A cooling flow occurs according to the theory that the intracluster medium ICM in the centres of galaxy clusters should be rapidly cooling at the rate of tens to thousands of solar masses per year. ref Fabian A.C. http nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu level5 Fabian3 frames.html Cooling flows in clusters of galaxies , Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1994. 32 277 318 ref This should happen as the ICM a Plasma physics plasma is quickly losing its energy by the emission of X rays . The X ray brightness of the ICM is proportional to the square of its density, which rises steeply towards the centres of many clusters. Also the temperature falls to typically a third or a half of the temperature in the outskirts of the cluster. The typical timescale for the ICM to cool is relatively short, less than a billion years. As material in the centre of the cluster cools out , the pressure of the overlying ICM should cause more material to flow inwards the cooling flow . In a steady state, the rate of mass deposition , i.e. the rate at which the plasma cools, is given by math dot M frac 2 5 frac L mu m kT , math where L is the bolometric i.e. over the entire spectrum luminosity of the cooling region, T is its temperature, k is the Boltzmann constant and m is the mean molecular mass. It is currently thought that the very large amounts of expected cooling are in reality much smaller, as there is little evidence for cool X ray emitting gas in many of these systems ref Peterson J.R., et al. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2003ApJ...590..207P High Resolution X ray Spectroscopic Constrains on Cooling Flow Models for Clusters of Galaxies . ApJ 2003. 590 207 ref . This is the cooling flow problem . Theories for why there is little evidence of cooling include ref Peterson J.R., Fabian A.C. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2006PhR...427....1P X ray spectoscopy of cooling clusters , Physics Reports. 2006. 427 1 ref ... plasmas de Cooling Flow fr Courant de refroidissement ... more details
Refimprove date September 2008 infobox UK place country England official name Cooling civil parish Cooling population 209 unitary england Medway lieutenancy england Kent region South East England latitude 51.4553 longitude 0.5262 constituency westminster Medway UK Parliament constituency Medway to be replaced 2007 by Rochester and Strood UK Parliament constituency Rochester and Strood post town ROCHESTER postcode district ME3 postcode area ME dial code 01634 os grid reference TQ755760 Image CoolingChurch6509.JPG thumb left upright St James church. Cooling is a village and civil parish on the Hoo Peninsula , overlooking the North Kent Marshes . According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 209. This remote and isolated hamlet has been described as the capital of English Lollard ry because of its association with Sir John Oldcastle . The most notable feature of the village is Cooling ... port of Cliffe at Hoo Cliffe from the threat of French raiders. Cooling Castle Sir John de Cobham, 3rd ... stone, drum towered gatehouse and moated ruins of Cooling Castle Arnold , has two excellent and well ... child of the Lady Joan de Cobham, by Sir Reginald Braybrooke. It was Braybrooke who bequeathed Cooling ... main residence. Nevertheless, Cooling castle was stormed by Sir Thomas Wyatt the younger Thomas Wyatt ... Grey on the throne. That Sir Thomas Wyatt stormed Cooling Castle so easily may be explained by the interesting ... . This entertainment is recorded as having taken place at Cooling Castle, in about 1555, and is the last ... Holland . St James church main St James Church, Cooling Image CoolingChurch6508.JPG thumb The children ... www.visitchurches.org.uk findachurch st james cooling ?region Kent title St James, Cooling publisher ... books?id d55huNQmSGgC&pg PA485&dq cooling Great Expectations , notes by Charlotte Mitchell in Penguin ... category Cooling, Kent External links http www.CoolingChurch.org.uk Medway Category Villages in Kent Category Civil parishes in Kent ang C lingon es Cooling nl Cooling pl Cooling Kent ... more details
see also Evaporative cooler Image Didcot power station cooling tower zootalures.jpg thumb 275px Natural draft wet cooling Hyperboloid structure hyperboloid towers at Didcot Power Station UK Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere . Cooling towers ... bulb temperature wet bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers ... . Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries , petrochemical and other chemical plant s, thermal power station s and HVAC systems for cooling buildings. Cooling ... built, while larger ones are constructed on site. The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated ... cooling tower was patented by Frederik van Iterson and Gerard Kuypers in 1918. ref http v3.espacenet.com ... Patent No. 108,863 ref The first hyperboloid cooling towers were built prior to 1930 in Liverpool, England ... Plant Cooling Towers Like Big Milk Bottle Popular Mechanics , February 1930 bottom left of pg 201 ref Classification by use HVAC Image Loop Shopping Centre Exterior I.jpg thumb Two HVAC cooling towers ... conditioning cooling tower is used to dispose of reject unwanted heat from a chiller . Water cooled ... buildings, hospitals, and schools typically use one or more cooling towers as part of their air conditioning systems. Generally, industrial cooling towers are much larger than HVAC towers. HVAC use of a cooling tower pairs the cooling tower with a water cooled chiller or water cooled condenser. A Refrigeration ... hour 3500 W . The equivalent ton on the cooling tower side actually rejects about 15,000 Btu hour .... This equivalent ton is defined as the heat rejection in cooling 3 US gallons minute 1,500 pound ... COP of 4.0. This COP is equivalent to an energy efficiency ratio EER of 14. Cooling towers are also ... of the heat pumps whenever the heat pumps are working in the cooling mode, then the externally mounted cooling tower is used to remove heat from the water loop and reject it to the atmosphere ... more details
