface.html quote A web service endpoint interface is an interface annotated with the WebService annotation. It is a component interface that declares the abstract methods to be exposed to the clients. The web service endpoint interface extends the java.rmi.Remote interface, and all the methods of the interface must throw the RemoteException. The methods of a web service endpoint interface are implemented in a stateless session bean class. However, the methods of the class are not required to throw any RemoteException. ref A Web service client accesses a stateless session bean through the bean s Web service endpoint interface. Like a Enterprise JavaBean Remote and local interfaces remote interface , a Web service endpoint interface defines the business methods of the bean. In contrast to a remote interface, a Web service endpoint interface is not accompanied by a Enterprise JavaBean Home interfaces home interface , which defines the bean s life cycle methods. The only methods of the bean that may be invoked by a Web service client are the business methods that are defined in the Web service endpoint interface. The methods of an endpoint interface for a Web service are implemented in a session ... Categories Category Java enterprise platform Interwikies pt Endpoint interface ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Context date October 2009 A communication endpoint is an interface exposed by a communicating party or by a communication channel. An example of the latter type of a communication endpoint is a publish subscribe topic or a group in group communication system s. A communication endpoint is a discoverable node of communication whose scope may be varied to narrow or broaden the discovery zone. Endpoints facilitate a standard programmable layer of abstraction whereby heterogeneous software systems and or subsystems may communicate with each other and that the means of communication are decoupled from the communicating subsystems. See also Dial peer DEFAULTSORT Communication Endpoint Category Communication Category Inter process communication Comm stub ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Endpoint image caption image size Only ... For other uses of the word, see EndpointEndpoint was a Hardcore punk hardcore band from Louisville, Kentucky . Endpoint was one of the most popular underground bands to come out of Louisville ... modern hardcore in the 1990s. Endpoint was part of a hardcore movement that had been building since ... most influenced Endpoint through their metal riffs and positive lyrics, and they are considered founders of the modern sound of hardcore. Yet unlike many midwestern bands during this era, Endpoint ..., an Endpoint t shirt from 1993 read Warning Every 26 seconds a woman is beaten in the United ... to becoming known as Endpoint, the band s original name was Deathwatch. They released only one record ... , If The Spirits Are Willing unleashes the speed and the fury of Endpoint s early hardcore punk heavy ... based their own sound upon Endpoint. In fact, in the late 1980s and early 1990s the hardcore Louisville sound was Endpoint s sound. Within a year of its release, If The Spirits Are Willing replaced ... was essentially available only in Louisville stores, by mail order, at Endpoint shows and in out ... reissue on compact disc. The compilation disc contains twenty five songs, documenting Endpoint s first seventeen song cassette, their tracks from the first Endpoint Sunspring 7 , their contribution to the Slamdek ..., Alternative Tentacles and Victory Records. Yet Endpoint did move on to the national spotlight, if in a limited way. For the Endpoint and Sunspring 7 , Endpoint recorded two songs in November ... label in Toledo, Ohio . After being signed, Endpoint released their Catharsis album in 1992. Endpoint ... thrash metal band Metallica s Garage Days. Endpoint s EP paid tribute to early punk bands ... messages concerning women s rights in their printed material. While Endpoint continued, band members became involved in many side projects. Guitarist and co founder of Endpoint, Duncan Barlow ... more details
In clinical trial s, a surrogate endpoint or marker is a measure of effect of a certain treatment that may correlate with a real clinical endpoint but doesn t necessarily have a guaranteed relationship. The National Institutes of Health USA defines surrogate endpoint as a biomarker intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint . ref Controlled Clinical Trials 22 485 502 2001 ref ref cite journal author Cohn JN title Introduction to Surrogate Markers journal Circulation volume 109 pages IV20&ndash 1 publisher American Heart Association date 2004 doi 10.1161 01.CIR.0000133441.05780.1d accessdate pmid 15226247 issue 25 Suppl 1 ref Surrogate markers are used when the primary endpoint is undesired e.g., death , or when the number of events is very small, thus making it impractical to conduct a clinical trial to gather a statistical significance statistically significant number of endpoints. The Food and Drug Administration FDA and other regulatory agencies will often accept evidence from clinical trial s that show a direct clinical benefit to surrogate markers. ref name cr http www.crmagazine.org archive spring 202009 Pages AnImperfectSubstitute.aspx Alexandra Goho, An Imperfect Substitute CR Magazine , Spring 2009 ref A correlate does not make a surrogate. It is a common misconception that if an outcome is a correlate that is, correlated with the true clinical outcome it can be used as a valid surrogate end point that is, a replacement for the true clinical outcome . However, proper ... Public Policy. Circulation. 