Infobox language name Eteocypriot nativename states Formerly spoken in Cyprus region Eastern Mediterranean Sea extinct effectively extinct from about the beginning of the 4th century BCE, familycolor unclassified iso3 ecy Eteocypriot was a pre Indo European languages Indo European language spoken in Iron Age Cyprus . The name means true or original Cyprian parallel to Eteocretan , both of which names are used by modern scholarship to mean the pre Greek languages of those places. ref The derivation is given in Partridge, Eric 1983 Origins A short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English , New York Greenwich House, ISBN 0 517 414252. The term Eteocypriot was devised by Friedrich in 1932, according to Olivier Masson in http www.maticasrpska.org.yu download kls45.pdf ETEO CYPRIOT , an article in Zbornik, Issues 4 5, 2002 2003. Eteocretan is based on a genuine Ancient Greek word. ref Eteocypriot was written in the Cypriot syllabary , a syllabic script derived from Linear A via the Cypro Minoan ... much unproven speculation. The Amathus Bilingual File Eteocypriot writing.jpg thumb 250px Eteocypriot inscription of Amathus The most famous Eteocypriot inscription is a bilingual text inscribed ... in both the Attic dialect of Ancient Greek and Eteocypriot. The Eteocypriot text in Cypriot characters ... are the syllabic values of the symbols of the Eteocypriot text left to right and the Greek text as is Eteocypriot ... of the Greek, however, is not necessarily that of the Eteocypriot. The inscription is important ... in Eteocypriot texts have the same values as in the Cypriot Greek texts, .... ref name Gordon120 However, as a bilingual it uses only a few Greek syllables to translate many Eteocypriot ones, which ... Basic Books, Inc location New York isbn 0 465 02484 X Jones Tom B., Notes on the Eteocypriot ... Ana.htm EteoCypriot , in Russian http www.omniglot.com writing cypriot.htm Omniglot The Cypriot Syllabry DEFAULTSORT Eteocypriot Language Category Aegean civilizations Category Ancient ... more details
Cypriot dialect may refer to Modern dialects Cypriot Maronite Arabic Cypriot Greek Cypriot Turkish Ancient dialects Arcadocypriot Eteocypriot disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 In epigraphy , a bilingual is an inscription that is extant in two languages or trilingual in the case of three languages, etc. . Bilinguals are important for the decipherment of ancient writing system s. Important bilinguals include the Rosetta Stone , in Egyptian hieroglyphs hieroglyphic and Demotic Egyptian demotic Egyptian and Greek the Behistun Inscription , in Old Persian, Elamite language Elamite , and Babylonian language Babylonian a later form of Akkadian language Akkadian the Xanthos Obelisk the Letoon trilingual , in standard Lycian language Lycian or Lycian A, Ancient Greek Greek and Aramaic the Karatepe inscriptions, in Phoenician and Hieroglyphic Luwian the Eteocypriot language The Amathus Bilingual Amathus Bilingual , in Eteocypriot and Greek the Pyrgi Tablets , in Etruscan and Phoenician the Kaunos Bilingual , in Carian and Greek the Diego de Landa Calderon Inquisition de Landa alphabet , in Maya script Mayan and Spanish DEFAULTSORT Bilingual Inscription Category Multilingual texts Category Bilingualism Ling stub bg de Bilingue ka pt Inscri o bilingue ... more details
Refimprove date January 2011 History of Cyprus The ten city kingdoms of ancient Cyprus were the Ancient Greece Greek , Graeco Phoenicia n or Graeco Eteocypriot , states listed in an inscription of the Assyria n king Esarhaddon in 673 672 BC ref Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge 1880, The history of Esarhaddon son of Sennacherib king of Assyria The Names of the Twenty two Kings, p. 104 108 ref Paphos , Greek Salamis, Cyprus Salamis , Greek Soli, Cyprus Soloi , Greek Kourion , Greek Chytri Chytroi , Greek Citium Kition , Graeco Phoenician Amathus , Graeco Eteocypriot Idalium Idalion , Greek Ledra i, Greek Tamassos , Greek Kyrenia , Greek Lapithos Lapethos , Greek, Graeco Phoenician for a short while Marion, Cyprus Marion , Greek Image Chypriotische koninkrijken.PNG References reflist DEFAULTSORT Ten City Kingdoms Of Cyprus Category Ancient cities in Cyprus Category Kingdoms in Greek Antiquity bg es Diez ciudades estado de Chipre it Dieci citt stato di Cipro pt Dez cidades reino de Chipre ru ... more details
