The Mumbai plague epidemic was a bubonic plague epidemic that stuck the city of Mumbai Bombay in the late nineteenth century. The plague killed thousands, and many fled the city leading to a drastic fall in the population of the city. Causes The rapid growth of Bombay s commerce led to a large influx of workers. In the 1891 census the population of Bombay was counted to be 820,000. Most of the immigrant workers over 70 lived in chawl chawls . The city services were not geared towards the well being of the working class and various diseases were endemic to the slums. Detection In September 1896 the first case of Bubonic plague was detected in Mandvi by Dr. Acacio Gabriel Viegas . It spread rapidly to other parts of the city, and the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week through the rest of the year. Many people fled from Bombay at this time, and in the census of 1901, the population had actually fallen to 780,000. Dr Viegas correctly diagnosed the disease as Bubonic Plague and tended to patients with great personal risk. He then launched a vociferous campaign to clean up slums and exterminate rats, the carriers of the fleas which spread the plague bacterium. To confirm Veigas findings, 4 teams of independent experts were brought in. With his diagnosis proving to be correct, the Governor of Bombay invited Dr W M Haffkine , who had earlier formulated a vaccine for cholera , do the same for the epidemic. In the first year of the plague, a research laboratory was set up at the JJ Hospital . It moved in 1899 to the Government House in Parel under the directorship of Haffkine. This was the beginning of the Haffkine Institute . Those who could afford it tried to avoid the plague by moving out of the city. Jamsetji Tata tried to open up the northern suburbs to accommodate such people. The brunt of the plague was borne by mill workers. The anti plague activities of the health department involved police searches, isolation of the sick, detention in camps of travellers ... more details
Classic epidemic models of disease transmission are described in Epidemic model and Compartmental models in epidemiology . Here we discuss the behavior when such models are simulated on a lattice. Introduction The mathematical modeling of epidemics was originally implemented in terms of differential equations, which effectively assumed that the various states of individuals were uniformly distributed throughout space. To take into account correlations and clustering, lattice based models have been introduced. Grassberger ref name Grassberger83 cite journal last Grassberger first Peter authorlink coauthors title On the critical behavior of the general epidemic process and dynamical percolation. journal Mathematical Biosciences volume 63 issue 2 year 1983 pages 157 172 url doi 10.1016 0025 5564 82 90036 0 ref considered synchronous cellular automaton versions of models, and showed how the epidemic growth goes through a critical behavior such that transmission remains local when infection rates are below critical values, and spread throughout the system when they are above a critical value. John Cardy Cardy and Grassberger ref name CardyGrassberger85 cite journal last Cardy first John authorlink John Cardy coauthors Grassberger, Peter title Epidemic models and percolation journal J. Phys. A volume 18 issue 6 year 1985 pages L267 url doi 10.1088 0305 4470 18 6 001 ref argued that this growth is similar to the growth of percolation clusters, which are governed by the dynamics percolation universality class finished clusters are in the same class as static percolation, while growing clusters have additional dynamic exponents . In asynchronous models, the individuals are considered one at a time, as in kinetic Monte Carlo or as a Stochastic Lattice Gas. SIR model In the SIR model ... of the SIRS epidemic process journal Physica A volume 389 issue 5 year 2010 pages 1142 1150 url doi ... models in epidemiology Epidemic model Percolation Percolation threshold Percolation theory 2D ... more details