1997 95 1661 1663 ref A surrogate endpoint of a clinical trial is a laboratory measurement or a physical sign used as a substitute for a clinically meaningful endpoint ... endpoint are expected to reflect changes in a clinically meaningful endpoint. ref Temple ... with high cholesterol do not. Death from heart disease is the endpoint of interest, but cholesterol ... accused of marketing rosuvastatin Crestor without providing hard endpoint data, relying instead on surrogate ... more details
IPstack The Aggragate Server Access Protocol is used by the Reliable server pooling RSerPool framework for the communication between Pool Element s and Pool Registrar s Application Layer , Pool User s and Pool Registrar s Application Layer , Pool User s and Pool Element s Session Layer . Standards Documents http tools.ietf.org html rfc5352 Aggregate Server Access Protocol ASAP http tools.ietf.org html rfc5354 Aggregate Server Access Protocol ASAP and EndpointHandlespaceRedundancyProtocol ENRP Parameters http tools.ietf.org html rfc5355 Threats Introduced by Reliable Server Pooling RSerPool and Requirements for Security in Response to Threats http tools.ietf.org html rfc5356 Reliable Server Pooling Policies External links http tdrwww.iem.uni due.de dreibholz rserpool Thomas Dreibholz s Reliable Server Pooling RSerPool Page http www.ietf.org old 2009 html.charters OLD rserpool charter.html IETF RSerPool Working Group Compu stub Category Internet protocols Category Internet standards Category Session layer protocols ... more details
Redundant subsystem B In engineering , redundancy is the duplication of critical wikt Component component ... which is formally termed triple modular redundancy TMR . An error in one component may then be out ... small often outweighed by other risk factors, e.g., human error. Redundancy may also be known by the terms ... thumb A suspension bridge suspension bridge s numerous cables are a form of redundancy. Forms of redundancy There are four major forms of redundancy, these are Hardware redundancy, such as Dual modular redundant DMR and Triple modular redundancy TMR Information redundancy, such as Error detection and correction methods Time redundancy, including transient fault detection methods such as Alternate Logic Software redundancy such as N version programming A modified form of software redundancy, applied to hardware may be Distinct functional redundancy, such as both mechanical and hydraulic ... but producing the same results for the same inputs. Function of redundancy The two functions of redundancy are passive redundancy and active redundancy. Both functions prevent performance decline from exceeding specification limits without human intervention using extra capacity. Passive redundancy uses excess capacity to reduce the impact of component failures. One common form of passive redundancy ... the margin of safety. Eyes and ears provide working examples of passive redundancy. Vision loss ... redundancy when a limited number of failures occur. Active redundancy eliminates performance ... and correction and the Global Positioning System GPS are two examples of active redundancy. Electrical power distribution provides an example of active redundancy. Several power lines connect each generation ... computer voting logic. Electrical power systems use power scheduling to reconfigure active redundancy ... redundancy Double switching Fault tolerant design Radiation hardening Factor of safety width 50 align ... journal rd 201 ibmrd2001E.pdf Redundancy Management Technique for Space Shuttle Computers ... more details
other uses of redundancy Wiktionary redundancy Unreferenced date April 2010 In linguistics , redundancy is the construction of a phrase that presents some idea using more information, often via multiple means, than is necessary for one to be able understand the idea. Often, redundancies occur in speech unintentionally, but redundant phrases can also be deliberately constructed for emphasis, to reduce the chance that a phrase will be misinterpreted. In rhetoric , the term redundancy tends to have a negative connotation and may be perceived as improper because of its use of duplicative or unnecessary wording and some people expand the definition to include self contradictory wording, similar to double negation however, it remains a linguistically valid way of placing wikt emphasis emphasis on some expressed idea. Through the use of repetition of certain concepts, redundancy increases the odds ... Pleonasm and Tautology rhetoric . Redundancy typically takes the form of Tautology rhetoric tautology ... the self referential joke organization called The Redundancy Society of Redundancy , also rendered as Society of Redundancy Society . This paragraph is rehash from Tautology rhetoric . A subset of tautology ... literally means i i love you you . On the phonological level, the redundancy of phonological rules may ... of redundancy that has been said Who date January 2009 to be important in allowing humans ... away grammatical rules based on the input which he hears. Redundancy in language allows the child .... Redundancy therefore provides the sufficient stimulus needed to acquire a complex grammar system. A more general classification of redundancy is pleonasm , which can be any unnecessary words or even ... simply be expressed as being longwinded is also a form of redundancy, with several names. Two rather ... All of these forms of redundancy can be used intentionally, for positive artistic or rhetorical ... Agreement linguistics Oxymoron Redundancy check References Reflist Category Rhetoric Category Semantics ... more details