This is a list of languages spoken in regions ruled by Balkan countries. With the exception of several Turkic languages, Hungarian, and Circassian, all of them belong to the Indo European family. A subset of these languages is notable for forming a well studied sprachbund , a group of languages that have developed some striking structural similarities over time. Further2 Balkan linguistic union Indo European languages Albanian Arvanitika Northwestern Arvanitika Southcentral Arvanitika Thracean Arvanitika Gheg Albanian Gheg Tosk Albanian Tosk Hellenic languages Cappadocian Greek language Cappadocian Greek Greek language Standard Greek Pontic Greek Tsakonian language Tsakonian Romance languages Aromanian language Aromanian Istriot language Istriot in western Istria Istro Romanian language Istro Romanian In eastern Istria Italian language Italian on the Adriatic coast Ladino language Ladino in Greece,Turkey,Bosnia,Serbia,Macedonia,Bulgaria Megleno Romanian language Megleno Romanian Meglenenitic Romanian language Romanian Moldovan language Moldovan Slavic languages Western South Slavic Serbo Croatian Shtokavian dialect Chakavian dialect Kajkavian dialect Slovene language Slovenian Transitional dialects Transitional Serbian Serbo Croatian dialects Torlakian dialect Torlakian Gora dialect Na inski Transitional Bulgarian dialects Eastern South Slavic Bulgarian language Bulgarian Macedonian language Macedonian Indo Aryan languages Romani language Romani Uralic languages Hungarian language Hungarian Turkic languages Crimean Tatar language Crimean Tatar Gagauz language Gagauz Gajal Tatar language Tatar Turkish language Turkish Ibero Caucasian languages Circassian language Circassian Extinct languages These are extinct languages that were once spoken in the Balkans Dacian language Dacian Dalmatian language Dalmatian Eteocretan language Eteocretan Eteocypriot language Eteocypriot Illyrian language Illyrian Lemnian language Lemnian Liburnian language Liburnian Ottoman language O ... more details
Infobox language family name West Semitic region Middle East and East Africa familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Semitic languages Semitic child1 Central Semitic languages Central Semitic child2 South Semitic languages South Semitic The West Semitic languages are a proposed major sub grouping of Semitic languages . One widely accepted analysis, supported by semiticist s like Robert Hetzron and John Huehnergard , divides the Semitic language family into two branches East Semitic languages Eastern and Western. The former consists of the extinct language extinct Eblaite language Eblaite and Akkadian language Akkadian languages, the latter of the majority of Semitic languages. It consists of the clearly defined sub groups Ethiopic languages Ethiopic , South Arabian languages South Arabian , Arabic language Arabic and Northwest Semitic languages Northwest Semitic this including Hebrew language Hebrew , Aramaic language Aramaic and Ugaritic language Ugaritic . The first two, Ethiopic and South Arabian, show particular common features, and are often grouped together as South Semitic languages South Semitic . The correct classification of Arabic with respect to other Semitic languages is debated. In older classifications, it is grouped with the South Semitic languages. However, Hetzron and Huehnergard connect it more closely with the Northwest Semitic languages, to form Central Semitic languages Central Semitic . Some semiticists continue to argue for the older classification based on the distinctive feature of broken plural s. Some linguists argue that Eteocypriot was a West Semitic language spoken in ancient Cyprus . References Unreferenced date December 2006 Semitic languages Category Semitic languages AfroAsiatic lang stub ar an Luengas semiticas occidentals de Westsemitische Sprachen es Lenguas sem ticas occidentales lv Rietumsem tu valodas mk pt L nguas sem ticas ocidentais ta th ... more details
