missing industry practices, sequential circuits date April 2011 In Boolean algebra logic Boolean algebra , circuit minimization is the problem of obtaining the smallest logic circuit Boolean formula that represents a given Boolean function or truth table . The general circuit minimization problem is believed to be Computational complexity theory Intractability intractable , ref Citation first Valentine last Kabanets author link first2 Jin Yi last2 Cai contribution Circuit minimization problem title Symposium on Theory of Computing Proc. 32nd Symposium on Theory of Computing id ECCC 1999 99 045 year 2000 pages 73 79 place Portland, Oregon, USA doi 10.1145 335305.335314 . ref but there are effective heuristics such as Karnaugh map s and the Quine McCluskey algorithm that facilitate the process. Purpose The problem with having a complicated Electronic circuit circuit i.e. one with many elements, such as logic gate logical gates is that each element takes up physical space in its implementation and costs time and money to produce in itself. Circuit minimization may be one form of logic optimization used to reduce the area of complex logic in integrated circuit s. Example While there are many ways to minimize a circuit, this is an example that minimizes or simplifies a boolean function. Note that the boolean function carried out by the circuit is directly related to the algebraic expression from which the function is implemented. ref M. Mano, C. Kime. Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Fourth Edition . Pg 54 ref Consider the circuit used to represent math A wedge bar B vee bar A wedge B math . It is evident that two negations, two conjunctions, and a disjunction are used in this statement. This means that to build the circuit one would need two Inverter logic gate inverters , two AND gate s, and an OR gate . We can simplify minimize the circuit by applying logical identities or using intuition. Since the example states that A is true when B is false or the other way ... more details
In computer science , more specifically in the branch of automata theory , DFA minimization is the task of transforming a given deterministic finite automaton DFA into an equivalent DFA that has minimum number of states. Here, two DFAs are called equivalent if they describe the same regular language . Several different algorithms accomplishing this task are known and described in standard textbooks on automata theory. ref Hopcroft, Ullman 1979 ref Minimum DFA For each regular language that can be accepted by a DFA, there exists a DFA with a minimum number of states and thus a minimum programming effort to create and use and this DFA is unique except that states can be given different names. ref harvtxt Hopcroft Motwani Ullman 2001 , Section 4.4.3, Minimization of DFA s , p. 159. ref There are three classes of states that can be removed merged from the original DFA without affecting the language it accepts. Unreachable states are those states that are not reachable from the initial state of the DFA, for any input string. Dead states are those nonaccepting states whose transitions for every input character terminate on themselves. These are also called Trap states because once entered there is no escape. Nondistinguishable states are those that cannot be distinguished from one another for any input string. DFA minimization is usually done in three steps, corresponding to the removal ... are accepting states of the input DFA. Moore s algorithm Moore s algorithm for DFA minimization ... of sets in the partition. The instances of the DFA minimization problem that cause the worst ... but it frequently performs better than this worst case would suggest. ref name bbcf NFA minimization ... Fagnot contribution Minimization of Automata arxiv 1010.5318 year 2010 title Automata from Mathematics ... 1956 . External links http www.cs.umu.se kurser TDBC92 VT06 final 1.pdf DFA minimization using the Myhill Nerode theorem DEFAULTSORT Dfa Minimization Category Automata theory Category Articles with example ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2012 orphan February 2009 context October 2009 In economics , the weak axiom of cost minimization WACM provides a nonparametric test of cost minimization, which can be applied only when both input price and quantity data are available for individual firms. External links http www.ingentaconnect.com content klu prod 1997 00000008 00000002 00131288 IngentaConnect Weak Axiom of Cost Dominance A Nonparametric Test of Cost Efficiency Without Input Quantity Data Category Production economics Category Optimal decisions Econometrics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Cost minimization is a tool used in pharmacoeconomics and is applied when comparing multiple drugs of equal efficacy and equal tolerability Therapeutic equivalence must be referenced by the author conducting the study and should have been done prior to the cost minimization work. Since equal efficacy and equal tolerability is already demonstrated, there is no requirement to find a common efficacy denominator as would be the case when conducting a cost effectiveness study. The author is not precluded from doing so through the use of cost cure or cost year of life gained . If efficacy and tolerability is demonstrated, however, then a simple comparison of cost course of treatment can suffice for the purpose of comparing two or more therapeutically equivalent treatment alternatives. When conducting a cost minimization study, the author needs to measure all costs resource expenditures inherent to the delivery of the therapeutic intervention and that are relevant to the pharmacoeconomic perspective . It is the simplest method It is used to compare costs of alternative therapies that have identical clinical effectiveness including adverse reactions, complications and duration of therapy , BUT Different costs Choose the least cost alternative among equivalent or equally efficacious alternatives DEFAULTSORT Cost Minimization Analysis Category Costs Category Health economics Category Healthcare quality econ stub pharmacology stub ... more details