Virgin soil epidemic refers to an epidemic resulting from the introduction of a disease into a place where it does not occur or spread naturally. Virgin soil epidemics have occurred with European colonization , particularly during the Age of Discovery , when European explorers and colonialists brought diseases to New World lands in the Americas, Australia and Pacific Islands . ref name Cliff120 When a population has not had contact with a particular pathogen, individuals in that population have not built up any immunity medical immunity to that organism, and have not received immunity passed from mother to child. ref name Hays87 Epidemiologist Francis Black has suggested that some isolated populations may not have mixed enough to become as genetically heterogeneity heterogeneous as their colonizers, which would also have affected their natural immunity. ref name Hays87 Consequently when a previously unknown disease is introduced to such a population, there is an increase in the morbidity and mortality rate s historically this increase has often been devastating, and always noticeable. ref name Cliff120 Diseases introduced to the Americas by European colonizers and their African slaves include smallpox , yellow fever , measles and malaria , as well as new strains of typhus and influenza . ref name Crosby1976 ref name Alchon80 Virgin soil epidemics also occurred in the Old World prior to the Age of Discovery. For example, the Roman Empire Romans spread smallpox through new populations in Europe and the Middle East in the 2nd century AD, and the Mongol Empire Mongols brought the bubonic plague to Europe and the Middle East in the 14th century. ref name Alchon80 See also Ecological imperialism References Footnotes Reflist refs ref name Cliff120 Cliff Cliff et al , p. 120 ref ref name Hays87 Hays Hays , p. 87 ref ref name Crosby1976 Citation last Crosby first Alfred W. author link Alfred Crosby title Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America ... more details
globalize North America date January 2012 The typhus epidemic of 1847 was an outbreak of epidemic typhus caused by a massive Irish diaspora Irish emigration in 1847, during the Great Famine Ireland Great Famine , aboard crowded and disease ridden coffin ships . Canada In Canada , more than 20 000 people died from 1847 to 1848, with many quarantined in fever shed s in Grosse Isle, Quebec Grosse Isle , Montreal , Kingston, Ontario , Toronto and St. John, New Brunswick . ref name mccord1 cite web title M993X.5.1529.1 The government inspector s office url http www.mccord museum.qc.ca en collection artifacts M993X.5.1529.1 work McCord Museum accessdate 22 January 2012 location Montreal ref Grosse Isle Grosse Isle, Quebec is an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , home to a quarantine station set up in 1832 to contain a cholera epidemic , and home to thousands of Irish emigrants from 1832 to 1848. On May 17, 1847, the first vessel, the Syria , arrived with 430 fever cases. This was followed by eight more ships a few days later. Dr Douglas wrote that he had not a bed to lay the invalids on... I never contemplated the possibility of every vessel arriving with fever as they do now . One week later seventeen more vessels had appeared at Grosse Isle. By this time, 695 people were already in hospital. Only two days afterwards the number of vessels reached thirty, with 10,000 immigrants now waiting to be processed. By May 29, a total of 36 vessels had arrived. The end of May saw forty ships ... preparations, typhus soon reached epidemic proportions in Montreal. Three fever shed s were ... Sheds.html title The Typhus Epidemic 1847 work Ontario s Historical Plaques publisher Heritage ... migrants, the typhus epidemic quickly filled the fever shed with sick and dying. By the 1847 typhus ... re interred to St. Mary s Cemetery in 1966. ref name ontarioplaque2 cite web title The Typhus Epidemic ... Arthur L. Gelston & Thomas C. Jones title Typhus Fever The Report of an Epidemic in New York City ... more details
Elizabeth A. title Pox Americana The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775 82 year 2001 publisher Hill and Wang ... American Smallpox Epidemic Category Smallpox Category Epidemics Category American Revolutionary War ... more details
seealso Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal NOTOC The Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth is a persistent urban legend , stating that 90,000 people in Chicago died of typhoid fever and cholera in 1885 . Although the story is widely reported, these deaths did not occur. Lake Michigan was the source of Chicago s drinking water. During a tremendous storm in 1885, the rainfall washed refuse from the Chicago River far out into the lake and locals feared the sewage would reach the city s water intake cribs, two miles offshore. According to the legend, typhoid, cholera and other waterborne diseases from the contaminated drinking water killed up to 90,000 people. The Chicago Sanitary District now Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District