A radiant cooling system refers to a temperature controlled surface that cools indoor temperatures by removing ... and Cooling Design year 2008 publisher ASHRAE ref Heat will flow from objects, occupants, equipment ... temperature will be lowered when air comes in contact with the cooled surface. Radiant cooling systems ... a heated surface to objects and occupants. System design Radiant cooling systems are usually hydronic , cooling using circulating water running in pipes in thermal contact with the surface. Typically ... cite journal last Olesen first Bjarne W. title Hydronic Floor Cooling Systems journal ASHRAE .... Since the majority of the cooling process results from removing sensible heat through radiant exchange ... air temperatures than with air based cooling systems. As a result of the high cooling capacity ... cooling systems potentially offer reductions in cooling energy consumption. ref name stetiu cite journal last Stetiu first Corina title Energy and peak power savings potential of radiant cooling systems ... and processes generally need to be managed by an independent system. Radiant cooling may also ... cooling , or ground source heat pumps as it requires a small difference in temperature between desired ... range of system technologies, there are two primary types of radiant cooling systems. The first type is systems that deliver cooling through the building structure, usually slabs, these systems ... j.apenergy.2007.08.001 ref The second type is systems that deliver cooling through specialized ... Radiant cooling from a slab can be delivered to a space from the floor or ceiling. Since radiant ... for cooled water. While this makes sense in some cases, delivering cooling from the ceiling has ... ceiling as warm air rises, leading to more air coming in contact with the cooled surface. Cooling ... area, and are more integrated with structure. Ceiling panels Radiant cooling panels are generally attached ... thermal mass compared to chilled slabs means they can t easily take advantage of passive cooling ... more details
Sisyphus cooling named after Sisyphus , a figure in the Greek mythology is a mechanism through which atoms can be cooled using laser beams below the temperatures expected to be achieved by Doppler cooling . It comes about as a result of a polarization gradient created by two counter propagating laser beams with orthogonality orthogonal polarization waves polarization . Atoms moving through the potential landscape created by the standing wave created by the interference of the two counter propagating beams lose kinetic energy as they move to a potential maximum, at which point optical pumping moves them to a lower energy state, thus losing the potential energy they had. Repeated cycles of converting kinetic energy to potential energy, then losing potential energy via optical pumping allow the atoms to reach temperatures orders of magnitude below those available through simple Doppler cooling . Category Nuclear physics atomic physics stub de Sisyphusk hlung ru ... more details
being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions. Methods of neural tissue cooling There are a few options for cooling neural tissue the chosen ... the section of interest and the volume of that section. Cryoloops Cryoloops are cooling devices that use ..., J. A. 1999 . The cryoloop an adaptable reversible cooling deactivation method for behavioral or electrophysiological ... of cooling available due to the customization necessary for each experiment. The investigator must form the functional cooling loop of the cryoloop to fit with whatever part of the brain he she wishes ... controlled region of cooling and for more efficient animal use because of the possibility for multiple cooling sites within each animal. Head restraint is unnecessary because the loops are chronically ... Cooling Plates Cooling plates are flat devices that are generally circular in shape and can cool tissue volumes of 35mm sup 3 sup to 100mm sup 3 sup , usually by using thermoelectric cooling. ref name ...., & Barth, D. S. 2003 . Effects of ventrobasal lesion and cortical cooling on fast oscillations 200 ..., the electrical connections required for cooling are a simpler method than the setup necessary ... localized cooling at the tip, which is inserted into the brain to reach deeper structures, without cooling the overlying structures. More than one microthermocouple is required to measure ... a y shaped fork with w 1,1,1,2 Tetrafluoroethane data page HFC 134a cooling agent flowing through ... in conditioned taste avoidance induced by cooling the area postrema of male rats. Review . Behavioural ... that cannot be thermodynamically cooled from the surface. They are not used much in cortical cooling due to the small volumes that are cooled investigators cooling cortical tissue are usually interested ... more details