Alphabetum is a commercial multilingual Unicode fonts unicode font TTF, TrueType font for ancient languages developed by Juan Jos Marcos. Alphabetum contains fonts for Aegean numerals Anatolian languages Anatolian scripts Lydian language Lydian , Lycian language Lycian , Carian language Carian , Phrygian language Phrygian , Sidetic language Sidetic Avestan language Avestan Br hm script Brahmi Celtiberian language Celtiberian Coptic language Coptic Bohairic Eteocypriot language Cypriot Old Cyrillic Old English Middle English Glagolitic Gothic language Gothic Ancient Greek Attic numerals Ancient Greek acrophonic numerals Musical system of ancient greece Ancient Greek musical notation Ancient Greek papyrological numbers Hebrew language Hebrew Iberian language Iberian New Testament editorial symbols Old Italic alphabet Old Italic Etruscan alphabet Etruscan , Oscan language Oscan , Umbrian language Umbrian , Faliscan language Faliscan , Messapian language Messapic , North Picene language North and South Picene language South Picene Kharosthi Classical Latin Medieval Latin Linear B Old Norse Old Nordic Medieval Nordic Ogham Old Persian cuneiform Phoenician alphabet Phoenician Runic alphabet Runic Sanskrit Old Church Slavonic Ugaritic language Ugaritic See also Unicode fonts List of Unicode characters External links http guindo.pntic.mec.es jmag0042 alphaeng.html Alphabetum font home page. Currently in version 10.00 as of July 2011 unicode navigation Category Unicode typefaces typography stub nl Alphabetum ... more details
Image Europe satellite orthographic.jpg 230px right This is a list of extinct languages of Europe , languages which have undergone language death , have no native speakers and no Historical language spoken descendant . In some cases however, it is not known whether a language has a spoken descendant or not. For example, because of the uncertain origin of the Albanian language &mdash aside from its being an Indo European language &mdash and because little remains of the ancient languages in question, there is dispute whether Dacian language Dacian , Thracian language Thracian or Illyrian languages Illyrian have a spoken descendant, Albanian. And because of the scarcity of the evidence, it is not known whether Basque language Basque is a descendant of the Aquitanian language . Although the Pomeranian language has a spoken descendant, the Kashubian language , the other dialects of Pomeranian are extinct. Balkans Ancient Macedonian language Ancient Macedonian Bulgar language Bulgar Dalmatian language Dalmatian Dacian language Dacian Illyrian language Illyrian Lemnian language Lemnian Liburnian language Liburnian Paeonian language Paeonian Old Church Slavonic Eteocretan language Eteocretan Eteocypriot language Eteocypriot Pannonian Romance Pecheneg language Pecheneg Pelasgians Pelasgian Thracian language Thracian Yevanic language Yevanic Caucasus Caucasian Albanian language Caucasian Albanian France Gaulish language Gaulish Shuadit language Shuadit Zarphatic language Zarphatic Italy Aequian language Aequian Camunic language Camunic Elymi an Etruscan language Etruscan Falisci Faliscan Jud o Piedmontese Latin Lepontic language Lepontic Ligurian language ancient Ligurian Lombardic language Lombardic Messapian language Messapian Oscan Paleo Sardinian language Paleo Sardinian Raetian language Raetian Sicanian language Sicanian Sicel language Sicel Sicilian Arabic Umbrian language Umbrian Venetic language Venetic Vestinian language Vestinian Volscian language Volscian British ... more details
and Eteocypriot has been proposed by G.M. Facchetti, referring to some possible similarities ..., this is by no means a common view there are just as serious attempts to link Eteocretan and Eteocypriot ... more details
File Pre indo european lang.png right 350px thumb Location of some documented pre Indo European languages. The term pre Indo European languages relates to several not necessarily related non classified languages that existed in prehistoric Europe and South Asia before the arrival of bearers of Indo European languages . When date March 2012 Even if vague, some kind of disussion of linguists best guesses, limit of date ranges, etc., would be better than nothing here... Some of them are attested only as linguistic Stratum linguistics Substratum substrates in Indo European language s however, some others like Etruscan, Minoan, Iberian etc. are also attested with inscriptions, most of them dating back to the Bronze Age . Surviving pre Indo European languages include the Basque language , Nihali , and Burushaski . Asia Substrate in Vedic Sanskrit Harappan language Vedda language a dialect of Sinhala language Sinhalese containing pre Sinhalese substrate lexicon Hurro Urartian languages and Hattic language substrates in Anatolian Europe Old European hydronymy Pre Indoeuropean Basque language Pre Greek substrate Pelasgian probably Indo European Eteocretan see also Minoan language , Linear A , Cretan hieroglyphs probably Indo European Eteocypriot see also Cypro Minoan script probably Indo European Pre Germanic Germanic