was said to have been created by the Illinois legislature in 1889 in response to a terrible epidemic which killed thousands of residents of this fledgling city. However, analysis of the deaths in Chicago shows no deaths from cholera and only a slight rise in typhoid deaths. In fact, no cholera outbreaks had occurred in Chicago since the 1860s. Typhoid deaths never exceeded 1,000 in any year in the 1880s. The supposed 90,000 deaths would have represented 12 of the city s entire population and would have left numerous public records as well as newspaper accounts. Libby Hill , researching her book The Chicago ... where they had mentioned the epidemic. ref cite book last Hill first Libby authorlink Libby Hill ... epidemic hit the city in 1866 and 1867. ref name CPL cite web title 1849 1855, 1866 1867 Early Cholera ... 5CFourth Technical intro.pdf History of Lake Michigan Diversion PDF In the 1885 epidemic, 90,000 ... PUBLIC HEALTH EVENTS IN CHICAGO, 1834 1999 ...epidemic kills 90,000 Chicagoans... http web.archive.org ... Map The Story of London s Most Terrifying Epidemic and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern ... 2005 09 29 news 0509290134 1 section epidemic incorrect first Chicago Tribune Retraction ... more details
Italic title How to Have Sex in an Epidemic One Approach is a book written by Richard Berkowitz and Michael Callen to advise gay men about how to avoid contracting the infecting agent which causes AIDS , which is now known to be HIV . Historical significance Berkowitz and Callen published the book in 1982 at a time when gay men were first being diagnosed with AIDS. At this time HIV had not yet been identified as the cause of AIDS, but AIDS was a disease which was recognized as having some relationship with gay sex. Some social scientists have credited this book and a 1982 pamphlet called Fair Play by the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence as being the first literature to recommend safe sex as a strategy for reducing the risk of contracting the transmitting agent which causes AIDS. ref name historychallenge cite journal author Michael H Merson, Jeffrey O Malley, David Serwadda , Chantawipa Apisuk year 6 August 2007 title The history and challenge of HIV prevention journal The Lancet volume online issue pages publisher doi 10.1016 S0140 6736 08 60884 3 pmid pmc url http multimedia.thelancet.com pdf press hiv1.pdf accessdate 31 March 2011 ref References reflist External links http richardberkowitz.com category 4 how to have sex in an epidemic image files giving the text of the book Category Sex manuals Category History of HIV AIDS Category Sex education Category Sexuality and society Category Sexual health ... more details
Infobox Book name Snapping America s Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change title orig translator image Image Snapping Conway Siegelman.jpg 130px Paperback Edition image caption author Flo Conway br Jim Siegelman illustrator cover artist country United States language English language English series subject Cult s genre Cult s publisher 1st ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Lippincott , br 2nd printing Dell Publishing Dell , br 2nd ed. Stillpoint Press release date 1978 english release date media type Paperback pages 380 isbn ISBN 0 397 01258 6 1st ed. br ISBN 0 440 57970 8 2nd printing br ISBN 0 9647650 0 4 2nd ed. dewey 155.2 5 congress BF698.2 .C66 oclc 3844238 preceded by followed by Snapping America s Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change is a 1978 anti cult movement anti cult book which describes the authors theory of religious conversion , called snapping in terms of mind control , is a mental process through which, the authors argue, a person is recruited by a cult or other religious movements. It is also used to describe the process of snapping out of it during deprogramming or exit counseling , which the authors recommend as an antidote, a way of repairing the snap . Two editions of the book were published, the first one 1978 was published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Lippincot ref name isbn0 397 01258 6 cite book author Siegelman, Jim Conway, Flo title Snapping America s epidemic of sudden personality change publisher Lippincott location Philadelphia year 1978 pages isbn 0 397 01258 6 oclc doi accessdate ref which was reprinted in 1979 by Dell Publishing Dell ref name isbn0 440 57970 8 cite book author Siegelman, Jim Conway, Flo title Snapping America s epidemic of sudden personality change publisher Dell location New York year 1979 pages isbn 0 440 57970 8 ... title Snapping America s epidemic of sudden personality change publisher Stillpoint Press location year ... s Epidemic Of Sudden Personality Change Category 1978 books Category Books about mind control Category ... more details