Infobox football biography playername Stephen Cooling image caption fullname Stephen Cooling dateofbirth birth date and age 1983 6 23 df y cityofbirth Dublin countryofbirth Republic of Ireland Ireland currentclub clubnumber height convert 1.81 m ftin 0 abbr on position Midfielder Centre midfielder Centre midfield youthyears1 youthclubs1 years1 2004 2005 clubs1 Memphis Tigers University of Memphis caps1 34 goals1 3 years2 2006 clubs2 Kildare County F.C. Kildare County caps2 34 goals2 9 years3 2007 clubs3 Waterford United F.C. Waterford United caps3 5 goals3 1 years4 2007 clubs4 Kildare County F.C. Kildare County caps4 17 goals4 4 nationalyears1 nationalteam1 nationalcaps1 nationalgoals1 Stephen Cooling born June 23, 1983 was an Republic of Ireland Irish Association football football player who last played for Kildare County F.C. Kildare County in the League of Ireland First Division. Career Cooling joined Kildare County for the beginning of the 2006 season. Before playing with Kildare County F.C. Kildare County Cooling had spells, firstly with Raheny Utd and then with Memphis Tigers University of Memphis in the United States. At Memphis Tigers University of Memphis he was a frequent goalscorer from his central midfield position. He quickly became an automatic selection for Manager ... 2006. Cooling was named Kildare County Senior player of the year in 2006 http www.kildarecountyfc.com news news details.asp?NewsID 807 . Cooling signed for Waterford United F.C. Waterford United after .... Cooling s stay at Waterford was short however and he returned to Kildare County F.C. Kildare County ... news news details.asp?NewsID 899 . Cooling had an instant impact and was awarded ... put him out of the squad. External links http gotigersgo.cstv.com sports m soccer mtt cooling stephen00.html ... Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Cooling, Stephen ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION ... DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Cooling, Stephen Category Republic of Ireland association footballers ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Stochastic cooling is a form of particle beam cooling . It is used in some particle accelerator s and storage ring s to control the Beam emittance emittance of the particle beam s in the machine. This process uses the Signal electrical engineering electrical signals that the individual ... cooling, or the reduction of entropy , in much the same way that a refrigerator or an air ... , ref name overview Citation arxiv physics 0308044 title Stochastic Cooling Overview author John ... National Accelerator Laboratory continues to use stochastic cooling in its antiproton source. The accumulated ... Detector at Fermilab CDF and the D0 experiment . Stochastic cooling in the Tevatron at Fermilab ... RHIC . Technical details This section needs to be edited for clarity by a stochastic cooling expert. Stochastic cooling uses the electrical signals produced by individual particles in a group of particles ... to have wayward momenta is reduced. These cooling times range from a second to several minutes, depending on the depth of the cooling that is required. Stochastic cooling is used to reduce the transverse ... of negative feedback . This is known as cooling as the bunch can be thought of as containing ... spread of each bunch is not affected by this damping. The key to stochastic cooling is to address individual ... Free electron laser . To achieve cooling the position information is fed back into the particle ... of the coupler. Klystron cavity For transversal cooling the same devices are used as in an oscilloscope ... undulator For transverse cooling multiple steering plates and coils connected to form a delay line ... of particles which can be detected and adjusted at once requiring higher bandwidth , the faster the cooling ... of the ring. The cooling is more efficient for long bunches, as the position spread ... the electrons can also be analyzed and stochasitic cooling applied. See also Electron cooling References reflist Accelerator stub DEFAULTSORT Stochastic Cooling Category Accelerator physics de Stochastische ... more details
In atomic physics , Raman cooling is a sub recoil cooling technique that allows the cooling of atoms using optical methods below the limitations of Doppler cooling , limited by the recoil energy of a photon given to an atom. This scheme can be performed in simple optical molasses or in molasses where an optical lattice has been superimposed, which are called respectively free space Raman cooling ref http link.aps.org doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.69.1741 Laser cooling below photon recoil with three level atoms , Mark Kasevich, Steven Chu , Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 , 1741 1992 ref and Raman side band cooling. ref http link.aps.org doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.84.439 Beyond Optical Molasses 3D Raman Sideband Cooling of Atomic Cesium to High Phase Space Density , Andrew J. Kerman, Vladan Vuletic, Cheng Chin, and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 , 439 2000 ref Both techniques make use of Raman scattering of laser light between by the atoms. Two photon Raman process The transition between two Hyperfine structure hyperfine states of the atom can be triggered by two laser beams the first beam excites the atom to a virtual excited state for example because its frequency is lower than the real transition frequency , and the second beam deexcites the atom to the other hyperfine level. The frequency difference of the two beams is exactly equal to the transition frequency between the two hyperfine levels. Image RamanProcess.png center The illustration of this process is shown in the schematic illustration ... g 2 rangle math . Free space Raman cooling In this scheme, a pre cooled cloud of atoms whose temperature .... Raman side band cooling This cooling scheme starts from atoms in a magneto optical trap . An optical ... oscillator. The aim of Raman side band cooling is to put the atoms into the ground state of the harmonic ... time in an experiment that used Raman side band cooling as its first step. ref Bose Einstein condensation ..., 299, 232 ref References Reflist Category Atomic physics Category Cooling technology fr Refroidissement ... more details
