Taxobox color violet name EnterobacteriaphageT4 image Tevenphage.svg image width 300px image caption Structural overview of the T4phage virus group I ordo Caudovirales familia Myoviridae genus T4 like viruses species T4Phage t 4 bacteriophage is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli bacterium bacteria ... as a capsid . T4 is a relatively large phage , at approximately 90 nanometer nm wide and 200 nm ... lifecycle . Infection process The T4Phage initiates an E. coli infection by recognizing cell ... The T4phage has some unique features, such as Eukaryote like intron s High speed DNA copying ... Prize winners worked with phageT4 or T4 like phages including Max Delbr ck , Salvador Luria , Alfred ... genome project. http phage.bioc.tulane.edu http phage.bioc.tulane.edu . The T4 like phage full genomic ... of phageT4 biology ISBN 0 19 514850 9 cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.0503404102 author Filee J. Tetart ... Escherichia coli phage JS98 implications for the evolution of T4 phages journal J. Bacteriol. volume ... pmc 532421 Characterization of a T4 like phage cite journal author Desplats C, Krisch HM title The diversity ... cgi content full 67 1 86 pmc 150520 Review of phageT4, from the perspective of its genome ... pmid 11976309 pmc 135041 Overview of the RB49 genome, a T4 like phage cite journal author Malys N ... display library detection and analysis of phageT4 terminase gp17 and late sigma factor gp55 interaction ... 2836 02 00298 X T4phage application in biotechnology for studying protein interaction cite journal ..., to begin to learn about the biology T4phage ISBN 1 55581 064 0 Eddy, S. R. 1992. Introns in the T Even ... year 1962 pmid 14454648 T4 like phage isolation, including that of phage Ox2 refend External links http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 504.html Viralzone T4 like viruses DEFAULTSORT EnterobacteriaPhageT4 Category Caudovirales Category Bacteriophages ca Fag T4 de T4Phage es Fago T4 fr Phage ... ES coauthors Kutter, E, Mosig, G, Arisaka, F, Kunisawa, T, R ger, W title Bacteriophage T4 genome ... more details
, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece DEFAULTSORT EnterobacteriaPhage T2 Category Caudovirales Category Bacteriophages es Fago T2 it Fago T2 tr Enterobacteriaphage T2 zh T2 ...Refimprove date April 2010 Taxobox virus group I ordo Caudovirales familia Myoviridae genus T4 like viruses species Enterobacteriaphage T2 Image Tevenphage.svg thumb right T2 Bacteriophage Enterobacteriaphage T2 is a virulent phage bacteriophage of the T4 like viruses genus, in the family Myoviridae . It infects E. coli Escherichia coli and is the best known of the T even phages. Its virus virion contains linear double stranded DNA , terminally redundant and circularly permuted. The phage is covered by a protective protein coat, which normally contains sulfur. In addition, the only molecule in the phage that contains phosphorus is its DNA . This phage can quickly turn an E. coli cell into a T2 producing factory that releases phages when the cell ruptures. Hershey Chase experiment Experiments conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase displayed that the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins remain outside. The injected DNA molecules cause the bacterial cells to produce more viral DNA and proteins. These discoveries supported that DNA, rather than proteins, is the hereditary material. The first phages that were studied in detail included seven that commonly infect E. coli. They were named Type 1 T1 , Type 2 T2 , etc., for easy reference, but as it happens T2, T4 and T6 are structurally similar polyhedral head, tail structure and fibres for attaching to the surface of a bacterium , and this easily recognizable shape is now referred to as the T Even phage. Like all viruses, T Even phages cannot reproduce extracellularly. They need ... s death. The phage can attach to the surface of a bacterium using the proteins on its feet tail fibres ... cell s ribosomes to replicate, and synthesise proteins for the capsid and tail of the phage ... more details
Taxobox name Enterobacteriaphage G4 virus group II familia Microviridae genus Microvirus species Enterobacteriaphage G4 Enterobacteriaphage G4 is a bacteriophage capable of infecting susceptible bacteria l cells. The phage was originally isolated from samples of raw sewage and infects E. coli . ref cite journal last Godson first G title Evolution of X174. Isolation of four new X like phages and comparison with X174 journal Virology date 1 March 1974 volume 58 issue 1 pages 272 289 doi 10.1016 0042 6822 74 90161 5 ref Its isometric capsid contains a single stranded circular genome of about 5.5 base pairs kbp . Phage G4 bears high genetic and structural similarity to the phage X174 , though the two phage genomes are up to 39 percent different by sequence. ref cite journal last Godson first G. N. coauthors Barrell, B. G., Staden, R., Fiddes, J. C. title Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage G4 DNA journal Nature date 16 November 1978 volume 276 issue 5685 pages 236 247 doi 10.1038 276236a0 ref Synthetic phage G4 genomes, after transformation into E. coli , were still translated by the host cells and led to complete and infective G4 viral particles. ref cite journal last Yang first Ruilin coauthors Han, Yonghua, Ye, Yiwang, Liu, Yuchen, Jiang, Zhimao, Gui, Yaoting, Cai, Zhiming, Wrede, Paul title Chemical Synthesis of Bacteriophage G4 journal PLoS ONE date 16 November 2011 volume 6 issue 11 pages e27062 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0027062 ref References reflist 2 External links http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 10843 UniProt Taxonomy http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?lvl 0&id 10843 NCBI Taxonomy http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov nuccore V00657 NCBI Nucleotide full genome Category Bacteriophages molecular biology stub Virus stub ... more details
