century Equity is the name given to the set of law legal principles, in jurisdictions following the English ..., modern equity is limited by Substantive law substantive and Procedural law procedural rules ... between law and equity is an accident of history . The law courts or courts of law were the courts ... p. 8 S Worthington, Equity 2nd edn. OUP, Oxford 2006 p. 8. ref This body of law evolved on the basis ... languages as well as in classical Roman civil and canon law, which heavily influenced equity. ref ..., the most famous being 17th century jurist John Selden s aphorism Equity is a roguish thing for law ... of equity developed, it began to rival and conflict with the common law. Litigants would go jurisdiction ... law and equity, equity would prevail. Equity s primacy in England was later enshrined in the Judicature Acts of the 1870s, which also served to fuse the courts of equity and the common law although emphatically not the systems themselves into one unified court system. Once equity became a body of law ... and common law remedies. The Judicature Acts fused only the administration of common law and equity there is still a body of rules of equity which is quite distinct from that of common law rules, and acts ... under the common law, but the second person had a right to use the land under the law of equity ... of equity traditions in common law countries Original research date November 2007 As with the geographical ... and deciding cases. Nonetheless, each former colony acknowledged the reception of the common law and equity ... . United States In modern practice, perhaps the most important distinction between law and equity ... and most state courts have merged law and equity in the courts of general jurisdiction, such as county courts. However, the substantive distinction between law and equity has retained its old vitality ... for merger of law and equity began in the states in the mid 19th century, when David Dudley Field ... the old lawequity separation until the promulgation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ... more details
ref name table cite web url http www.cricketarchive.com Archive Events Tables AXA Equity and Law League 1994.html title AXA Equity and Law League 1994 Table publisher CricketArchive accessdate 2011 01 ... cricket season Pro40 seasons Category 1994 in cricket 1994 AXA Equity & Law League Category Pro40 ... more details
AXA Equity and Law League 1995.html title AXA Equity and Law League 1995 Table publisher CricketArchive ... reflist 1995 English cricket season Pro40 seasons Category 1995 in cricket 1995 AXA Equity & Law ... more details
Events Tables AXA Equity and Law League 1993.html title AXA Equity and Law League 1993 Table publisher ... 1993 English cricket season Pro40 seasons DEFAULTSORT 1993 Axa Equity & Law League Category 1993 in cricket ... more details
Wiktionary equity TOC right Equity may refer to Finance, accounting and ownership Equity finance , the value of an ownership interest in property, including shareholders equity in a business Stock , the generic term for common equity securities is called stocks Home equity , the difference between the market value and unpaid mortgage balance on a home Private equity , stock in a privately held company Equity in income of affiliates , an accounting term referring to the consolidated or unconsolidated ownership in affiliate companies Fairness Equitylaw , a branch of jurisprudence in common law jurisdictions Equity economics , the study of fairness in economics Educational equity , the study and achievement of fairness in education Intergenerational equity , equality and fairness in relationships between people in different generations including those yet to be born . Equity theory , on the relations ... situations. Employment equity Canada , policy requiring or encouraging preferential treatment in employment practices for certain designated groups Health equity , fairness and justice in health and healthcare Companies and organizations The word equity is also used in the names of the following companies and organisations Companies Equity Bank Group , a financial services provider in East Africa, headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya Equity Bank Uganda , a subsidiary of the Equity Bank Group Equity Industries, an electronics subsidiary of Chiaphua Components Group Equity Music Group , a country music record label Equity Office Properties Trust , one of the largest owners and managers of office buildings in the United States Organizations Actors Equity Association , Labor union of actors and stage managers in the United States. Canadian Actors Equity Association , an association in Canada Forum Party of Alberta , a defunct political party from Alberta, Canada also known as the Equity Party. Equity trade union formerly British Actors Equity Association , an association in the United Kingdom ... more details