Infobox football biography name Roy Cooling image Image Replace this image male.svg fullname Roy Cooling height birth date birth date 1921 12 9 df y cityofbirth Barnsley countryofbirth England death date 2003 cityofdeath countryofdeath position Inside forward youthyears1 youthclubs1 years1 years2 1942 1947 years3 1947 1950 clubs1 Mitchell s Main Welf clubs2 Barnsley F.C. Barnsley clubs3 Mansfield Town F.C. Mansfield Town caps1 ? caps2 6 caps3 65 goals1 ? goals2 3 goals3 14 Roy Cooling 9 December 1921 2003 was an England English association football footballer . He played for Mitchell s Main Welf, Barnsley F.C. Barnsley and Mansfield Town F.C. Mansfield Town . ref name PFA cite book last Hugman first Barry J. title The PFA Premier & Football League Players Records 1946 2005 publisher Queen Anne Press year 2005 pages p136 isbn 1852916656 ref Notes reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Cooling, Roy ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION English footballer DATE OF BIRTH 9 December 1921 PLACE OF BIRTH Barnsley , England DATE OF DEATH 2003 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Cooling, Roy Category 1921 births Category People from Barnsley Category 2003 deaths Category English footballers Category Association football forwards Category Barnsley F.C. players Category Mansfield Town F.C. players Category The Football League players England footy forward 1920s stub ... more details
Cooling Out is a technique composed of an informal set of practices used by colleges, especially two ... a bachelor s degree. History The term cooling out was first used in reference to higher education by Burton R. Clark in the article The Cooling Out Function in Higher Education published in 1960 in The American Journal of Sociology ref Clark, Burton R. The Cooling Out Function in Higher Education ... Cooling the Mark Out Some Aspects of Adaptation to Failure ref Goffman, Erving. Cooling the Mark Out ... On Cooling the Mark Out.pdf ref , Clark was the first to apply the term in the context of higher education. Since then, the term cooling out has appeared often in educational discourse, even appearing ... academics and literary theorists. ref Bahr, Peter R. Cooling Out in the Community College. Web. http www.airweb.org images Bahr Final NPEC 06 528.pdf ref In The Cooling Out Function in Higher Education ... the consequent stress by redefining failure and providing for a soft denial they perform a cooling out function. The junior college especially plays this role. The cooling out process observed in one ... higher education perform what may be called the cooling out function Theorists Deil Amen and Rosenbaum define cooling out as the process by which community colleges urge students to recognize their academic deficiencies and lower their aspirations. They also note that cooling out may also ... cooling out policy as they would most likely be sued if such a system were to be acknowledged by the institution. Instead, a set of seemingly normal practices and policies form the cooling out process. Cooling Out Today Modern examples of cooling out are not very apparent in the websites of most Junior .... Sociology of Education 2002, Vol.75 July 249 268. ref Overall, the cooling out period should ... Pre entrance Testing An initial move in the cooling out process at some educational institutions ... into remedial classes. ref name rem Clark, Burton R. The Cooling Out Function in Higher Education ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation . Radiative cooling of the Earth Earth s energy budget further2 Earth s energy budget In the case of the earth atmosphere system it refers to the process by which long wave Infrared radiation infrared radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short wave visible energy from the sun. The exact process by which the earth loses heat is rather more complex than often portrayed. In particular, convective transport of heat, and evaporative transport of latent heat are both important in removing heat from the surface and redistributing it in the atmosphere. Pure radiative transport is more important higher up. Diurnal and geographical variation further complicate the picture. The large scale circulation of the Earth s atmosphere is driven by the difference in absorbed solar radiation per square meter, as the sun heats the Earth more in the Tropics , mostly because of geometrical factors. The atmospheric and oceanic circulation redistributes some of this energy as sensible heat and latent heat partly via the mean flow and partly via eddies, known as cyclone s in the atmosphere. Thus the tropics radiate less to space than they would if there were no circulation, and the poles radiate more however in absolute terms the tropics radiate more energy to space. Radiative cooling on Earth s surface at night Radiative cooling is commonly experienced on cloudless nights, when heat ... technology, ice making by nocturnal cooling was common. The apparatus consisted of a shallow ceramic ... archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 6300EDKJi archivedate 2011 11 06 ref The same radiative cooling ... further2 Age of the Earth The term radiative cooling is generally used for contemporary processes, though the same general principles apply to the cooling of the planet over geological time, which ... law Urban heat island Urban thermal plume References reflist DEFAULTSORT Radiative Cooling Category ... more details