substrate hypothesis Pre Celtic or para Celtic Continental Pre Celtic Ligurian language ancient Ligurian language Pre Celtic of the British Isles, see Celtic settlement of Great Britain and Ireland Goidelic substrate hypothesis Pictish language sometimes classified as Celtic Tyrrhenian languages including at least Lemnos stele Lemnian language Etruscan language Raetic language Paleohispanic languages Iberian language Tartessian language Non classified pre Roman languages of Italy except for those affiliated with the Tyrrhenian Camunic language Elymian language probably Indo European North Picene language Paleosardic language aka Paleosardinian, Protosardic, Nur ... more details
Infobox Writing system name Cypriot type Syllabary languages Arcadocypriot Cypriot Greek , Eteocypriot time 11th 4th centuries BCE fam1 Linear A fam2 Cypro Minoan syllabary Cypro Minoan unicode http www.unicode.org charts PDF U10800.pdf U 10800&ndash U 1083F iso15924 Cprt sample Cypriot syllabic inscription 600 500BC.jpg File Idalion tablet.jpg thumb 250px The Cypriot syllabary is a syllabary syllabic script used in Iron Age Cyprus , from ca. the 11th to the 4th centuries BCE, when it was replaced by the Greek alphabet . A pioneer of that change was king Evagoras of Salamis, Cyprus Salamis . It is descended from the Cypro Minoan syllabary , in turn a variant or derivative of Linear A . Origin The island of Cyprus has always been known to possess its own script during the classical Greece classical period . The Cypriot Syllabary however, only refers to the script used during iron age Greece. The script used during bronze age Greece is generally known as Linear C Cypro Minoan script. ref name Chadwick cite book last Chadwick first John title Linear B and related Scripts place Berkeley and Los Angeles publisher University of California Press year 1987 ref Most texts using the script are in the Arcadocypriot dialect of Greek language Greek , but some bilingual Greek and Eteocypriot inscriptions were found in Amathus . Evolution It has been established that the Cypriot Syllabary is derived from the Linear A script and most probably, the Minoan writing system. The most obvious change is the disappearance of ideograms, which were frequent and represented a significant part of Linear A. ref name Mitford cite book last Mitford first T. B. last2 Masson first2 Olivier Masson booktitle The Cypriot syllabary title The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C. editor last Boardman editor first John editor2 last Hammond editor2 first N. G. L. publisher Cambridge University Press year 1982 accessdate 22 October 2008 doi 10.1017 CHOL9780521234474.005 ref The earliest ... more details
File Eteocypriot writing.jpg thumb right 240px Eteocypriot language Eteocypriot writing, Amathous , Cyprus , 500 to 300 BC. Ashmolean Museum An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, ref Lenore A. Grenoble, Lindsay J. Whaley, Saving Languages An Introduction to Language Revitalization , Cambridge University Press 2006 p.18 ref or that is no longer in current use. Extinct languages are sometimes contrasted with Language death dead languages , which are still known and used in special contexts in written form, but not as ordinary spoken languages for everyday communication. However, language extinction and language death are often equated. Language loss Normally the transition from a spoken to an extinct language occurs when a language undergoes language death while being directly replaced by a different one. For example, Indigenous languages of the Americas Native American languages were replaced by English language English , French language French , Portuguese language Portuguese , or Spanish language Spanish as a result of colonization. By contrast to an extinct language which no longer has any speakers, a dead language may remain in use for science scientific , law legal , or religion ecclesiastical functions. Old Church Slavonic , Avestan language Avestan , Coptic language Coptic , Biblical Hebrew , Ge ez language Ge ez and Latin are among the many dead languages used as sacred language s. Sometimes a language that has changed so much that linguists describe it as a different language or different stage is called extinct , as in the case of Old English , a forerunner of English language Modern English . But in such cases, the language never ceased to be used by speakers, and as linguist s subdivisions in the process of Language death Dead languages and normal language change language change are fairly arbitrary, such forerunner languages are not properly speaking extinct. A language that currently has living native speakers is called a modern ... more details