seealso Court of Chancery A chancery court , equity court or court of equity is a court that is authorized to apply principles of Equitylawequity , as opposed to law , to Legal case cases brought before it. These courts began with petitions to the Lord Chancellor of England. Equity courts handled lawsuits and petitions requesting remedies other than damages, such as writs, injunctions, and specific performance. Most were eventually merged with courts of law. ref name legdict http legal dictionary.thefreedictionary.com court of equity Legal Dictionary.com ref United States bankruptcy court s are the one example of US federal courts which operate as courts of equity. ref name legdict Some common law jurisdiction s such as the U.S. state s of Delaware , Mississippi , New Jersey , South Carolina , and Tennessee preserve the distinctions between law and equity and between courts of law and courts of equity. References references External links http archives.delaware.gov collections aghist 2816.shtml Brief History of Equity Courts in the U.S. state of Delaware Category Equity Category Common law Category English legal terms UK law stub US law stub ru ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 A plea in equity , in the common law , is a statement of facts raised by a defendant which operates as a defense to an equitable claim raised by the plaintiff. Traditionally, the plea is required to state new facts, additional to those set forth in the plaintiff s bill in equity , and these facts must support a dispositive defense to the claim such as the passage of a statute of limitations , plaintiff s prior waiver or Settlement law settlement of the claim, or res judicata . In the United States , the legal and equitable jurisdiction of most courts has been merged, and the plea in equity has been abolished. However, it remains a valid plea in certain states. In Virginia , a plea in equity may still be filed, and such a filing entitles either party to request a jury trial to decide the facts alleged in the plea. Category Common lawlaw term stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub date December 2009 An equity loan is a mortgage loan in which the borrower receives cash . Typically the loan is secured by real estate already owned outright. For example, if a person owns a home worth 100,000, but does not currently have a mortgage on it, they may take an equity loan at 80 Loan to value ratio loan to value LTV or 80,000 in cash in exchange for a mortgage law mortgage on the title. Many lending institutions require the borrower to repay interest only loan only an interest component of the loan each month calculated daily, and compounded to the loan once each month . The borrower can apply any surplus funds to the outstanding loan principal at any time, reducing the amount of interest calculated from that day onward. Some loan products also allow the possibility to redraw cash up to the original LTV, potentially perpetuating the life of the loan beyond the original loan term. The interest rate applied to equity loans is much lower than that applied to unsecured loan s, such as credit card debt. The reasoning behind this is that equity loans involve Collateral finance collateral , and credit card debt does not. See also HELOC Equity finance Real estate equity Real estate equity More information on http www.leCreditImmobilier.net Equity loan DEFAULTSORT Equity Loan Category Personal finance fr Cr dit immobilier fr http www.leCreditImmobilier.net Cr dit Immobilier fr http auMeilleurTaux.net Au Meilleur Taux Econ stub ... more details
The maxims of Equitylawequity evolved, in Latin and eventually translated into English language English , as the principles applied by Court of equity courts of equity in deciding cases before them. ref cite book title Trusts and Equity author Richard Edwards, Nigel Stockwell year 2005 publisher Pearson Education pages 34 isbn 1405812273 ref Among the traditional maxims are Equity regards done what ought to be done This maxim means that when individuals are required, by their agreements or by law to have done some act of legal significance, Equity will regard it as having been done as it ought ... of interpleader and the more rarely used Bill of Peace . Equity follows the lawEquity will not allow ... law. In Story on Equity third English edition 1920 page 34, where a rule, either of the common ... point, a court of equity is as much bound by it as a court of law, and can as little justify a departure ... , Equity works as a supplement for law and does not supersede the prevailing law. Equity will not aid ..., which were later additions in the courts of law, and were more flexible tools of recovery, based on Equity ... applies. Maxim 2 Equity follows the law Meaning Latin term Acquits sequitur legem . The equity ... ought not to think of common law & equity as of two rival systems. Equity has come not to destroy ... different path. Equity respected every word of law & every right at law but where the law was defective ... point is disregarded by common law court, then equity interferes. Thus, Equity follows the law ... the document registered Where equities are equal, the law will prevail Equity will provide no specific ..., the law created no cause of action, equity would provide no relief if the law did provide relief ... with the previously mentioned equity follows the law. Between equal equities the first in order ... conversion . Sometime this is phrased as equity regards as done what should have been done. The consequences ... remedy instead of an equitable remedy. At law, he is entitled to the value at the time of breach, whether ... more details