Doppler cooling is a mechanism that can be used to trap and cool atoms . The term is sometimes used synonymously with laser cooling , though laser cooling includes other techniques. History Doppler cooling ... and Dehmelt. One conceptually simple form of Doppler cooling is referred to as optical molasses ... for their work in laser cooling and atom trapping. Brief Explanation Doppler cooling involves ... energy, this is equivalent to cooling the atoms. The Doppler cooling limit is the minimum temperature achievable with Doppler cooling. Detailed Explanation The vast majority of photons that come anywhere ... for said atoms to begin absorbing photons. Something very similar happens in a laser cooling apparatus ... effect, which counteracts the cooling process and imposes a limit on the amount by which the atom can be cooled. Moreover, the optical transition used for cooling in reality must have a finite ... by sub Doppler cooling such as Raman Cooling . Beyond that, evaporative cooling is used to further ... kinetic energy to the colliding atoms &mdash which heats the atoms. This works against the cooling .... Atomic Structure Only certain atoms and ions have optical transitions amenable to laser cooling, since ... state and removing it from the cooling process. It is possible to use other lasers to optical pumping ... degrees of freedom of the atom. Common laser cooling configurations include optical molasses ... atoms. The original laser cooling experiments were performed on ions in ion traps. In theory ... a neutral atom out of the trap. Applications One use for Doppler cooling is the optical molasses .... Doppler cooling is also used in spectroscopy and metrology, where cooling allows narrower spectroscopic features. For example, all of the best atomic clock technologies involve Doppler cooling at some ... Atomic Physics. Oxford University Press 2005 . See also Magneto optical trap Resolved sideband cooling Category Atomic physics Category Cooling technology Category Doppler effects ru ... more details
refimprove date March 2010 Thermoelectric effect cTopic Applications Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy , depending on the direction of the current. Such an instrument is also called a Peltier device, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler TEC . The Peltier device is a heat pump when direct current runs through it, heat is moved from one side to the other. Therefore it can be used either for heating or for cooling refrigeration , although in practice the main application is cooling. It can also be used as a temperature controller that either heats or cools. ref http www.tec microsystems.com EN Intro Thermoelectric Coolers.html Introduction to Miniature Thermoelectric Coolers ref This technology ... compression expansion . Due to the relatively low efficiency, thermoelectric cooling is generally only ... used in camping and portable coolers and for cooling electronic components and small instruments. Some electronic equipment intended for military use in the field is thermoelectrically cooled. The cooling ... , a common molecular biological technique which requires the rapid heating and cooling of the reaction ... to Computer cooling cool computer components to keep temperatures within design limits, or to maintain ... than normally, necessitating a very large and noisy fan or a liquid cooling system. A Peltier ... Bismuth telluride , an efficient thermoelectric material Freezer H2Ceramic cooling H sub 2 sub Ceramic cooling a hybrid combination of thermoelectric and liquid cooling Heat transfer Joule s law Pyroelectric ... cooling Thermoacoustics competitor technology to thermoelectric cooling References http sctbnord.com ... Thermoelectric Cooling Category Cooling technology bg cs Peltier v l nek de Peltier ... more details
clipped onto a microprocessor, with a smaller heatsink without fan in the background. Computer cooling ... can be removed without attention to cooling. Use of heatsinks cooled by airflow reduces the temperature ... hot air. There are also more exotic and extreme techniques, such as water cooling. Many computers ... limit. Cooling may be designed to reduce the ambient temperature within the case of a computer e.g. by exhausting hot air, or to cool a single component or small area spot cooling . Components ... temperature, rather than component case, heatsink, or ambient temperature is critical. Cooling can ... thermal design, cooling air can easily flow out through cooling holes before passing over hot components cooling in such cases can often be improved by blocking of selected holes. Poor heat transfer due to poor thermal contact between components to be cooled and cooling devices. This can be improved ... temperature is high, reducing power consumption and hence heat generation. Air cooling See Computer fan Fans are most commonly used for air cooling when natural convection is insufficient. Computer ... or more fans for cooling. Almost all desktop power supplies have at least one fan to exhaust air ... air flow along the boards stack effect , cooling them. Some manufacturers take advantage of this effect ... air flow for cooling ref ref name silverstoneravenstackeffect The tower case http www.silverstonetek.com.tw ... is expelled from a laptop by an exhaust fan Most laptops use forced air cooling in order to keep ... s frame, to which they transfer heat which is then dissipated. Liquid submersion cooling Full immersion cooling links here An uncommon practice is to submerge the computer s components in a thermal ... between the computer s parts, the cooling fluid and the ambient air. Extreme component density supercomputers ... for cooling personal computers. Evaporation can pose a problem, and the liquid may require either to be regularly ... air fan airflow. Fan cooling is often used to cool processors and graphics cards of high electrical ... more details