Structural risk minimization SRM is an inductive principle of use in machine learning . Commonly in machine learning, a generalized model must be selected from a finite data set, with the consequent problem of overfitting &ndash the model becoming too strongly tailored to the particularities of the training set and generalizing poorly to new data. The SRM principle addresses this problem by balancing the model s complexity against its success at fitting the training data. The SRM principle was first set out in a 1974 paper by Vladimir Vapnik and Alexey Chervonenkis . See also Vapnik Chervonenkis theory Support vector machines External links http www.svms.org srm Structural risk minimization at the support vector machines website. compu sci stub Category Machine learning ... more details
In microeconomics , the expenditure minimization problem is another perspective on the utility maximization problem how much money do I need to reach a certain level of happiness? . This question comes in two parts. Given a consumer s utility function , prices, and a utility target, how much money would the consumer need? This is answered by the expenditure function . what could the consumer buy to meet this utility target while minimizing expenditure? This is answered by the Hicksian demand function . Expenditure function Formally, the expenditure function is defined as follows. Suppose the consumer has a utility function math u math defined on math L math commodities. Then the consumer s expenditure function gives the amount of money required to buy a package of commodities at given prices math p math that give utility of at least math u math , math e p, u min x in geq u p cdot x math where math geq u x in mathbb R L u x geq u math is the set of all packages that give utility at least as good as math u math . Hicksian demand correspondence Secondly, the Hicksian demand function math h p, u math is defined as the cheapest package that gives the desired utility. It can be defined in terms of the expenditure function with the Marshallian demand function math h p, u x p, e p, u . , math The relationship between the utility function and Marshallian demand in the Utility Maximization Problem mirrors the relationship between the expenditure function and Hicksian demand in the Expenditure Minimization Problem . It is also possible that the Hicksian and Marshallian demand are not unique i.e. there is more than one commodity bundle that satisfies the expenditure minimization problem , then the demand is a Correspondence mathematics correspondence , and not a function. This does not happen, and the demands are functions, under the assumption of local nonsatiation . See also Utility maximization problem References cite book authorlink Andreu Mas Colell last Mas Colell first Andreu ... more details
Empirical risk minimization ERM is a principle in statistical learning theory which defines a family of learning algorithms and is used to give theoretical bounds on the performance of machine learning learning algorithms . Background Consider the following situation, which is a general setting of many supervised learning problems. We have two spaces of objects math X math and math Y math and would like to learn a function math h X to Y math often called hypothesis which outputs an object math y in Y math , given math x in X math . To do so, we have at our disposal a training set of a few examples math x 1, y 1 , ldots, x m, y m math where math x i in X math is an input and math y i in Y math is the corresponding response that we wish to get from math h x i math . To put it more formally, we assume that there is a joint probability distribution math P x, y math over math X math and math Y math , and that the training set consists of math m math instances math x 1, y 1 , ldots, x m, y m math drawn i.i.d. from math P x, y math . Note that the assumption of a joint probability distribution allows us to model uncertainty in predictions e.g. from noise in data because math y math is not a deterministic function of math x math , but rather a random variable with conditional distribution math P y x math for a fixed math x math . We also assume that we are given a non negative real valued loss function math L hat y , y math which measures how different the prediction math hat y math of a hypothesis is from the true outcome math y math . The Risk statistics risk associated with hypothesis math h x math is then defined as the Expected value expectation of the loss function math R h ... H R h . math Empirical risk minimization In general, the risk math R h math cannot be computed because ... Empirical risk minimization principle states that the learning algorithm should choose a hypothesis ... complexity Empirical risk minimization for a classification problem with 0 1 loss function is known ... more details