Voluntary redundancy VR is a financial incentive offered by an organisation to its employees with the purpose of attracting volunteers to leave the organisation, due to downsizing or restructuring situations. The purpose is to circumvent union employee regulation laws. Citation needed date January 2010 Reasons A Voluntary Redundancy Programme is often not driven by short term revenue goals. On the contrary, it is rather a question of strategic choices to change the age structure within the company. It is quite often said Who? date November 2011 that Voluntary Redundancy is a consequence of a company s lack of structural capital which is a part of the intellectual capital IC . According to research, Citation needed date November 2011 people who accept voluntary redundancy tend to return to the company after a while and influence the company with new ideas. The difference between voluntary redundancy and other programmes is that VR often is offered to a selected age group, for example, everyone between 40 50 years with at least 5 years experience. Real world instances A world wide company that recently used a VR programme is LM Ericsson , also known for the partnership with Sony , in Spring 2006. It offered the programme to 17,000 employees in Sweden between the age of 35 50, who received 12 16 months full payment, 50,000 Swedish krona Swedish kronor and a course in entrepreneurship and or job hunting support. The goal was that a maximum of 1,000 employees would accept the programme. Citation needed date March 2008 Delta Air Lines , in the aftermath of its bankruptcy filing, offered a program that included limited flight benefits for a set period after the separation. In light of rising fuel prices, it turned back to a VR program. The particulars of that severance package are unknown. ref http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi business 7303341.stm Delta to cut jobs as costs surge , BBC News , 18 March 2008 ref Generally, Vague date November 2011 voluntary redundancy lump sum payments ... more details
Gene redundancy is the existence of several genes in the genome of an organism that perform the same role to some extent. This is the case for many sets of paralogous genes. When an individual gene in such a set is disrupted by mutation or targeted gene knockout knockout , there can be little effect on phenotype as a result of gene redundancy, whereas the effect is large for double or triple gene knockouts. ref cite journal author P rez P rez JM, Candela H, Micol JL title Understanding synergy in genetic interactions journal Trends Genet. volume 25 issue 8 pages 368 76 year 2009 month August pmid 19665253 doi 10.1016 j.tig.2009.06.004 ref References reflist Further reading cite journal author Lehner B title Modelling genotype phenotype relationships and human disease with genetic interaction networks journal J Exp Biol volume 210 pages 1559 66 year 2007 pmid 17449820 doi 10.1242 jeb.002311 url http jeb.biologists.org cgi content full 210 9 1559 issue 9 DEFAULTSORT Gene Redundancy Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Logic redundancy occurs in a logic gate digital gate network containing circuitry that does not affect the static logic function. There are several reasons why logic redundancy may exist. One reason is that it may have been added deliberately to suppress transient glitches thus causing a race condition in the output signals by having two or more product terms overlap with a third one. Consider the following equation math Y A B overline A C B C. math The third product term math BC math is redundant. If math A math switches from 1 to 0 while math B 1 math and math C 1 math , math Y math remains 1. During the transition of signal math A math in logic gates, both the first and second term may be 0 momentarily. The third term prevents a glitch since its value of 1 in this case is not affected by the transition of signal math A math . Another reason for logic redundancy is poor design practices which unintentionally result in logically redundantly terms. This causes an unnecessary increase in network complexity, and possibly hampering the ability to test manufactured designs using traditional test methods single stuck at fault models . Note testing might be possible using Iddq testing IDDQ models. Removing logic redundancy Logic redundancy is, in general, not desired. Redundancy, by definition, requires extra parts in this case logical terms which raises the cost of implementation either actual cost of physical parts or CPU time to process . Logic redundancy can be removed by several well known techniques such as Karnaugh map s, the Quine McCluskey algorithm , and the Espresso heuristic logic minimizer heuristic computer method . Adding logic redundancy Main hazard logic Image K ... be desirable to add logic redundancy. One of those cases is to avoid race condition s whereby an output ... added to avoid race hazards The race condition is removed by adding in logic redundancy, which is contrary ... of the green bordered grey term math A overline D math . In this case, the addition of logic redundancy ... more details