Cooling down , also called warming down , ref http www.tothenextlevel.org docs coaches corner tips principles warmup cooldown default.asp Rusty Smith Warming Up & Cooling Down Makes for a Better Workout ref is the term used to describe an easy exercise that will allow the body to gradually transition from an exertional state to a resting or near resting state. Depending on the intensity of the exercise, cooling down can involve a slow jog or walk, or with lower intensities, stretching can be used. Cooling down allows the heart rate to return to its resting rate. Contrary to popular belief, cool down does not reduce delayed onset muscle soreness delayed onset muscle soreness ref Law RYW and Herbert RD 2007 Warm up reduces delayed onset muscle soreness but cool down does not a randomised controlled trial. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 53 91 95. ref and muscle soreness is not caused by lactic acid lactate production during intense exercise. ref Bale P, James H 1991 Massage, warmdown and rest as recuperative measures after short term intense exercise. Physiotherapy in Sport 13 4 7. ref Procedure Cool downs should involve a gradual yet continuous decrease in exercise intensity i.e. from a hard run to an easy jog to a brisk walk , stretching, and rehydration. Durations can vary for different people, but 5 10 minutes is considered adequate. Heart rate During aerobic exercise, peripheral veins, particularly those within muscle, dilate to accommodate the increased blood flow through exercising muscle. The skeletal muscle pump assists in returning blood to the heart and maintaining cardiac output. A sudden cessation of strenuous exercise may cause blood to pool in peripheral dilated veins and the heart must beat faster and harder to adequately oxygenate the body and maintain blood pressure . A cool down period allows a more gradual return to Vein Venous tone venous tone ... Cooling down tl Ehersisyong pampalamig ... more details
is added to acetonitrile then the bath will begin cooling. Once the temperature reaches 41 C, the acetonitrile ... and cheapest cooling bath is an ice water mixture, which maintains a temperature of 0 C. For lower temperatures, three main types of cooling baths are typical Ice A slurry of ice and an inorganic ... 77 pages 629 doi 10.1021 ed077p629 postscript None ref See also List of cooling baths Pumpable ice technology ... Baths.html title Cooling Baths author Carter Research Group publisher Oregon State University cite ... Cryogenics Category Cooling technology de K ltemischung es Ba o refrigerante ja ur ... more details
other uses Image Global Cooling Map.png thumb right Mean temperature anomalies during the period 1965 ... at the time. Global cooling was a conjecture during the 1970s of imminent cooling of the Earth s surface ... to the global cooling conjecture, the current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth ... that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945. Of those scientific papers considering climate trends over the 21st century, only 10 inclined towards future cooling, while most papers predicted future warming. ref name The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus ... accessdate November 17, 2005 ref By the time the idea of global cooling reached the public ... regional cooling effects of a slowdown or shutdown of thermohaline circulation , which might be provoked ... November 17, 2005 ref Physical mechanisms The cooling period is well reproduced by current 1999 ... general agreement that aerosol effects were the dominant cause of the mid 20th century cooling ... cooling aerosols and orbital forcing. Aerosols Human activity &mdash mostly as a by product of fossil ... cooling the planet by reducing the solar radiation reaching the surface and an indirect effect ... 1970s some speculated that this cooling effect might dominate over the warming effect of the carbon ... to have contributed a cooling tendency outweighted by increases in greenhouse gases and also ... rapid cooling . As an objection, the future orbital variations will not closely resemble those ... cooling since about 1940. ref name The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus cite journal title The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus author Peterson, Thomas ... stoat Myth 1970 Global Cooling BAMS 2008.pdf date September 2008 doi 10.1175 2008BAMS2370.1 ... dominated the peer reviewed literature even then ref name The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough ... more details
Cleanup rewrite date May 2009 Passive cooling refers to technologies or design features used to cool building s without power consumption, such as those technologies discussed in the Passive house project. Passive cooling The term passive implies that energy consuming mechanical components like pumps and fans are not used. Passive cooling building design attempts to integrate principles of physics into the building exterior envelope to Slow heat transfer into a building. This involves an understanding of the mechanisms of heat transfer heat conduction , convective heat transfer , and thermal radiation primarily from the sun . Remove unwanted heat from a building. In mild climates with cool dry nights this can be done with ventilation architecture ventilating . In hot humid climates with uncomfortable warm humid nights, ventilation is counterproductive, and some type of solar air conditioning may be cost effective. Shading Shading a building from solar radiation can be achieved in many ways. Buildings can be orientated to take advantage of winter sun longer in the East West dimension , while shading walls and windows from direct hot summer sun. This can be achieved by designing location specific wide eaves or overhangs above the Equator side vertical windows South side in the Northern hemisphere , North side in the Southern hemisphere . Passive solar buildings should not allow direct sunlight through, use large glass areas directly into the living space in the summer. A greenhouse ... have a significant impact on heat transfer rate and therefore on heating and cooling requirement ..., which can account for a major portion of heating and cooling energy bills. For many good ... or winter . The rate of heat transfer which is related to heating and cooling requirement is determined ... the day, and release it at night. See also Earth cooling tubes Examples http www.dwls.org Druk White Lotus School in Ladakh , India makes using of both passive heating and cooling systems. References ... more details