Taxobox virus group I ordo Caudovirales familia Myoviridae genus P2 like viruses species Enterobacteriaphage P4 Enterobacteriaphage P4 also known as satellite phage P4 is a temperate bacteriophage of the family Myoviridae . ref cite journal last Pruss first G coauthors Goldstein, RN, Calendar, R title In vitro packaging of satellite phage P4 DNA journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America date 1974 Jun volume 71 issue 6 pages 2367 71 pmid 4526304 doi 10.1073 pnas.71.6.2367 pmc 388456 ref Structure The P4 virion has a tail and an icosohedral head containing an 11.6 Base pair Length measurements kb genome . ref cite journal last Briani first Federica coauthors Deh , Gianni, Forti, Francesca, Ghisotti, Daniela title The Plasmid Status of Satellite Bacteriophage P4 journal Plasmid year 2002 volume 45 issue 1 pages 1 17 doi 10.1006 plas.2000.1497 pmid 11319927 ref Life cycle Phage P4 infects E. coli Escherichia coli and cannot engage in lytic growth without presence of a Enterobacteriaphage P2 P2 related helper phage . It generally follows a lysogeny lysogenic life cycle after infection, the P4 genome integrates into that of its host. The P4 genome can also exist on its own within the host cell and can replicate as a free plasmid . ref cite journal last Christie first GE coauthors Calendar, R title Interactions between satellite bacteriophage P4 and its helpers. journal Annual review of genetics year 1990 volume 24 pages 465 90 pmid 2088176 doi 10.1146 annurev.ge.24.120190.002341 ref External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 31505&lvl 3&lin f&keep 1&srchmode 1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy References reflist 2 Category Caudovirales Category Bacteriophages virus stub ... more details
Bacteriophage P2 is a temperate phage that infects E. coli . It is a tailed virus with a contractile sheath and is thus classified in the family Myoviridae and the order Caudovirales . This class of viruses includes many P2 like phages as well as the satellite phageEnterobacteriaphage P4 P4 . ref cite journal last Bowden first DW coauthors Modrich, P title In vitro maturation of circular bacteriophage P2 DNA. Purification of ter components and characterization of the reaction. journal The Journal of biological chemistry date 1985 Jun 10 volume 260 issue 11 pages 6999 7007 pmid 2987239 ref File phageP2.jpg thumb Enterobacteriaphage P2 Virion structure Phage P2 has a double stranded DNA genome packaged in an icosahedral capsid with a diameter of 60 nanometers that is connected to a 135 nanometer long tail. Presence of phage P4 can cause P2 to form smaller capsids. ref cite journal last Dearborn first AD coauthors Laurinmaki, P, Chandramouli, P, Rodenburg, CM, Wang, S, Butcher, SJ, Dokland, T title Structure and size determination of bacteriophage P2 and P4 procapsids Function of size responsiveness mutations. journal Journal of structural biology date 2012 Apr 9 pmid 22508104 ref The tail ends in a baseplate which is the control hub for phage infectivity. The baseplate includes 6 tail fibers which initially bind to receptors on the bacterial cell wall and a tail spike protein that subsequently binds irreversibly to other receptors on the cell wall. References Reflist virus stub Category Bacteriophages ... more details
T4 or T 4 may refer to tocright In airports and airlines The IATA airline code for Hellas Jet Madrid Barajas International Airport Terminal 4 T4 Madrid Barajas Airport Terminal 4 London Heathrow Airport Terminal 4 In biology and medicine T4phage , a bacteriophage Thyroxine T sub 4 sub , a form of thyroid hormones the T4 spinal nerve the fourth thoracic vertebrae of the vertebral column A non small cell lung carcinoma staging for a type of tumour In entertainment T4 Channel 4 T4 Channel 4 , the weekend daytime teen aimed slot on Channel 4 in UK Terminator Salvation , sometimes referred to as Terminator 4 In Computer Hardware SPARC T4 , a microprocessor introduced by Oracle Microelectronics in 2011 In software and video games Text Template Transformation Toolkit , a technology developed by Microsoft Tekken 4 , a fighting game Vehicles Dayton Wright T 4 , a 1918 American light, single seat reconnaissance aircraft Kawasaki T 4 , a Japanese aircraft Soyuz T 4 , a spatial mission Sukhoi T 4 , a Soviet aircraft Tatra T4 , a 1967 Czechoslovakian tram Thaden T 4 , a 1930s American four seat all metal cabin monoplane Volkswagen Eurovan T4 Volkswagen Transporter series IV van a model of the OS T1000 train of the Oslo Metro Weapons and explosives T 4 Atomic Demolition Munition , a small tactical nuclear bomb G7e torpedo G7e T4 Falke G7e T4 , a Falke German torpedo The Italian name for the high explosive RDX Other A T4 slip, a tax return form used in income taxes in Canada Action T4 , a Nazi Germany euthanasia program Normal space in topology Paris Tramway Line 4 the version 4 of Traveller role playing game Traveller role playing game Letter NumberCombDisambig cs T4 de T4 es T4 fr T4 ko T4 it T4 he T4 nl T4 ja T4 pl T4 pt T4 ru T4 sk T4 sv T4 vi T 4 zh T 4 ... more details
Enterobacteria may refer to common name for members of the Enterobacteriaceae , a family of bacteria REF. NCBI taxonomy. Bergey s manual and others. In non scientific parlance, it may erroneously refer to any enteric bacteria not aware of any instance of this dab ... more details