Data redundancy occurs in Relational database management system database systems which have a field that is repeated in two or more Table information tables . For instance, in case when customer data is duplicated and attached with each product bought then redundancy of data is a known source of inconsistency , since customer might appear with different values for given attribute. ref name DoornRivero2002 cite book author1 Jorge H. Doorn author2 Laura C. Rivero title Database integrity challenges and solutions url http books.google.com books?id fJWncL6mjnwC&pg PA4 accessdate 23 January 2011 year 2002 publisher Idea Group Inc IGI isbn 9781930708389 pages 4 5 ref Data redundancy leads to Data corruption data anomalies and corruption and generally should be avoided by design. ref name RobCoronel2009 cite book author1 Peter Rob author2 Carlos Coronel title Database systems design, implementation, and management url http books.google.com books?id gCzfjlWOVAAC&pg PA88 accessdate 22 January 2011 year 2009 publisher Cengage Learning isbn 9781423902010 page 88 ref Database normalization prevents redundancy and makes the best possible usage of Computer data storage storage . ref name LimitedItl2009 cite book author1 I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited author2 Itl title Introduction to Information Technology url http books.google.com books?id ib2MI6 B9qYC&pg PA522 accessdate 4 February 2011 year 2009 publisher Pearson Education India isbn 9788177581188 page 522 ref Proper use of foreign key s can minimize data redundancy and chance of destructive anomalies. ref name RobCoronel2009 However, concerns of efficiency and convenience can sometimes result in redundant data design despite the risk of corrupting the data. ref name Taylor2010 cite book author Allen G. Taylor title SQL for Dummies ... 2 See also Data maintenance Data deduplication Error detection and correction Redundancy engineering Redundancy information theory Databases DEFAULTSORT Data Redundancy Category Data Category Data modeling ... more details
Genetic redundancy is a term typically used to describe situations where a given biochemical function is redundantly encoded by two or more gene s. In these cases, mutation s or defects in one of these genes will have a smaller effect on the fitness of the organism than expected from the genes function. Characteristic examples of genetic redundancy include Enns, Kanaoka et al. 2005 and Pearce, Senis et al. 2004 . Many more examples are thoroughly discussed in Kafri, Levy & Pilpel. 2006 . The main source of genetic redundancy is the process of gene duplication which generates multiplicity in gene copy number. A second and less frequent source of genetic redundancy are convergent evolution ary processes leading to genes that are close in function but unrelated in sequence Galperin, Walker & Koonin 1998 . Genetic redundancy has classically aroused much debate in the context of evolutionary biology Nowak et al., 1997 Kafri, Springer & Pilpel . 2009 . From an evolutionary standpoint, genes with overlapping functions implies minimal, if any, selective pressure s acting on these genes. One therefore expects that the genes participating in such buffering of mutations will be subject to severe mutational drift diverging their functions and or expression patterns with considerably high rates. Indeed it has been shown that the functional divergence of paralogous pairs in both yeast and human is an extremely rapid process. Taking these notions into account, the very existence of genetic buffering, and the functional redundancies required for it, presents a paradox in light of the evolutionary concepts. On one hand, for genetic buffering to take place there is a necessity for redundancies of gene function, on the other hand such redundancies are clearly unstable in face of natural selection ... utilization of genetic redundancy through responsive backup circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 ... M, Pilpel Y. Genetic redundancy new tricks for old genes. Cell. 2009 Feb 6 136 3 389 92. Category ... more details
unreferenced date December 2009 A First Hop RedundancyProtocol FHRP is a computer networking protocol which is designed to protect the default gateway used on a subnetwork by allowing two or more router computing routers to provide backup for that address in the event of failure of the an active router, the backup router will take over the address, usually within a few seconds. In practice, such protocols can also be used to protect other services operating on a single IP address, not just routers. Examples of such protocols include in approximate order of creation Hot Standby Router Protocol HSRP Cisco s initial, proprietary standard Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol VRRP an open standard protocol Common Address RedundancyProtocol CARP free, patent unencumbered alternative to Cisco s HSRP Extreme Standby Router Protocol ESRP Extreme Networks proprietary standard with fast failover and also Data Link Layer layer 2 protection Gateway Load Balancing Protocol GLBP a more recent proprietary standard from Cisco that permits load balancing as well as redundancy Split multi link trunking SMLT An Avaya redundancyprotocol NetScreen RedundancyProtocol NSRP A Juniper Networks proprietary router redundancyprotocol providing load balancing Category Internet protocols Category Routing protocols ... more details