The equity of redemption refers to the right of a mortgagor in law to redeem his property once the liability secured by the mortgage law mortgage has been discharged. Overview Historically, a mortgagor the borrower and a mortgagee the lender executed a conveyance of legal title to the property in favour of the mortgagee as security for the loan. If the loan was repaid, then the mortgagee would return the property if the loan was not repaid, then the mortgagee would keep the property in satisfaction of the debt. The equity of redemption was the right to petition the Court of equity courts of equity to compel the mortgagee to transfer the property back to the mortgagor once the secured obligation had been performed. ref See Santley v Wilde 1899 2 Ch 474 ref Today, most mortgages are granted by Security interest Statutory mortgage statutory charge rather than by a formal conveyance, although theoretically there is usually nothing to stop two parties executing a mortgage in the more traditional manner. ref Some countries have limited the grant of traditional mortgages by statute in some circumstances ... charge, see sections 85 86 of the Law of Property Act 1925 ref Traditionally, the courts have been .... Such impediments are clogs on the equity of redemption, and the courts of equity were particularly ... of the security did not clog the equity of redemption, it being generally realised that an extreme response to perceived clogs undermined the commercial arrangements of the parties. ref The equity ... itself mortgaged by the holder. Historically the equity of redemption would naturally expire upon the mortgagor breaching the terms of repayment. However, in modern times, extinguishing the equity of redemption ... sale of the property instead. See also Vernon v Bethell 1762 28 ER 838 Mortgage law Security interest Notes Reflist 2 References Category Property law Category Business law Category Legal terms Category Contract law ... more details
mortgage Empty section date July 2010 See also Mortgage loan Equity loan Mortgage law UK mortgage ...refimprove date February 2012 Equity release is a means of retaining use of your house or other object ... stage, usually when you die. Thus equity release is particularly useful for Old age elderly persons ... mortgage is a form of equity release available in the United States, for those aged 62 or more. Types ... by your estate. The No Negative Equity Guarantee NNEG protects the borrower in the event of a downturn ... impact any means tested benefits that the borrower may be entitled to. United Kingdom The UK equity release market is basically made up of two types of equity release plan. The most popular plan ... s lifetime. To help customers decide whether equity release is right for them, a number of companies provide a free equity release calculator to show a rough estimate of the amount of equity ... or part of the property to the equity release provider in return for a right to remain there rent free. The United Kingdom UK equity release market is now fully regulated. Both lifetime mortgages and home .... SHIP Safe Home Income Plans was formed in 1991 in an attempt to improve the equity release ... living in the property which is the subject of the equity release, either for life or until entry into long term care. In addition there is a vital No Negative Equity Guarantee which essentially guarantees that the amount to repay the equity release plan on death or entry into long term care can ... of the equity release borrower. The current members of SHIP include Aviva, Hodge Equity Release, Bridgewater, Stonehaven, New Life, Just Retirement, LV , More 2 Life and Godiva. Whilst a number of equity ... of equity was released by UK home owners using regulated equity release. Equity release brokers There are also equity release brokers on the UK market, which compare the different equity release ... equity release brokers include http www.keyrs.co.uk Key Retirement Solutions Age Partnership ... more details
usage Environmental law Conversations about intergenerational equity occur across several ... interest within the legal community towards the application of intergenerational equity in law ... for Intergenerational Equity Suits. Eugene, OR Constitutional Law Foundation. ref See also Adultism ... to Future Generations International Law, Common Patrimony and Intergenerational Equity. Dobbs ... and Intergenerational Equity , Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, 36 . Goldberg, M 1989 On Systemic ...Intergenerational equity in economic, psychological, and sociological contexts, is the concept or idea of fairness or justice in relationships between children , youth , adults and Old age seniors , particularly ... settings. ref Foot, D. & Venne, R. 2005 Awakening to the Intergenerational Equity Debate in Canada ... , intergenerational equity is the principle that an endowed institution s spending rate must ... equity among generations. ref Tobin, James. 