Phage is the shortened form of bacteriophage , a virus that infects bacteria. Phage from Greek phagein, to eat may also refer to In virology Enterobacteriaphage T2 , virulent bacteriophage of the T4 like viruses genus EnterobacteriaphageT4 , phage that infects E. coli bacteria Lambda phage , temperate bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli M13 phage , filamentous bacteriophage composed of circular single stranded DNA P22 phage , virus that infects salmonella Phi X174 phage , the first organism to have its genome sequenced Pseudomonas phage 6 , the best studied bacteriophage of the family Cystoviridae T7 phage , phage capable of infecting susceptible bacterial cells In molecular biology Phage display , test to screen for protein interactions by integrating multiple genes from a gene bank into phages Phage ecology , the study of the interaction of bacteriophage with their environments Phage monographs , books published on the topic of bacteriophage Phage therapy , alternative disease treatment to antibiotics In cellular biology Phagocyte , a cell that ingests foreign cells, viruses, and debris Macrophage , a large phagocyte that originates from a monocyte In other fields Phage Voyager episode Phage Voyager episode , the fifth episode of the television series Star Trek Voyager Phage comics , supervillain from the Spider Man comic books Shadow Galactica Phage Phages , monsters of the day in the final season of Sailor Moon Sailor Stars List of characters in Magic The Gathering P PhagePhage, the Untouchable a character from Magic the Gathering Phages EP Phages , an EP by Canadian rock group The Most Serene Republic Phage computer virus Phage , a computer virus affecting the Palm OS operating system Phages, or Knights of Avalon, are generically engineered humans in the novel Dances on the Snow , trained from an early age to fight any threat to the Human Empire. disambig nl Phage ... more details
pmid 16277371 ref though EnterobacteriaphageT4T4 , ref name doi 10.1016 S0022 2836 02 00298 X cite journal author Malys N, Chang DY, Baumann RG, Xie D, Black LW title A bipartite bacteriophage T4 SOC and HOC randomized peptide display library detection and analysis of phageT4 terminase gp17 and late ...Phage display is a laboratory technique for the study of Protein protein interaction protein protein ... fusion phage novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface journal ... ref Phage Display was originally invented by George P. Smith in 1985, when he demonstrated the display of peptides on filamentous phage by fusing the peptide of interest on to gene III of filamentous phage. ref name smith This technology was further developed and improved by groups at the MRC Laboratory ..., which is analogous to natural selection . The most common bacteriophages used in phage display are M13 bacteriophage M13 and fd filamentous phage , ref cite journal author Smith GP, Petrenko VA title Phage display journal Chem. Rev. volume 97 issue 2 pages 391 410 year 1997 doi 10.1021 cr960065d pmid 11848876 ref ref cite journal author Kehoe JW, Kay BK title Filamentous phage display in the new ... 10.1016 S0022 2836 02 00298 X pmid 12051907 ref T7 phage T7 , and Lambda phagephage have also been used. Principle Like the two hybrid system , phage display is used for the high throughput screening of protein interactions. In the case of M13 bacteriophage M13 filamentous phage display, the DNA ... fragment is Gene translation translated in the proper frame. The phage gene and insert DNA hybridization ... Vector molecular biology vector is used a simplified display construct vector virus phage particles will not be released from the E. coli cells until they are infected with Helper virus helper phage , which enables packaging of the phage DNA and assembly of the mature virus virions with the relevant .... By immobilizing a relevant DNA or protein target s to the surface of a microtiter plate well, a phage ... more details
to the host and providing specificity. Genome The genome of the P1 phage is moderately large, around 93Kbp ref name Lobocka2004 in length compared to the genomes of e.g. EnterobacteriaphageT4T4 169Kbp, lambda phage lambda 48Kbp and Ff phages Ff 6.4Kbp . In the viral particle it is in the form ...Taxobox color violet name P1 phage image image width image caption virus group I ordo Caudovirales familia Myoviridae genus P1 like viruses species P1 Phage P1 is a Temperateness virology temperate bacteriophage phage that infects Escherichia coli and a some other bacteria. When undergoing a lysogenic cycle the phage genome exists as a plasmid in the bacterium ref name Lobocka2004 Cite journal doi ... phages e.g. the lambda phage that integrate into the host DNA. P1 has an icosahedral head containing the DNA attached to a contractile tail with six tail fibers. The P1 phage has gained research interest ... with loxP sites. see Cre Lox recombination Morphology The virion is similar in structure to the T4phage but simpler. ref name Lobocka2004 It has an icosahedral head ref Cite journal issn 0022 538X volume ... in the tail fibers of unrelated phages like the mu phage and the lambda phage . Life cycle Temperate phage, such as P1, have the ability to exist within the bacteria l Cell biology cell they infect ... resulting in host cell death. During lysogeny new phage particles are not produced. In contrast, during lytic growth many new phage particles are assembled and released from the cell. By alternating ... be imposed upon the bacterial host in which it exists. A unique feature of phage P1 is that during ... stages The phage particle adsorbs onto the surface of the bacterium using the tail fibers for specificity. The tail sheath contracts and the DNA of the phage is injected into the host cell. The host ... redundant ends and circularize the genome. Depending on various physiological cues, the phage may ... phage is maintained as a low copy number plasmid in the bacterium. The relatively large size of the plasmid ... more details