engine HCCI HCCI engine IRIS engineEnginecooling bottom References Reflist Refbegin J. G. Landels ...about a machine to convert energy into useful mechanical motion other uses of engineEngine disambiguation ... combustion engine from a Mercedes car Mercedes car An engine or motor is a machine designed ..., as a steam engine, that receives and modifies energy from some natural source in order to utilize ... form of energy into mechanical energy so as to produce motion ref Heat engine s, including internal combustion engine s and external combustion engine s such as steam engine s burn a fuel to create ... energy to create motion. Terminology Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force ... to as siege engine s . The term gin as in cotton gin is recognised as a short form of the Old French ... engine gained its name. Citation needed date February 2010 In modern usage, the term is used to describe devices capable of performing mechanical work , as in the original steam engine. In most cases ... systems, an air breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried rather than supplying an independent oxidizer, as in a rocket . In common usage, an wiktionary engineengine combustion burns or otherwise consumes fuel , and is differentiated from an electric machine i.e., electric motor that derives power without changing the composition of matter. ref Engine , McGraw ... Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 714. ref A heat engine may also serve as a wiktionary prime mover prime mover ... combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine. The term wiktionary motor motor was originally used to distinguish the new internal combustion engine powered vehicles from earlier vehicles powered by steam engine ... engine. Citation needed date February 2010 Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly ... animal power , Water wheel water power , Windmill wind power and even Steam engine steam power date ... more details
The Engine is a fictional device described in Gulliver s Travels by Jonathan Swift in 1726. It is possibly the earliest known reference to a device in any way resembling a modern computer . ref cite news author Eric A. Weiss coauthors title Jonathan Swift s Computing Invention url http www.computer.org portal web csdl doi 10.1109 MAHC.1985.10017 quote In 1726 Jonathan Swift published a description of a wonderful machine, made of equal parts of ... work IEEE date 1985 accessdate 2010 01 26 ref It is found at the Academy of Projectors in Lagado and is described thus by Swift blockquote ... Every one knew how laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and sciences whereas, by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable charge, and with a little bodily labour, might write books in philosophy, poetry, politics, laws, mathematics, and theology, without the least assistance from genius or study. He then led me to the frame, about the sides, whereof all his pupils stood in ranks. It was twenty feet square, placed in the middle of the room. The superfices was composed of several bits of wood, about the bigness of a die, but some larger than others. They were all linked together by slender wires. These bits of wood were covered, on every square, with paper pasted on them and on these papers were written all the words of their language, in their several moods, tenses, and declensions but without any order. The professor then desired me to observe for he was going to set his engine at work. The pupils, at his command, took each of them hold of an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixed round the edges of the frame and giving them a sudden turn, the whole disposition .... This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn, the engine was so contrived, that the words ... http www.technovelgy.com ct content.asp?Bnum 573 title Knowledge Engine &ndash The first reference ... Computable knowledge Category Fictional computers Category Gulliver s Travels DEFAULTSORT Engine ... more details
Infobox Single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name EngineEngine 9 Cover Artist Roger Miller Album The 3rd Time Around B side Released May 1965 Format Recorded Genre Country music Country Length 2 18 Label Mercury Records Mercury Writer Roger Miller Producer Jerry Kennedy Last single King of the Road song King of the Road br 1965 This single EngineEngine 9 br 1965 Next single One Dyin and a Buryin br 1965 Misc EngineEngine 9 is the title of a song written and recorded by American country music artist Roger Miller . It was released in May 1965 as the lead single from the album, The 3rd Time Around . The song peaked at number 2 on the U.S. country singles chart. ref cite book title The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits 1944 2006, Second edition last Whitburn first Joel authorlink Joel Whitburn year 2004 publisher Record Research page 149 ref Chart performance class wikitable sortable align left Chart 1965 align center Peak br position align left U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles align center 2 align left U.S. Billboard Hot 100 align center 7 align left U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary align center 2 align left Canadian RPM Top Singles align center 11 align left UK Singles Chart align center 33 References reflist Category 1965 singles Category Roger Miller songs Category Songs written by Roger Miller 1960s country song stub ... more details