1974 http ideas.repec.org a aea aecrev v64y1974i2p427 32.html ... equity refers to relationship that a particular family has on resources. An example is the forest dwelling ... Equity in Transition Economies 10 11 March 2005. ref , social policy , and government budget government ... Research Paper no. 7 2002 03 Intergenerational Equity Issues of Principle in the Allocation of Social .... ref Intergenerational equity is also explored in Environmentalism environmental concerns ref http ... warming and climate change . Social justice usage Conversations about intergenerational equity are also ... Intergenerational equity An exploration of the fair innings argument. Health Economics. 6 2 117 ... Equity. Washington, DC Resources for the Future Press. McLean, D. Intergenerational Equity in White, J. Ed 1999 Clobal Climate Change Linking Energy, Environment, Economy, and Equity ... of Political Economy, 99 2 p335 358. Wiess Brown, Margaret. Chapter 12. Intergenerational equity a legal ... law New challenges and dimensions . United Nations University Press. References reflist ... more details
laws to prevent and or regulate equity stripping schemes. Minnesota passed a comprehensive law ...Equity stripping , also known as equity skimming , is a type of foreclosure rescue scheme . Often considered a form of predatory lending , equity stripping became increasingly widespread in the early 2000s. In an equity stripping scheme an investor buys the property from a homeowner facing foreclosure ..., victims are often unaware that they are giving away their property and equity. Citation ... of equity stripping. Although foreclosure re conveyance schemes can be beneficial and ethically conducted ... accessdate 2007 07 03 ref Term and definition The term equity stripping has sometimes referred to lending refinance practices that charge excessive fees thereby stripping the equity out of the home. The practice more often describes foreclosure rescue scams . While most do not consider equity stripping a form of predatory lending per se, equity stripping is related to traditional forms of that practice ..., and those victims more often fall to equity stripping scams. ref Allen Fishbein and Harold Bunce ... do consider equity stripping, in essence, a form of predatory lending since the scam works essentially like a high cost and risky refinancing. Equity stripping, however, is conducted almost always by local ... companies. ref Steve Tripoli and Elizabeth Renuart, National Consumer Law Center, Dreams Foreclosed ... uses described here, the term equity stripping also refers to the asset protection concept whereby the equity of an asset is encumbered , or stripped, to frustrate collection efforts by unsecured ... e.g. physician doctor s from losing equity in lawsuit actions. ref Equity Stripping Overview, http www.rjmintz.com equity stripping.html ref Market conditions Trends in the United States economy have led to the growing market for foreclosure services and equity stripping. Property values have ... with substantial equity. With these trends, a market emerged to tap into this equity. Scam ... more details
nofootnotes date February 2008 The Epson Equity series of IBM Compatible Personal Computer s was manufactured from 1985 until the early 90s by Epson Inc. Epson was well known for its dot matrix printers at the time and the Equity series represents their entry into the growing PC compatible market. The Equity I was the first system introduced, equipped with an Intel 8088 CPU and one or two 5.25 floppy disk drive s. Deleted image removed Image EpsonEquityI.jpg thumb right The Epson Equity I was one of the first IBM compatible PCs to be widely used in the home. Models Equity I Equity Ie Equity I Equity II Equity II Equity III Equity III Equity LT Equity 286 Equity 386SX Equity 386DX Category IBM PC compatibles Category Seiko Epson ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 An equity partner is a partner in a partnership who is a part owner of the business , and is entitled to a proportion of the distributable Profit accounting profits of the partnership. The term is used in contra distinction to a salaried partner or contract partner who is paid a salary but does not have any underlying ownership interest in the business and will not share in the dividend distributions of the partnership although it is quite common for salaried partners to receive a bonus based on the firm s profitability . Although they are both regarded as partners, in legal and economic terms, equity partners and salaried partners have little in common other than joint and several liability . ref In many legal systems, salaried partners are not technically partners at all in the eyes of the law. However, they are nonetheless jointly liable as their firms hold them out as partners. ref The degree of control which each type of partner exerts over the partnership depends on the relevant partnership agreement . The division between equity and salaried partners could, in theory, occur in any partnership, but in practice, the distinction is most frequently referred to in law firm s and accountancy firms. Type of equity partnership In their most basic form, equity partners enjoy a fixed share of the partnership usually, but not always an equal share with the other partners . However, in more sophisticated partnerships, different models exist for determining either ownership or profit distribution or both . Probably the most common two forms are lockstep ... depending on the length of time it takes to reach maximum equity . Eat what you kill is rarely, if ever, seen outside of law firms. The principle is simply that each partner receives a share of the partnership ... who was responsible for the origination of the work that generated the profits. British law firms ... what you kill culture. See also Partnership Law firm Partner business rank Footnotes Reflist ... more details