phageEnterobacteriaphage f1 br Bacteriophage f1 is structurally classified as a class I filamentous phage , and is closely related to the other Ff phages, such as M13 and phage fd. ref name Bacteriophages ... in italics and their associated proteins in Roman. Morphology Phage f1 is a filamentous rod shaped ssDNA phage, with a molecular mass of about 1.6x10 sup 7 sup Da by weight it is 11.3 percent ... of the coat proteins of the phage. ref name Bacteriophages ref name PMID10404600 A domain ... the phage particle to the host and distributing the coat proteins into the host membrane. ref name ... Phage II specifically cuts the strand at the origin, and host Rep helicase aids rolling circle ... host enzymes are necessary for translation. ref name Bacteriophages Phage proteins can be detected ... for the attachment and orientation of the genome in the phage. ref name Bacteriophages ... This phage does not Lysis lyse its host, but can secrete many copies of itself throughout the life of the host ... affected by the phage. ref name Bacteriophages ref name PMID4979697 Cite pmid 4979697 ref The phage ... phage entry can be reused for the packaging of new phage, and as with newly synthesized coat proteins ... encoded thioredoxin is the only known host protein required for assembly of nascent phage and likely ... of phages. ref name Bacteriophages The phage is enlongated by continually removing dimer s of V and replacing them with the major coat protein. The phage coat consists of about 2700 copies ... be packaged into the phage coat. ref name Bacteriophages Excessive copies of the phage genome can be packaged, called polyphage although these are due to improper termination of extrusion about 5 of the phage ... phage will remain anchored to the host, and attachment of another V DNA complex will continue the enlongation ... of additional genomes. ref name Bacteriophages Phage can be assembled and released ... name PMID1943697 Cite pmid 1943697 ref External links http ecoliwiki.net colipedia index.php Phage ... more details
Taxobox name Enterobacteriaphage T7 virus group I ordo Caudovirales familia Podoviridae genus T7 like viruses species T7 phage File T7 Phage.jpg Bacteriophage T7 is a bacteriophage capable of infecting susceptible bacteria l cells. It infects most strains of Escherichia coli including Escherichia coli O157 H7 E. coli O157 H7 , a strain of E. coli which can cause foodborne illness . Bacteriophage T7 ... it an ideal phage for experimentation. Discovery Bacteriophage T7 was identified in 1945 as a member ... 17247150 ref , although it is probably identical to phage , used earlier by Delbr ck. A close relative ... complex structural symmetry, with a capsid of the phage that is spherical with an inner diameter of 55 .... Genome The genome of phage T7 ref cite web title Genome of bacteriophage T7 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... science article pii S0022283683802824 ref . The head of the phage particle contains the roughly ... to the lysis of the host cell when new phage are released. Due to the short latent period most ... optimal conditions in rich media results. This adapted phage can undergo an effective expansion ... ref . Infection of Host Bacteria The T7 phage recognizes receptors on the surface of E.coli ... the phage genome into the cell at the initiation of infection, virion proteins must first make a channel ... dx.doi.org.libproxy.clemson.edu 10.1016 j.virol.2009.12.002 ref . The phage also injects proteins needed ... 03 2010 home 1428 new details about bacteriophage t7 host interactions ref Once the T7 phage ... of viral genome begins. The T7 phage completes the lytic process in optimal conditions within ... phage s DNA polymerase . T7 polymerase uses E. coli s endogenous thioredoxin as a sliding clamp during phage DNA replication though thioredoxin normally has a different function . The sliding clamp ... Park, CA 94025, USA References Reflist External links MeshName T7 Phage http www.evergreen.edu phage ... T7 Phage Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology molecular biology stub Virus stub ... more details
Infobox music festival music festival name T4 on the Beach image File McFly T4Beach.jpg 200px caption ... www.channel4.com entertainment t4 microsites O onthebeach index.html channel4.com t4onthebeach T4 ... title and venue in 2005. ref cite news last Dalton first Stephen title T4 on the Beach, at Weston ... ref ref cite web title T4 on the Beach, 2005 url http www.bbc.co.uk somerset content articles 2005 04 06 t4 on the beach event feature.shtml publisher BBC accessdate 18 June 2011 ref The day consists ... provided a platform for newer upcoming bands, renamed in 2010 to the T4 Sessions stage. ref http www.digitalspy.co.uk music news a202855 t4 on the beach confirmed for 2010.html T4 On The Beach confirmed for 2010 Digital Spy, 12 February 2010 ref T4 on the Beach 2006 Acts performing at the 2006 event ... , Shayne Ward , Simon Webbe , Will Young and The Zutons . ref cite web title T4 on the Beach 2006 url http www.bbc.co.uk somerset content image galleries t4 on the beach 2006 gallery.shtml publisher BBC accessdate 18 June 2011 ref ref cite web title T4 on the Beach 2006 url http www.bbc.co.uk somerset content articles 2006 04 07 t4 on the beach 2006 event feature.shtml work Features publisher BBC accessdate 18 June 2011 ref T4 on the Beach 2007 The T4 Channel 4 T4 presenter hosts of the event ... Ellis Bextor , Athlete band Athlete and The Pigeon Detectives . ref cite web title T4 on the Beach 2007 url http www.bbc.co.uk somerset content articles 2007 03 08 t4 on the beach 2007 feature.shtml publisher BBC accessdate 18 June 2011 ref ref cite web title T4 on the Beach 2007 url http www.last.fm festival 221591 T4 on the Beach 2007 publisher Last fm accessdate 18 June 2011 ref For the first ... and the Town , Remi Nicole , The Hoosiers and The Twang . ref cite web title T4 on the Beach 2007 url http www.virtualfestivals.com t4 on the beach 2007 publisher Virtual Festivals accessdate 18 June 2011 ref T4 on the Beach 2008 2008 s T4 on the Beach took place on 20 July. The event was hosted ... more details