Shock cooling refers to the theory that damage to engines particularly Air cooled engine air cooled aviation ... 182883 1.html ref , a respected aviation engine expert and author believes, shock cooling is not a major ..., may be employed to monitor the temperature and cooling rate of the engine. Usually a simple analog ... having to reduce engine power substantially, slowing the rate of enginecooling. Notes and references ... piston engine components DEFAULTSORT Shock Cooling Engines Category Aircraft engines nl Schokkoeling ... where rapid cooling arises is on Descent aircraft descent from altitude. In this condition, less Power physics power is demanded of the engine it is throttled back so it is developing much less heat. In a descent, the plane s airspeed increases, simultaneously increasing the cooling rate of the engine. As metals expand and contract under temperature changes, dimensional changes in the engine may exceed tolerance limits. Manifestation Damage from shock cooling is most commonly believed to manifest itself as stuck 4 stroke cycle engine valves valves ref http avweb.com news maint 182883 1.html ref and Cylinder engine cracked cylinders . Analysis While the subject is controversial and hotly debated, some believe shock cooling, as commonly explained, is nothing but a myth . This position is supported by the fact twin engine planes commonly experience ideal conditions for shock cooling during simulated, single engine failures, yet statistically show no difference in wear or damage Probability ... head temperatures drop off after a normal engine shutdown is often much faster than the usual rates deemed to present a shock cooling risk. Furthermore, others believe Citation needed date August 2010 damage usually associated with shock cooling is actually caused by rapid throttle changes where fuel, which has been supercooled during high altitude flight, is introduced into a very hot engine cylinder ... cooling . Given the available data, it strongly suggests shock cooling is nothing but a myth, at least ... more details
Morefootnotes article date May 2009 The Suzuki Advanced Cooling System SACS was developed by Suzuki engineer Etsuo Yokouchi in the early 1980s. The system was used extensively on GSXR model bikes from 1985 through 1992. Suzuki continued to use the system in its GSF Bandit and GSX GSX F, GSX1400, Inazuma lines until the 2006 model year. Engines using the SACS system were generally regarded as being very durable. Development While addressing reliability issues in Suzuki s only turbo charged bike, the XN85, the SACS system was first conceived by Mr. Estuo Yokouchi, who looked to World War II era aircraft for inspiration. Like air cooled motorcycles, radial engine s used in many early aircraft suffered from heat and reliability issues. To overcome these problems, aircraft engineers often used oil jets aimed at the bottom of an engine s pistons to carry away excess heat. Following their example, Yokouchi decided to apply the approach to motorcycles . The result was a success. When the GSXR entered development, Suzuki set a goal of convert 100 hp for a 750 engine and, due to known heat related problems in high power air cooled engines, determined that air cooling alone would not be sufficient ... larger GSXRs. The final GSX R SACS engine appeared on the GSXR1100 in 1992, later bikes featured water cooling. Image SACS.jpg thumb 300px Suzuki Advanced Cooling System Badge from a 1991 GSXR 1100 Mechanics The SACS system uses high volumes of engine oil aimed at strategic points of the engine, like the top of the combustion chamber, which are not typically well served by air cooling alone. In order to provide enough oil for both cooling and lubrication, the system uses a double chamber oil ... , while the low pressure, high volume side provides oil to the cooling and filtering circuit. The oil removes heat from hot engine parts through direct contact, is pumped away and subsequently routed ... technology es SACS it Suzuki Advanced Cooling System nl Suzuki Advanced Cooling System ... more details
engine F 1 Rocket Engine Components. The regenerative cooling tubes are the gray shaded areas of the F 1 s thrust chamber and nozzle extension . Regenerative cooling , used in the context of rocket engine ... engine of this type was also tested in March 1933 by Klaus Riedel in the VfR . The Austrian scientist Eugen S nger was particularly famous for experiments with enginecooling starting in 1933 however ... alcohol at low chamber pressure to avoid melting the engine. The American Redstone rocket Redstone engine used the same design. A key innovation in regenerative cooling was the Soviet U 1250 engine designed ..., channels or otherwise in a jacket around the combustion chamber or nozzle to cool the engine because ... there. History 1857 Siemens introduced the Regenerative cooling concept Citation needed date October 2010 . On 10 May 1898, James Dewar used regenerative cooling to become the first to statically ... ref . The concept of regenerative cooling was also mentioned in 1903 in an article by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky . Robert Goddard built the first regeneratively cooled engine in 1923, but rejected the scheme as too complex. A regeneratively cooled engine was built by the Italian researcher, Gaetano Arturo .... The V 2 rocket engine, the most powerful of its time at 25 tonne force tons 245 kilonewton kN of thrust ... . The American style of lining the engine with copper tubes is called the spaghetti construction ... coolants, and these techniques can be seldom used. Regenerative cooling is seldom used in isolation, film cooling ref http www.me.umn.edu labs tcht measurements what.html film cooling ref , curtain cooling ref http sci.tech archive.net Archive sci.space.tech 2005 01 0059.html curtain cooling ref , transpiration cooling , radiation cooling ref http www.engineeringatboeing.com articles heart.htm radiation cooling ref are very frequently employed as well. Mechanical considerations With regenerative cooling, the pressure in the cooling channels is significantly above the chamber pressure ... more details
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