by the law, since private equity funds are generally less regulated than ordinary mutual funds . For example ...Use dmy dates date March 2011 Financial market participants Private equity , in finance, is an asset class consisting of Stock equity securities in operating companies that are not publicly traded on a stock exchange . ref Investments in private equity http www.bvca.co.uk publications guide intro.html An Introduction to Private , including differences in terminology. ref A private equity investment will generally be made by a private equity firm , a venture capital firm or an angel investor . Each ... Company Knowledge Bank http www.privco.com knowledge bank private equity and venture capital PrivCo.com Private Company Knowledge Bank ref Among the most common investment strategies in private equity ... and mezzanine capital . In a typical leveraged buyout transaction, a private equity firm buys ... in young or emerging companies, and rarely obtain majority control. Private equity is also often grouped ... any long term, illiquid investment strategy. Strategies The strategies private equity firms may use ... buyout transaction Leveraged buyout, LBO or Buyout refers to a strategy of making equity investments ... LBO Note.pdf Note on Leveraged Buyouts . Tuck School of Business at Darmouth Center for Private Equity ... Leveraged Buyouts and Private Equity , Social Science Research Network, June 2008 ref Between 2000 ... Trenwith Group M&A Review, Second Quarter, 2006 ref Simple example A private equity fund, ABC Capital II, borrows 9bn from a bank or other lender . To this it adds 2bn of equity money from its own partners ... equity 11bn above is not paid off after sale but left on the books of the company XYZ Industrial ... capital Growth capital Growth Capital refers to equity investments, most often minority investments ... access to growth equity can be critical to pursue necessary facility expansion, sales and marketing ... risk alone. By selling part of the company to private equity, the owner can take out some value ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 In finance , equity trading is the buying and selling of company stock shares . Shares in large public company publicly traded companies are bought and sold through one of the major stock exchange s, such as the New York Stock Exchange , London Stock Exchange or Bombay Stock Exchange , which serve as managed auction s for stock trades. Stock shares in smaller public companies are bought and sold in over the counter finance over the counter OTC markets. Equity trading can be performed by the owner of the shares, or by an agent law agent authorized to buy and sell on behalf of the share s owner. Proprietary trading is buying and selling for the trader s own profit or loss. In this case, the Principal commercial law principal is the owner of the shares. Agency trading is buying and selling by an agent, usually a stock broker , on behalf of a client. Agents are paid a commission remuneration commission for performing the trade. Major stock exchanges have market maker s who help limit price variation Volatility finance volatility by buying and selling a particular company s shares on their own behalf and also on behalf of other clients. Over the past 15 years with the popularity of the internet and discount brokerage firms, it has become increasingly luring for the average investor to partake in their own financial planning and direction of their future. Although trading can be incredibly stressful and dangerous financially, many people have made it their profession in place of a 9 to 5 job. Individuals that pursue this non mainstream career usually will have a knack for technical analysis, money management, tape reading and trader s psychology as well as enjoy working in a fast paced competitive environment. Citation needed date June 2011 External links DEFAULTSORT Equity Trading Category Equity securities Finance stub ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Cleanup date September 2010 The equity ratio is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of Equity finance equity used to finance a company s assets. The two components are often taken from the firm s balance sheet or statement of financial position so called book value , but the ratio may also be calculated using market values for both, if the company s equities are publicly traded. The equity ratio is especially in Central Europe a very common financial ratio while in the US the debt to equity ratio is more often used in financial research reports. Formula Equity Ratio Total shareholder s equity Owner s Equity Total Assets Example Equity ratio 12 shareholder s equity total assets USD 79,180,000 USD 647,483,000 The Equity Ratio is a good indicator of the level of leverage used by a company. The Equity ratio measures the proportion of the