Wiktionary Protocol may refer to TOCright Society Protocol, etiquette Protocol diplomacy , the etiquette of diplomacy and affairs of state Protocol politics , a formal agreement between nation states The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , an antisemitic tract Kyoto Protocol , a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol I , an amendment to the Geneva Conventions Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees , a United Nations convention on the status of refugees The arts Protocol band , British band Protocol film , a 1984 comedy film Protocol album , the d but album EP from Simon Phillips Science Protocol natural sciences , a predefined written procedural method of conducting experiments Clinical trial protocol , a document that plans a clinical trial Medical protocol disambiguation , various meanings, most prominently including guidelines for medical treatment Communications Communications protocol , a set of rules & regulations that determine how data is transmitted in telecommunications and computer networking Cryptographic protocol , a protocol for encrypting messages Proprietary protocol , a telecommunications protocol that is patented Quantum cryptography protocol , a protocol for encrypting messages Simple Mail Transfer Protocol , a set of rules for the design of an electronic mail system Computer related AAA protocol , a computer security protocolProtocol Buffers , a serialization format of computer software Protocol object oriented programming , a common means for unrelated objects to communicate with each other Routing protocol , a set of rules that determines how routers shall route communications URI scheme , often referred to as protocol See also Proto List of network protocols disambiguation ar bg ca Protocol cs Protokol da Protokol de Protokoll Begriffskl rung es Protocolo eo Protokolo fr Protocole gl Protocolo ja ko io Protokolo it Protocollo he lt Protokolas reik m s ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A typed communication endpoint is a communication endpoint that has associated with it a type. The type of the communication endpoint may describe aspects such as data formatting, reliability properties , security, synchronization, and other aspects of data transmission. Assigning types to communication endpoints is a technique that facilitates component integration and interoperability between software components. The use of typed communication endpoints in this context has been proposed in the research paper describing the QuickSilver http www.cs.cornell.edu krzys PropertiesFx.pdf properties framework . Category Communication Category Inter process communication Comm stub ... more details
Refimprove date April 2011 Infobox software name Symantec Endpoint Protection logo screenshot File SymantecEndpointProtection.jpg 300px Symantec Endpoint Protection 11 caption Symantec Endpoint Protection ... web url http www.softpedia.com progChangelog Symantec Endpoint Protection Changelog 91070.html title Symantec Endpoint Protection Changelog work Softpedia publisher SoftNews SRL accessdate 2011 09 ... website url http www.symantec.com business endpoint protection Symantec Endpoint Protection ... history Endpoint Protection 11 was the successor to Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition . Endpoint 11 added handling of spyware and support for endpoint security health verification, among other features ... Endpoint Protection was released as version 11. New versions have since been released. In April 2009, Symantec Endpoint Protection Small Business Edition ref cite web url http www.symantec.com business endpoint protection small business edition title Symantec Endpoint Protection publisher Symantec.com ... Endpoint Protection 12.1 was made available. This version is also included the package for Small Business Protection Suite 4. System requirements Endpoint 11 supports Windows 7 , Windows Server 2008 ... title Symantec Endpoint Protection url http www.symantec.com business products sysreq.jsp?pcid pcat ... Corp. Application and Device Control policies in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11.0 are not applied .... ref name main req Endpoint Security 11 no longer supports Itanium processors. ref name main req Client ... Endpoint 11 incorporates a rules based firewall, as well as an anti malware technique that Symantec ... eval.symantec.com mktginfo enterprise fact sheets b endpoint protection DS 12836807 7.en us.pdf title Data Sheet Endpoint Security format PDF date accessdate 2011 10 18 ref Proactive protection Endpoint ... 2011 ref Intrusion prevention Endpoint 11 is able to create and enforce rules on client computers ... article2 0,2817,2234130,00.asp title Symantec Endpoint Protection 11 Review & Rating publisher PCMag.com ... more details
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