Infobox Train background yellow name Tatra T4 image Bucharest Tatra tram 1.jpg imagesize caption T4 in Bucharest interiorimage interiorcaption service manufacturer KD Tatra factory family replaced yearconstruction 1967&ndash 1987 yearservice refurbishment yearscrapped construction numberbuilt 3509 numberservice numberpreserved numberscrapped formation designation capacity 20 seats br 77 standing operator depots lines carbody trainlength convert 15200 mm ftin abbr on carlength width convert 2200 mm ftin abbr on height convert 3063 mm ftin abbr on floorheight platformheight entrylevelorstep art sections doors 3 maxspeed weight acceleration deceleration traction engine powerout transmission aux powersup hvac voltage collectionmethod uicclass wheel arrangement bogies 2 brakes safety coupling multipleworking gauge RailGauge sg , RailGauge 1 , convert 1525 mm ftin abbr on T4 is the name of a tram produced by KD KD Tatra . It is the narrower variant of the Tatra T3 model. A large number of cars was supplied to the German Democratic Republic DDR , the USSR , Romania and the former Yugoslavia using names T4D, T4SU, T4R and T4YU, respectively. The T4 was originally developed in 1958 and has been continuously modernized or copied since. Types T4D Image DVB Tatra T4D Altmarkt.jpg thumb left ... is increased by using low floor trailer cars. The T4 is remarkable particularly for its distinctive ... is also uncertain, although they originally intended to convert all existing 130 T4 cars into 65 ... from 1967 to 1987 and delivered to ref name Tatra T4 production list cite web title Tatra T4 production list url http www.strassenbahnen online.de tatra t4 index.html work Strassenbahnen Online accessdate ... 789 431 321 117 85 3509 Photo gallery commons Tatra Tram T4 Tatra T4 gallery widths 100px heights ... reflist TatraTram Category Tram vehicles bg T4 cs Tatra T4 de Tatra T4 fr Tatra T4 hr Tatra T4 it Tatra T4 hu Tatra T4 nl Tatra T4 pl Tatra T4 ru Tatra T4 sk Tatra T4 uk Tatra T4 ... more details
File Troller T4.jpg thumb Troller T4 The Troller T4 is a four wheel drive vehicle made by Troller Ve culos Especiais Troller Ve culos Especiais S A . It s available only as a two door car with a fibreglass body and steel chassis, with a design inspired by the Jeep . It has standard 4WD, a 5 speed Eaton manual transmission and Dana axles. The engine is a 3.0 L turbo Diesel engine Diesel built by MWM International Motores MWM and was introduced in 2004. ref name jipemania pt icon http www.jipemania.com newsd 0309 troller 2004.htm Troller 2004 com V rias Novidades Jipemania September 1, 2003 ref ref name portalalpini pt icon http www.alpini.com.br sisnot integra.asp?id 3316 Troller recebe novo motor 3,0 de 163 cavalos Portal Alipini August 29, 2005 ref References Reflist External links http www.youtube.com watch?v 3EgFTeRRP5w YouTube video commons category Troller vehicles Category Cars of Brazil Category SUVs Category Off road vehicles Category All wheel drive vehicles Category 2000s automobiles Modern auto stub pt Troller T4 ... more details
refimprove date January 2012 Taxobox color violet name Enterobacteriaphage image width 200px image caption image virus group I ordo Caudovirales familia Siphoviridae genus like viruses species Phage Image LambdaPlaques.jpg thumb 300px Lysis plaques of lambda phage on E. coli bacteria. Enterobacteriaphage lambda phage , coliphage is a Temperate virology temperate bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli . Lambda phage is a virus particle consisting of a head, containing double stranded linear DNA as its genetic material, and a tail that can have tail fibers. The phage particle recognizes and binds to its host, Escherichia coli E. coli , causing DNA in the head of the phage to be ejected .... This leads to assembly of multiple new phage particles within the cell and subsequent cell lysis .... However, under certain conditions the phage DNA may integrate itself into the host cell chromosome ... is present. The prophage is duplicated with every subsequent cell division of the host. The phage genes expressed in this dormant state code for protein s that repress expression of other phage genes ... phage genes. Stress can be from starvation , poisons like antibiotics , or other factors ... phage was discovered by Esther Lederberg in 1950 when it was noticed that a colony produced by replica ... pmc 1209586 ref Lambda phage has been used heavily as a model organism , and has been a rich source ... the cos site. The cos site circularizes the DNA in the host cytoplasm. In its circular form, the phage ... ref a porin protein porin molecule which is part of the maltose operon. The linear phage genome is injected ... of cII determines the lifestyle of the phage stable cII will lead to the lysogenic pathway, whereas if cII is degraded the phage will go into the lytic pathway. Low temperature, starvation of the cells ... termination sequences. Lytic life cycle Main Lytic cycle This is the lifecycle that the phage follows ... site see Lambda phage Repressor Repressor section , repressing synthesis from the P sub RM sub ... more details