Dablink For a similar but not so broad sense, see Power engineering . Energy engineering is a broad field of engineering dealing with efficient energy use energy efficiency , energy services , facility management , plant engineering, environmental compliance and alternative energy technologies. Domain of Energy Engineering expertise combines selective subjects from the fields Chemical Engineering Chemical , Mechanical Engineering Mechanical and Electrical Engineering . It is an Interdisciplinarity interdisciplinary program which has relativity with electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering. Energyminimization is the purpose of this growing discipline. Often applied to building design, heavy consideration is given to HVAC , lighting , refrigeration , to both reduce energy loads and increase efficiency of current systems. Energy Engineering is increasingly seen as a major step forward in meeting Carbon neutrality carbon reduction targets . Energy Technology refers to the knowledge, skills, and equipment required for the production, conversion, transference, distribution, and utilization of energy. This leads to the mastering of technology based on the laws of nature, as a result of which different forms of energy can be used to serve the needs of mankind in such a way that nature is spared and the economic resources of society are taken into consideration. Energy and its relation to the Natural environment environment is a new and rapidly growing field of sustainability . See also World Energy Engineering Congress Electrochemical engineering External links http www.aeecenter.com Association of Energy Engineers http www.energycongress.com World Energy Engineering Congress http www.eme.psu.edu Category Energy engineering Category Energy engineering stub Energy stub ar de Energietechnik fr G nie nerg tique id Teknologi energi it Ingegneria energetica ja pt Engenharia de energia ro Inginerie energetic ... more details
In molecular dynamics , orbit, and particle simulations, energy drift is the gradual change in the total energy of a closed system. According to the laws of mechanics, the energy should be a constant of motion and should not change. However, in simulations the energy does fluctuate on a short time scale ... to the flying ice cube problem, whereby numerical errors in handling equipartition of energy can change vibrational energy into translational energy. More specifically, the energy tends to increase exponentially ... integration methods results in a second order increase in the energy math E sum m mathbf v 2 .... Energy drift usually damping is substantial for numerical integration schemes that are not symplectic ... in energy over very long time scales, though the error remains roughly constant. These integrators ... of the energy conservation for the true Hamiltonian is dependent on the time step. ref name ... RD, Drees M. 2005 . Monitoring energy drift with shadow Hamiltonians. J Comp Phys 206 432 452 ref The energy ... t p right math from the true Hamiltonian. Energy drift is similar to parametric oscillator Parametric ... larger time steps may be possible for certain systems or choices of parameters. Energy drift can also result from imperfections in evaluating the potential function energy function , usually due ... for evaluating the electrostatic forces introduce systematic errors in the energy with each time ... in the system being simulated can also induce energy drifts characterized as explosive that are not artifacts ... the system has not been subjected to sufficient structural minimization before beginning production dynamics. In practice, energy drift may be measured as a percent increase over time, or as a time needed to add a given amount of energy to the system. The practical effects of energy drift depend on the simulation ... under study for example, energy drift has much more severe consequences for simulations of the microcanonical ensemble than the canonical ensemble where the temperature is held constant. Energy ... more details
Wikibooks How to reduce energy usage Energy consumption is the consumption of energy or Power physics power . It is covered in the following articles and categories World energy consumption Domestic energy consumption Fuel efficiency in transportation Electric energy consumption Electricity generation Energy transformation Energy policy Effects of energy consumption Global warming White s law Reduction of energy consumption Energy conservation , the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used Efficient energy use DEFAULTSORT Energy Consumption Category Energy consumption de Energieverbrauch ... more details
Energy management is the control of energy, may refer to Energy demand management Energy management degree Energy management system Federal Energy Management Program Power management by electrical devices Management of energy in a particular context Hotel energy management IT energy management Marine energy management disambig ... more details
Energy efficiency may refer to Efficient energy use , sometimes simply called energy efficiency. Energy conversion efficiency , the ratio between the output and input of an energy conversion machine. Energy conservation , efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Disambig ... more details
Energy flow is the transfer of energy and may refer to Energy flow ecology , the flow of energy through a biological food chain Energy esotericism flow, the movement of spiritual energy. Energy transfer , the transfer of physical energy from one body to another or from one place to another. BTTB album Energy Flow , a 1999 song by Ryuichi Sakamoto disambig ... more details
saved book title Energy subtitle cover image cover color Energy Main article Energy History History of energy Timeline of thermodynamics Regarding applications of the concept of energy Mechanics Work physics Mechanical work Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics Measurement Units of energy Forms of energy Potential energy Gravitational energy Elastic energy Kinetic energy Internal energy Electromagnetism Electricity Chemical thermodynamics Binding energy Transformations of energyEnergy transformation Law of conservation of energy Conservation of energyEnergy and life Bioenergetics Category Wikipedia books on physics Energy ... more details