total assets that are financed by stockholders and not creditors. The calculation of equity ratio is A low equity ratio will produce good results for stockholders as long as the company earns a rate of return on assets that is greater than the interest rate paid to creditors. ref http www.money zine.com Definitions Investing Dictionary Equity Ratio ref See also Debt to equity ratio Leverage finance References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Equity Ratio Category Financial ratios de Eigenkapitalquote is Eiginfj rhlutfall ja fi Omavaraisuusaste sv Soliditet ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Art equity is a proportionate ownership right that an individual or entity may claim against a physical representation of Art . Art Equity is distributed through organizations like the International art exchange . Art equity has many legal rights and any ownership stake is transferable pending the owner s permission. Category Legal terms Category Equity ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove September 2008 tone September 2008 Equity sharing , also known as shared ownership or in the US as housing equity partnership HEP , allows a person to purchase a share in their home ... and renting. There are various detailed methods to implement equity sharing, and it is implemented in over a hundred community land trust s in the United States. The remaining equity share may be held ... association . In some models the resident pays renting rent on that share. Equity sharing in the United Kingdom There are two forms of equity sharing in the UK, public sector and private sector. Public sector equity sharing implies some form of taxpayer subsidy and is seen by government as a useful .... The government in England facilitates shared equity chiefly through the Homes and Communities Agency ... jointly fund an equity loan of 30 of the valuation, so that the purchaser only needs to pay a mortgage ... available on selected newbuild schemes. The top up equity is provided in equal shares by the HCA ... Private sector shared equity or, as it is sometimes known, investor shared equity , operates quite differently ... between the buyer s deposit and typically a 75 mortgage, in return for an equity stake ... , meaning that at the end of the relevant period, the owner has to buy out the equity stake at the relevant ... or partial buy backs. Thus, equity sharing can be seen as a step up to full ownership of a property. Although investor shared equity is, on the face of it, more expensive than public sector schemes, because ... lists. Because investor shared equity is essentially a financing mechanism, it is as simple as applying ... the better interest rates and lighter credit checks associated with 75 mortgages. Equity sharing in the United States Equity sharing has been around for some time now When date February 2009 and has been ... in the late 1990s and are very similar to shared equity plans that have existed for decades ... and Snavely 1995 to develop Home Equity Investment Trusts HEITs . There have been various spins ... more details
Refimprove date July 2008 Home equity is the market value of a homeowner s Encumbrance unencumbered interest in their real property &mdash that is, the difference between the home s fair market value and the outstanding balance of all lien s on the property. The property s Ownership equityequity increases as the debtor makes payments against the mortgage loan mortgage balance, and or as the property value Appreciation appreciates . In economics , home equity is sometimes called real property value . Technically, home equity has a zero rate of return and is not Market liquidity liquid . Home equity management refers to the process of using Mortgage equity withdrawal equity extraction via loan s&mdash at favorable, and often tax favored, interest rate s&mdash to invest otherwise Market liquidity illiquid equity in a target that offers higher returns. Home owners acquire equity in their home from two sources. They purchase equity with their down payment, and the principal portion of any payments they make against their mortgage. They also benefit from a gain in equity when the value of the property increases. Investors typically look to purchase properties that will grow in value, causing the equity in the property to increase, thus providing a return on their investment when the property is sold. Home equity may serve as Collateral finance collateral for a home equity loan or HELOC home equity line of credit HELOC . Many home equity plans set a fixed period during which the person can borrow money, such as 10 years. At the end of this draw period, the person may be allowed to renew the credit line. If the plan does not allow renewals, the person will not be able to borrow additional money once the period has ended. Some plans may call for payment in full of any outstanding balance at the end of the period. Others may allow repayment over a fixed period, for example, 10 years. See also Home equity loan Ownership equity References Reflist Category Personal finance Category ... more details