File SPARC T4.png thumb Oracle SPARC T4 Infobox CPU name SPARC T4 image image size caption produced start 2011 produced end slowest 2.85 fastest 3.0 slow unit GHz fast unit GHz fsb slowest fsb fastest fsb slow unit fsb fast unit size from 40 nm size to soldby designfirm manuf1 core1 S3 sock1 pack1 brand1 ... 4 Megabyte MB application predecessor SPARC T3 successor The SPARC T4 is a SPARC multicore microprocessor ... speculated that this chip would be named T4 , being the successor to the SPARC T3 . ref citation ... ref In December 2010 the T4 processor was confirmed by Oracle s VP of hardware development to be designed ... url http www.hotchips.org program program 23 work www.hotchips.org quote T4 A Highly Threaded Server .... ref name hc2011 citation url http www.theregister.co.uk 2011 08 22 oracle sparc t4 hot chips title Oracle s Sparc T4 chip Will you pay Larry s premium? author Timothy Prickett Morgan date 22 August ... . Total transistor count was approximately 855 million. ref name hc2011 The SPARC T4 processor was officially introduced as part of Oracle s T4 server product in September 2011 ref citation url http news.techeye.net hardware oracle lords it over hp and ibm with sparc t4 title Oracle lords it over HP and IBM with SPARC T4 author Matthew Finnegan work news.techeye.net publisher TechEye ref the design ... internet oracles ellison spins sparc t4 title Oracle s Ellison spins SPARC T4 work news.techeye.net ... of a single T4 processor rack server ran at 2.85 GHz, and processor speeds of up to 3 ... sparc t4 chip servers title Oracle rises for Unix server push author Timothy Prickett Morgan date ... sparc t4 processor ds 497205.pdf title SPARC T4 PROCESSOR publisher Oracle Corporation work www.oracle.com External links citation url http www.oracle.com us corporate features sparc t4 announcement 494846.html title SPARC T4 Processor Delivers Performance Boost for a Wide Range of Workloads work ... Oracle Corporation computer stub it SPARC T4 no SPARC T4 ... more details
T4 lang de Aktion T4 was the name used after World War II ref name Sandner Sandner 1999 385 66 in PDF Note 2. The author claims the term Aktion T4 was not used by the Nazis but was first used in the trials ... t4&hl es&ei P iITfPZEMLogQeq tzXDQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 2&ved 0CCwQ6AEwAQ v onepage&q ... of Action T4 70,273 people were killed, ref Proctor 1988 p.191 ref but the Nuremberg Trials found ... 275,000 people were killed under T4. ref Estimated by objective evidence and condemned ... Online 2003 10 1 German ref The name T4 was an abbreviation of Tiergartenstra e 4 , the address of a villa ... File Viktor Brack N rnberg 2.jpg thumb right 200px Viktor Brack , organiser of the T4 Programme The T4 programme is thought to have developed from the Nazi Party s policy of racial hygiene , the belief ... physician and organiser of Action T4 File Bundesarchiv Bild 183 H13374, Philipp Bouhler.jpg thumb 200px Right Philipp Bouhler , Head of the T4 programme Although officially started in September 1939, Action T4 might have been initiated with a sort of trial balloon ref Friedman 2011 , p.146 note ... of Action T4 official data br 1940 September 1941 bgcolor silver rowspan 2 style font weight bold T4 Center colspan 2 style font weight bold text align center operation colspan 3 style font ..., but notes that the killing of children continued even after the T4 programme was formally ended in 1941. ref The last child to be killed under Action T4 was Richard Jenne on 29 May 1945 ...&ct result&hl es&id cANnAAAAMAAJ&dq 22richard jenne 22 aktion t4&q 22richard jenne 22 search anchor title ... speeches galen.htm , refused to co operate, teams of T4 doctors or in some cases Nazi medical .... In all about 35,000 people were killed in T4 operations that year. Operations at Brandenburg ... the T4 programme was shut down. Even after that date, however, the centres continued to be used to kill ... come from the article de Aktion T4 Aktion T4 on the German Wikipedia, which sources them ... more details
Bacteriophage phage are viruses of bacteria and arguably are Phage ecology Vastness of phage ecology the most numerous organisms on Earth . The history of phage study is captured, in part, in the books published on the topic. This is a list of over 100 monograph on or related to phages. List of phage ... catalog product info.php?products id 18072 Bacteriophages and Biofilms Ecology, Phage Therapy .... 2011. http www.rsc.org shop books 2011 9780854041848.asp Phage Nanobiotechnology . RSC Publishing ... . Springer Verlag, Heidelberg. This edited volume has seven chapters with the words phage or bacteriophage ... cpb contabs cpb11 1.htm The Nuts and Bolts of Phage Therapy. a special issue of the journal ... on phage therapy , plus an editorial. Carnazza, S., Guglielmino, S. eds. 2010. https www.novapublishers.com catalog product info.php?products id 12437 Phage Display As a Tool for Synthetic Biology ... 08DNGwAACAAJ Google Books Mc Grath, S. and van Sinderen, D., eds. 2007. http www.horizonpress.com phage ... , eds. 2007. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology 40th anniversary edition . Cold Spring Harbor ... in Phage Genetics. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. OCLC 62342731, ISBN 0 300 11078 2 ... Books Sidhu, S. S. 2005. Phage Display In Biotechnology and Drug Discovery. CRC Press, OCLC 60311940, ISBN 0 8247 5466 2, http books.google.com books?id xvXhluNfrkC&pg PP1&dq Phage Display In Biotechnology ... Books Clackson, T., and H. B. Lowman. 2004. Phage Display A Practical Approach. Oxford University ...&dq Phage Display A Practical Approach&sig R cCsNRC4qfIEDtWEmrmQJeYwPw Google Books Ptashne, M. 2004. Genetic Switch Phage Lambda Revisited. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ... Switch Phage Lambda Revisited&sig ebQsQOjo0iQbleW9l8QTg1UVzkQ Google Books H usler, T. 2003. Gesund .... 2002. Antibody Phage Display Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, Totawa, NJ. OCLC 50175105, ISBN 0 89603 906 4, http books.google.com books?id pE4 KaORgs8C&pg PP1&dq Antibody Phage Display Methods ... more details