npov date December 2011 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic was a series of incidents in March 1983 in which 943 Palestinian teenage girls, mostly schoolgirls, and a small number of Israel Defense Forces IDF women soldiers fainted or complained of feeling nauseous in the West Bank. Israel was accused of using chemical warfare to sterilize West Bank women while IDF sources speculated that a toxic substance ... http books.google.co.il books?id i8gdMNJmpvUC&pg PA143&lpg PA143&dq fainting epidemic jenin&source ... Community in the epidemic of Mysterious Gas Poisoning in the Jordan West Bank , Albert Hefez ... of the event. ref name NYT The epidemic The first fainting spells were on March 21, 1983 in the West Bank town of Arraba, Jenin Arrabah and the epidemic ended on April 3. Schoolgirls fell sick ... near the school. At the school in Arrabah where the epidemic began, 32 girls were affected. Over the next ... Times Malaysia , April 21, 1983 ref The CDC said the epidemic occurred in two waves. The first began ... ill, 246 of them schoolgirls. On April 3, schools closed and the epidemic subsided. Data collected in these investigations indicate that the West Bank epidemic was triggered either by psychological ... that a toxic gas was the cause. dubious date December 2011 ref Epidemic of Acute Illness West ... Hefez, the lead psychiatric investigator of the epidemic for the Israeli Ministry of Health, said ... and the Medical Community in the epidemic of Mysterious Gas Poisoning in the Jordan West Bank , Albert ... of the epidemic, as did the Red Cross . On 25 August 1983 Yehuda Blum , Israel s Permanent Representative ... represented an epidemic of psychological illness triggered by anxiety. ref U.S. Experts Blame ... In an Editors Note, the New York Times apologized for its early coverage of the epidemic. First ... See also Children in the Israeli Palestinian conflict Poison affair Tanganyika laughter epidemic ... and Social Delusion, Epidemic Hysteria in Schools, p. 49. External links http www.springerlink.com ... more details
tools and water. ref name reuters2 Actions In an effort to halt the epidemic the authorities are clamping ... Health Organization , M decins Sans Fronti res and Blacksmith Institute assisted with the epidemic. ref ... Dr. Henry Akpan announced the discovery of the epidemic on 4 June 2010. ref name AP Blacksmith ... more details
The Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 CMEA is federal legislation enacted in the United States on March 9, 2006, to regulate, among other things, retail over the counter sales of ephedrine , pseudoephedrine , and phenylpropanolamine products because of their use in the manufacture of illegal drugs. Retail provisions of the CMEA include daily sales limits and 30 day purchase limits, placement of product out of direct customer access, sales logbooks, customer ID verification, employee training, and self certification of regulated sellers. The CMEA is found as Title VII of the USA PATRIOT Act USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 H.R. 3199 . ref name dea cite web url http www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov meth q a.htm title The Combat Meth Act of 2005 Assessment of Annual Needs Questions and Answers publisher U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control accessdate 2007 04 12 date 2006 10 18 ref The last provisions of the law took effect on 30 September 2006. Justification Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine are precursor chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine or amphetamine . They are also common ingredients used to make cough, cold, and allergy products. It was argued that the CMEA would curtail the clandestine chemistry clandestine production of methamphetamine. The U.S. Department of Justice claims that states that have enacted similar or more restrictive retail regulations have seen a dramatic drop in small clandestine labs. ref name dea Provisions The CMEA requires record keeping and identification of all sales and reports to law enforcement of any suspicious transactions. Purchasers are limited to 3.6 grams of pseudoephedrine base per day and 9 grams per month. Buying more than that is a federal misdemeanor. ref name Roots Roots, Roger 2011 04 05 http www.lewrockwell.com orig8 roots6.1.1.html Cooking Meth How Government Manufactured a Drug Epidemic , LewRockwell.com ... more details
Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic VOICE , also called MTN 003 is a clinical trial conducted by the Microbicide Trials Network testing a microbicide for sexually transmitted diseases which is intended to prevent HIV infection. Trial The purpose of the VOICE trial is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of two antiretroviral approaches for preventing sexual transmission of HIV in women. One of the study groups would apply vaginal tenofovir daily and the other would take a tenofovir or Truvada tablet daily. VOICE is the first efficacy trial of both pre exposure prophylaxis and vaginal microbicide HIV prevention. ref cite web url http www.ipmglobal.org our work ipm product pipeline tenofovir title Tenofovir first last work International Partnership for Microbicides year 2012 last update accessdate 28 February 2012 ref It was designed to answer multiple crucial questions about experimental HIV prevention methods. ref cite web url http www.niaid.nih.gov news newsreleases 2009 pages voice.aspx title Clinical Trial of Antiretroviral based HIV Prevention Strategies for Women Now Under Way first Laura last Sivitz work niaid.nih.gov date 16 September 2012 accessdate 28 February 2012 ref Cancellation of study arms In September 2011 the group taking oral tenofovir was cancelled when the drug was determined to not show efficacy. In November 2011 the group using the vaginal gel was cancelled. This left two groups active the group taking Truvada and the group taking oral placebo. ref cite web url http blogs.nature.com news 2011 11 cancellation of voice trial ar.html title Nature News Blog Cancellation of VOICE trial arm a blow to HIV prevention first Meredith last Wadman work blogs.nature.com date 28 November 2011 accessdate 28 February 2012 ref Partners The trial is conducted in partnership with CAPRISA . ref cite web url http www.caprisa.org Lists News DispForm.aspx?ID 1&ContentTypeId 0x0100E37BBDC49BF80B41B60966D81F6C8391 title News Microbicide Trials Network ... more details
The Stranger In The Mirror , written by Marlene Steinberg and Maxine Schnall is a book which goes through case files of individuals with dissociative identity disorder , who have suffered traumatizing happenings and how they have employed Dissociation psychology dissociation as a defense mechanism to detach themselves from the emotional stimuli which the victims endured. The Stranger In The Mirror is one of the few books to be written about dissociation and its potential treatments. Steinberg conducted her research on dissociation at Yale University school of medicine. Reviews http ajp.psychiatryonline.org cgi content full 158 7 1178 a American Journal of Psychiatry review http www.psychologytoday.com articles index.php?term 20001101 000031&page 1 Psychology Today review DEFAULTSORT Stranger In The Mirror Category 2000 books Category Psychology books psych book stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Decameron Type Album Artist Epidemic band Epidemic Cover Decameron Epidemic.jpg Released 1992 Recorded Genre Thrash metal Length Label Metal Blade Records Reviews Last album The Truth of What Will Be br 1990 This album Decameron br 1992 Next album Lament br 1994 Decameron is the second studio album by San Francisco Bay thrash metal band Epidemic band Epidemic . It was released in 1992 and is considered by many fans as Epidemic s best work. Track listing Circle of Fools 5 46 Insanity Plea 2 39 Vision Divine 3 58 Hate 2 33 Unknown 5 06 Live Your Death 1 34 Factor Red 3 24 Blown Doors 3 18 Territories 3 05 Tornado 1 38 Three Witches 4 19 Lord War 2 10 Category 1992 albums Category Epidemic albums Category Albums with cover art by Dave McKean ... more details
The term Watkins Commission may refer to the President s Commission on the HIV Epidemic , formed in 1987 by United States President Ronald Reagan in response to the growing AIDS epidemic. The term Watkins Commission is used, more recently, to refer to the United States Commission on Ocean Policy formed by act of United States Congress Congress in 2000. disambig ... more details
Russian flu may refer to Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 Russian flu the 1889 1890 flu pandemic Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 Russian flu the 1977 1978 flu epidemic disambig ... more details