Public finance Equity of condition in tax law and governmental spending is the economic condition, often arbitrary, that political leaders believe a person should be in after governmental Social engineering political science social engineering and redistribution of wealth . The award or redistribution of wealth to the recipients overrides, substantially, any natural right of the producers of the wealth to keep the fruits of their labor. The award of wealth in a socialist economy may be extensive, with a proscribed level of benefits for food, housing, health, education, recreation, welfare, etcetera and have little or no relation to the citizen s productivity e.g., before tax income . The result, however, is that economic productivity and the standard of living can be lessened in a socialist economy due to disincentive to production. Equity of condition in a mixed economy , such as the United States, can be nebulous and ever changing. Governmental subsidies and tax deductions may be extended for political reasons, and a political leader may never provide comprehensive economic rationale for his particular fiscal policy actions. The cost of the benefits is merely shifted to a discriminated portion of the tax base. Benefits may also be illusory to recipients, because further political manipulation of the tax code by political leaders can nullify the recipients original gains. See also Income tax Implied level of government service Primacy of the state Primacy of the citizen and taxpayer Real property use tax Taxation in the United States References Citation last Gillis first Timothy J. title Taxation and National Destiny A Tax Systems Analysis and Proposal publisher San Diego Maximus Profectus year 1999 isbn 0 9667434 1 5 . p. 122. DEFAULTSORT Equity Of Condition Category Tax reform Category Taxation in the United States Category Economics Category Political philosophy tax stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 nofootnotes date June 2009 Customer equity is the total combined customer lifetime value s of all of a company s customers. Overview In deciding the Value economics value of a company, it is important to know of how much value its customer base is in terms of future revenues. The greater the customer equity CE , the more future revenue in the lifetime of its clients this means that a company with a higher customer equity can get more money from its customers on average than another company that is identical in all other characteristics. As a result a company with higher customer equity is more valuable than one without it. It includes customers Social capital goodwill and extrapolate s it over the lifetime of the customers. The term is a misnomer since the term has nothing to do with the traditional meaning of Ownership equityequity . There are three drivers to customer equity, all of which refer to three sides of the same thing Value equity What the customer assesses the value of the product or service provided by the company to be Brand equity What the customer assesses the value of the brand is, above its objective value Retention equity The tendency of the customer to stick with the brand even when it is priced higher than an otherwise equal product Customer equity strategy Companies often attempt to gain more customers and increase revenues by improving customer equity. They do this by improving consumer service improving the value or desirability ..., Roland T. Lemon, Katherine N. Zeithaml, Valarie A. Return on Marketing Using Customer Equity to Focus Marketing Strategy , Journal of Marketing 68 1 , 2004, 109 127 See also Net worth Ownership equity ... links http www.copernicusmarketing.com about customer equity.shtml Customer equity http www.customerequity.com ce indepth.html Customer equity http www.scribd.com doc 13423473 Customer Equity Customer equity Category Microeconomics Category Marketing Category Valuation ja ... more details
Educational equity , or equity in education, is the study and achievement of Social justice fairness in education . The study of educational equity is often linked with the study of excellence and equity . Fairness is often equated with Social equality equality , but equity deals with accommodating and meeting the specific needs of specific individuals. Such needs based accommodation will not result in equal treatment of all students. Dimensions of Educational Equity Educational equity has two interrelated dimensions. One is the issue of fairness, in that achievement ought to be based upon ability and application, and not on factors such as gender , socio economic status or ethnicity . The second dimension is that all individuals have a right to basic functioning literacy and numeracy OECD, 2007 . Solutions Addressing the issue of educational equity is a complex challenge that needs to involve education policy , classroom practices and Management resourcing OECD, 2007 . References OECD 2007. No More Failures Ten Steps to Equity in Education. Lead Author Simon Field. Paris OECD Publishing. Category Educational administration ... more details
in India n intellectual property law Wiktionary laches DEFAULTSORT Laches Equity Category Equity Category Equitable defenses Category Legal doctrines and principles ja ru ... an action at law if the statute of limitations has not run out. Under the United States Federal Rules ... more details
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