The phage group sometimes called the American Phage Group was an informal network of biologists centered ... biology origins of molecular biology in the mid 20th century. The phage group takes its name from bacteriophage ... to Delbr ck, important scientists associated with the phage group include Salvador Luria , Alfred ... . Origins of the phage group Bacteriophages had been a subject of experimental investigation since ... system to probe the fundamental laws of life , first encountered phage during a 1937 visit to T. H. Morgan ... Drosophila , but another researcher, Emory Ellis , was working with the more elementary phage. During the next few years, Ellis and Delbr ck collaborated on methods of counting phage and tracking ... of the lytic cycle . ref Morange, A History of Molecular Biology , pp 41 43 ref The phage group ... can only be infected by one strain of phage. In 1943, their fluctuation test , later dubbed the Luria ... with Alfred Hershey , another phage experimenter. ref Morange, A History of Molecular Biology , pp ... biologists and physicists into phage research in the early 1940s. ref Morange, A History of Molecular Biology , pp 45 46 ref In 1944, Delbr ck promoted the Phage Treaty , a call for phage researchers to focus on a limited number of phage and bacterial strains, with standardized experimental conditions ... The Phage Group , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, accessed May 4, 2007 ref Phage course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Apart from direct collaborations, the main legacy of the phage group resulted from the yearly summer phage course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . Beginning in 1945, Delbr ck and others taught young biologists the fundamentals of phage biology and experimentation, instilling the phage group s distinctive math and physics oriented approach to biology. Many of the leaders of the emerging field of molecular biology were alumni of the phage course, which continued to be taught ... reflist Commons American Phage Group Phage Group References Cite book edition New Ed publisher Harvard ... more details
Bacteriophage s bacteriophages phages , potentially Vastness of phage ecology the most numerous organisms ... url http www.im.microbios.org 0903 0903163.pdf provides a history. ref . Phage ecology is the study ... on phage ecology was expanded from a stub during the writing of the first chapter of the edited ... , in order to be cited by that chapter especially as a repository of Further reading phage ecology review chapters and articles . ref Introduction to phage ecology Vastness of phage ecology This section is linked from Phage meetings . See WP MOS Section management Phages are obligate intracellular .... As a consequence, phages are found almost everywhere. As a rule of thumb , many phage biologists expect that phage population densities will exceed bacterial densities by a ratio of 10 to 1 or more VBR ... 31 sup or more individual virus mostly phage ref cite journal author Wommack KE, Colwell RR title Virioplankton ... pmc 124953 doi 10.1073 pnas.142680199 url http www.pnas.org cgi content full 99 16 10494 ref . Phage ecological interactions therefore are quantitatively vast huge numbers of interactions. Phage ecological ... Model bacteriophages phage types ref cite journal author Breitbart M, Salamon P, Andresen B, et al ... url http www.pnas.org cgi content full 99 22 14250 ref . Studying phage ecology The study of phage ecology reflects established scientific disciplines in ecological studies in scope, the most obvious being general ecology . Accordingly, phage ecology is treated under the following heads Phage .22organismal.22 ecology organismal ecology , Phage population ecology population ecology , Phage community ecology community ecology , and Phage ecosystem ecology ecosystem ecology . Phage ecology also may be considered though mostly less well formally explored from perspectives of phage behavioral ..., molecular ecology , physiological ecology or ecophysiology , and spatial ecology . Phage ecology ... environmental microbiology , but also from an enormous catalog 90 years of study of phage ... more details
Orphan date November 2011 in universe date October 2009 Henry Phage is a comic book character, an intelligent dinosaur, created by Neil Gaiman for Tekno Comix and featured in Neil Gaiman s Teknophage and Neil Gaiman s Phage Shadow Death and as a villain in Neil Gaiman s Mr Hero the Newmatic Man . Neil Gaiman s Teknophage was written by Rick Veitch and drawn by Bryan Talbot for 1 6. Paul Jenkins writer Paul Jenkins took over from 7 with artist Al Davison until the series cancellation. The character then appeared in a six issue limited series written by Bryan Talbot and penciled by Steve Pugh . Fictional character biography Henry Phage, sometimes called the Teknophage or Mr. Phage by those that worked for him is the ruler of many worlds, including his home world, Kalighoul. He has survived for 65 million years, feeding himself and practically making himself like a god. However, he is not immune to objects that are Off World matter, as we have seen in the Teknophage and Phage Shadow Death comics. He has created his own technology through use of alchemy and has made his world similar to a Victorian era steampunk world. He lives in a gigantic moving building, the Phage building. He has made allies and enemies from almost every planet and has his sights set on Kalighoul s sister world, Earth. Appearances Neil Gaiman s Teknophage 1 10 Neil Gaiman s Phage Shadow Death 1 6 Neil Gaimans s Wheel of Worlds 0 1 Neil Gaiman s Mr Hero the Newmatic Man 1 6, 15, Vol. 2 1 Teknophage versus Zeerus External links http www.bryan talbot.com oldsite shadowdeath index.html Phage Shadow Death Covers Neil Gaiman DEFAULTSORT Hero the Newmatic Man Category Steampunk comics Category American comics titles Category Fictional reptilians comics char stub ... more details