The following articles relate to the topic of energy independence Portal EnergyEnergy development Energy resilience Energy resilience Energy security North American energy independence Oil phase out in Sweden Commission on Oil Independence Swedish Commission on Oil Independence United States energy independence Disambig ... more details
Energy use or similar terms are discussed in the following articles Efficient energy use World energy resources and consumption energy use intensity disamb ... more details
Energy rating may refer to Energy rating label , an appliance energy efficiency rating used in Australia and New Zealand European Union energy label , an appliance energy efficiency rating used in Europe Building energy rating Energy efficiency rating , a score applied to dwellings in the Australian Capital Territory House Energy Rating , a building s thermal performance for residential homes in Australia Home energy rating , a measurement of a home s energy efficiency, used primarily in the United States National Home Energy Rating , an accreditation scheme for energy assessors and a rating scale for the energy efficiency of housing in the United Kingdom See also Energy Star , an international standard for energy efficient consumer products originated in the United States Energy input labeling Ecolabel dab ... more details
The term Department of Energy is used by government departments in a number of countries and may refer to Secretariat of Energy Mexico Department of Energy New Brunswick , Canada Department of Energy Philippines Department of Energy South Africa United Kingdom Department of Energy abolished 1994 United States Department of Energy disambig fr D partement de l nergie ... more details
New energy may refer to new or Free energy suppression suppressed forms of energy like alternative energy , Perpetual motion free energy , renewable energy , etc. Companies Institutes Organizations Icelandic New Energy , Iceland energy company promoting hydrogen fuel Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology , China New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization NEDO disamb ... more details
MidAmerican Energy may refer to one of the following MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company , a holding company controlled by Berkshire Hathaway MidAmerican Energy Company , an energy company and subsidiary of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company disambig ... more details
Energy FM is the brand name of several radio station s Energy FM Estonia Energy FM Isle of Man Energy FM Malta DWET FM Energy FM Manila Energy FM Taranaki Energy FM Australia Energy FM UK NRJ Russia , also known as Energy FM It may also refer to the nergie radio network in Quebec . Disambig ... more details
Wild Energy may refer to Wild Energy album Wild Energy album , an album by Ruslana Wild Energy song Wild Energy song or Dyka Enerhiya , a song by Ruslana Wild Energy. Lana , a novel by Maryna and Serhiy Dyachenko See also Wild Energy. Amazon. Wild Dances , a DVD compilation by Ruslana disambig cs Wild Energy nl Wild Energy ... more details
Zero energy may refer to A zero energy building ZEB , a building s use with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions Zero Net Energy USA Federal Buildings President Obama has ordered that 15 of U.S. Federal buildings be zero net energy by 2015 and 100 of all new buildings by 2030 Zero energy universe , a concept that states that the total amount of energy in the Universe is exactly zero Zero point energy , the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may have dab ... more details
wiktionary energyEnergy is a physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy may also refer to Music Energy, an american rock band, featuring Tommy Bolin Energy band , a Taiwanese boy group Energy event , an annual techno music event in Zurich, Switzerland Energy Fourplay album Energy Fourplay album , 2008 Energy Keri Hilson song Energy Keri Hilson song , 2009 Energy Nu a Derenda song Energy Nu a Derenda song , entry in the 2001 Eurovision Song Contest Energy Operation Ivy album Energy Operation Ivy album , 1989 Energy Pointer Sisters album Energy Pointer Sisters album , 1978 Energy Rekords , a record label Energy , a song by Krokus from Krokus album Krokus Energy , a song by The Pillows from Pantomime album Pantomime Energy , a song by The Apples in Stereo from New Magnetic Wonder Energy , a song in the LazyTown soundtrack LazyTown soundtrack Science and philosophy Energy esotericism , spiritual energyEnergy psychological , the principle that powers mental processes Energy signal processing , the energy Es of a continuous time signal x t E statistics Energy statistical a synonym for energy statistic or E statistic, a scalar function of distances between statistical observations Energy Micro AS , a manufacturer low energy 32 bit Flash ... Essence Energies distinction , a concept in Eastern Orthodox theology V rya , energy as part of the Buddhist path to Enlightenment Energy, a concept in vitalism Energy, a game mechanic commonly referred to as Magic point Radio stations Energy FM 91.5 Philippines , DWKY Energy 92.5 and 92.7 Dekalb, Illinois , now WCPY Energy 92.5 and 92.7 Arlington Heights, Chicago, Illinois , now WCPT FM Energy 92.5 and 92.7 Kankakee, Illinois , now WKIF Energy 92.7 San Francisco, California , now KREV FM Energy 92.7 and 101.1 Phoenix, Arizona , now KNRJ Energy 99.7 Amarillo, Texas , now KBZD NRJ Radio , Paris, France Other uses Energy, Illinois , a village in the USA Energy, Texas , a settlement ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