Gleam may refer to reflectivity Gleam album The Gleam Gay and Lesbian Employees at Microsoft GLEAM Samsung SCH u700 , also called the Samsung Gleam GLEaM , Global Epidemic and Mobility Model disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2007 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Exit Paradise Type Album Artist Epidemic band Epidemic Cover Exit Paradise.jpg Released 1994 Recorded 1993 Genre Death metal br Thrash metal Length Label Metal Blade Records Reviews Last album Lament br 1994 This album The Truth of What Will Be br 1990 Exit Paradise is the fourth and final studio release by the San Francisco Bay area thrash metal band Epidemic band Epidemic . This was also the only recording where the band played as a four piece group, after the departure of guitarist Guy Higbey. The album features clear Death metal influences, as marked by the use of distorted guitars and the change in Carl Fulli s vocal style. Track listing small All tracks by Epidemic band Epidemic small Void 4 39 Vulture 3 47 Lament 3 00 Exit Paradise 6 39 Institution of Ignorance 4 17 Section 3 23 Everlasting Lie 3 56 Written in Blood 3 22 To Escape the Void 8 14 Personnel Brian J. Ames graphic design Tom Baker mastering Mark Bodine bass, electric bass Jonathan Burnside engineer Bobby Cochran drums Epidemic producer, mixing Carl Fulli vocals Dave Hecht graphic design Erik Moggridge electric guitar Scott Sargeant producer, mixing Joshua Tobias engineer, mixing Category 1990 albums Category Epidemic albums ... more details
orphan date August 2010 An epidemic of neuropathy in Cuba during 1992 1993. The etiology is likely nutritional deficiencies , particularly thiamine , compounded by toxic effects of alcohol and tobacco use. Sources Macias Matos C, Rodriguez Ojea A, Chi N, Jimenez S, Zulueta D, Bates CJ. Biochemical evidence of thiamine depletion during the Cuban neuropathy epidemic, 1992 1993. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Sep 64 3 347 53. http www.ajcn.org cgi reprint 64 3 347 Category Mexican culture ... more details
Decommercialization is a grass roots movement , especially in the United States , which aims to counter what is perceived as over commercialization of society referred to http illegalart.net commercial notes.html here as the epidemic of hypercommercialization . marketing stub Category Economics terminology ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Truth of What Will Be Type Album Artist Epidemic Cover TheTruth.jpg Released 1990 Recorded 1989 Genre Thrash metal Length 23 10 Label Metalcore Records Reviews Last album Demo 89 br 1989 This album The Truth of What Will Be br 1990 Next album Decameron album Decameron br 1992 The Truth of What Will Be is the debut album of the Thrash Metal band Epidemic band Epidemic . It was released in 1990 by Metalcore Records. This album contains early versions of Live Your Death and Three Witches , which would later appear on their next album, Decameron. Track listing AMX 3 03 Live Your Death 1 38 In Fear We Kill 4 40 Thigh Rubbage 1 12 Three Witches 4 26 Finer Things in Life 1 34 Hands of Ruby 1 50 Silent Torture 4 03 6 Seconds 0 44 DEFAULTSORT Truth of What Will Be, The Category 1990 debut albums Category Epidemic albums ... more details
Diaphragmatic spasm can refer to Synchronous diaphragmatic spasm or flutter see Hiccup Transient or temporary diaphragmatic spasm see Getting the wind knocked out of you Epidemic transient diaphragmatic spasm see Bornholm disease disambig ... more details
Odosenlu Alaro is a town in Ijebu side of Ogun State in Nigeria. Odosenlu Alaro settlers migrated from a town Odogbondu during an epidemic. Nigeria geo stub coord missing Nigeria Category Populated places in Ogun State ... more details
Mass fainting in Tanzania is common phenomenon of mass hysteria that is experienced by junior school girls in Tanzania . ref http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi africa 7610744.stm BBC News Mass fainting in Tanzanian exam ref In September 2008, 20 girls at a school in Tabora started fainting while taking their final year exams. The mass fainting is being linked to neurosis related to the local practice of witchcraft . ref http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi africa 3710743.stm BBC News Parents angry at mystery fainting ref See also 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic Tanganyika laughter epidemic References reflist DEFAULTSORT Mass Fainting In Tanzania Category African witchcraft Category Mass hysteria Category Tanzanian society Tanzania stub ... more details
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