File LambdaPlaques.jpg right thumb A culture of bacteria infected by bacteriophages, the holes are areas where the bacteria have been killed by the virus. The culture is 10cm in diameter. Phage typing is a method used for detecting single Strain biology strains of bacteria . It is used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections. ref name pmid20122382 vcite journal author Baggesen DL, S rensen G, Nielsen EM, Wegener HC title Phage typing of Salmonella Typhimurium is it still a useful tool for surveillance and outbreak investigation? journal Eurosurveillance volume 15 issue 4 pages 19471 year 2010 pmid 20122382 doi url http www.eurosurveillance.org ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId 19471 ref The virus es that infect bacteria are called bacteriophage s phages for short and some of these can only infect a single strain of bacteria. These phages are used to identify different strains of bacteria within a single species. A culture of the strain is grown in the agar and dried. A grid is drawn on the base of the petri dish to mark out different regions. Inoculation of each square of the grid is done by a different phage. The phage drops are allowed to dry and are incubated The susceptible phage regions will show a circular clearing where the bacteria have been lysed, and this is used in differentiation. ref name pmid17582202 cite journal author Turbadkar SD, Ghadge DP, Patil S, Chowdhary AS, Bharadwaj R title Circulating phage type of Vibrio cholerae in Mumbai journal Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology volume 25 issue 2 pages 177 8 year 2007 month April pmid 17582202 doi url http www.ijmm.org article.asp?issn 0255 0857 year 2007 volume 25 issue 2 spage 177 epage 178 aulast Turbadkar ref References references Category Microbiology ... more details
Taxobox color violet name Mu phage image image width image caption virus group I ordo Caudovirales familia Myoviridae genus Mu like viruses species Mu Phage Bacteriophage Mu or phage Mu is a temperate bacteriophage , a type of virus that infects bacteria . Morphology It has an icosahedral head, a contractile tail and 6 tail fibres. ref cite book author Birge, E title Bacterial and bacteriophage genetics edition 4th publisher Springer year 2000 isbn 0387987304 ref Replication It uses DNA based Transposon transposition to integrate its genome into the genome of the host cell that it is infecting. It can then use transposition to initiate its viral DNA replication. Once the viral DNA is inserted into the bacteria, the Mu transposase protein enzyme in the cell recognises the recombination sites at the ends of the viral DNA gix L and gix R sites and binds to them, allowing the process of replicating the viral DNA or embedding it into the host genome. ref cite book author Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P title Molecular Biology of the Cell edition 4th ed. publisher Garland year 2002 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mboc4.TOC&depth 2 isbn 0815332181 ref References Reflist External links http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 507.html Viralzone mu like viruses DEFAULTSORT Mu Phage Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Virus stub ... more details
Image Phage injecting its genome into bacterial cell.png thumb Phage injecting its genome into bacterial .... These viruses are the size and shape of coliphage T1 Phage therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophage ... circa 1920, the treatment is not approved in countries other than Georgia country Georgia . Phage ... , and agriculture . ref McAuliffe et al. The New Phage Biology From Genomics to Applications introduction ... host biology host of a phage therapy treatment is not an animal the term biocontrol as in phage mediated biocontrol of bacteria is usually employed, rather than phage therapy . Bacteriophages ... a high therapeutic index , that is, phage therapy would be expected to give rise to few if any adverse ... hand, this specificity is also a disadvantage a phage will only kill a bacterium if it is a match to the specific strain biology strain . Consequently phage mixtures are often applied to improve the chances of success, or samples can be taken and an appropriate phage identified and grown. Phages are currently ... Phage The Virus that Cures 1997 10 09 ref ref name pmid15986542 cite journal author Parfitt T title ... last Thiel first Karl title Old dogma, new tricks 21st Century phage therapy journal Nature Biotechnology ... pmid11052592 cite journal author Pirisi A title Phage therapy&mdash advantages over antibiotics? journal ... Bacillus anthracis Lyse.jpg thumb Phage in action on Bacillus anthracis Following the discovery ... volume 143 issue 2 pages 121 5, 166 year 2004 pmid 15143702 doi ref in 1915 and 1917, phage therapy ... country Georgia , devoted to the development of phage therapy. In neighbouring countries including ... commercialization of phage therapy was undertaken by the large pharmaceutical company, Eli Lilly ... to use phage cocktails correctly, early uses of phage therapy were often unreliable. ref cite journal ..., ST title Phage therapy in clinical practice treatment of human infections. journal Current pharmaceutical ... in further use and study of phage therapy for some time. ref name pmid17566713 cite journal ... more details
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