File The 5th century BC Amathus sarcophagus.jpg thumb 260px 5th century BC sarcophagus found in Amathus integrates Greek, Cypriot, and Oriental features Amathus lang grc was one of the most ancient royal cities of Cyprus , on the southern coast in front of Agios Tychonas , about 24 miles west of Larnaca and 6 miles east of Limassol . Its ancient cult of Aphrodite was the most important, after Paphos , in Cyprus, her homeland, though the ruins of Amathus are less well preserved than neighboring Kourion . ref Walter Burkert , Greek Religion 1985, p. 153 J. Karageorghis, La grande d esse de Chypre et son culte , 1977. ref ref name OCD Cite book last Catling first Hector William contribution Amathus year 1996 title Oxford Classical Dictionary editor1 last Hornblower editor1 first Simon editor1 link Simon Hornblower editor2 last Spawforth editor2 first Anthony editor2 link Anthony Spawforth edition 3rd place Oxford publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 521693 8 postscript None ref Pre history and ancient era The pre history of Amathus mixes myth and archaeology . ref T. Petit, Eteocypriot myth and Amathousian reality, JMA 12 1999 108 20 ref Though there was no Bronze Age city on the site, archaeology has detected human activity that is evident from the earliest Iron Age , circa 1100 BC . ref name OCD ref cite journal title Amathus during the First Iron Age journal Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research month November year 1997 first Pierre last Aupert coauthors volume 308 issue 308 pages 19 25 id format doi 10.2307 1357406 jstor 1357406 M. Iacovou, Amathous, an early Iron Age polity in Cyprus the chronology of its foundation , Report of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus 2002 pp 101 22. ref The city s legendary founder was Cinyras , linked with the birth of Adonis , who called the city after his mother Amathous. According to a version of the Ariadne legend noted by Plutarch , ref Plutarch, Biography vita of Theseus 20.3 .5 , citing the l ... more details
see also Hellenism disambiguation Hellenization or Hellenisation is a term used to describe the spread of Ancient Greece ancient Greek culture , and, to a lesser extent, language, over foreign peoples conquered by Greece or in its sphere of influence . It is mainly used to describe the spread of Hellenistic civilization during the Hellenistic period following the campaigns of Alexander the Great of Macedon . The result of Hellenization was that elements of Greek origin combined in various forms and degrees with local elements, which is known as Hellenism . In modern times, Hellenization has been associated with the adoption of modern Greek culture and the ethnic and cultural homogenization of Greece. ref name Zacharia2008 harvnb Zacharia 2008 p 232 . ref ref name kolliopoulos harvnb Koliopoulos Veremis 2002 pp 232 241 . ref Historic usage Classical period The term is used in a number of other ancient historical contexts, starting with the Hellenization of the earliest inhabitants of Greece such as the Pelasgians , the Leleges , the Lemnian language Lemnians , the Eteocypriot s in Cyprus , Eteocretan s and Minoans in Crete prior to Classical antiquity , as well as the Sicels , Elymians , Sicani in Sicily and the Oenotrians , Brutii , Lucani ancient people Lucani , Messapii and many others in territories constituting Magna Graecia . Hellenistic period Image MacedonEmpire.jpg thumb 400px Map of the Alexandrian Empire , circa 323 BC Main Hellenistic civilization seealso Hellenistic Judaism During the Hellenistic period, following the death of Alexander the Great, considerable numbers of Assyrian people Assyrians , Jews , Egyptians , Persis Persians , Parthia ns, Armenians and a number of other ethnic groups along the Middle East and Central Asia were Hellenized. The Bactrians , an Iranian ethnic group who lived in Bactria northern Afghanistan , were Hellenized during the Greco Bactrian Kingdom , and soon after various tribes in northwestern regions of the Indian su ... more details
ISO 639 3 header E ISO 639 ebg ebg anchor ebg I L Ebughu Eastern Bontok language ebk anchor ebk I L Eastern Bontok Teke Ebo language ebo anchor ebo I L Teke Ebo Ebri language ebr anchor ebr I L Ebri ISO 639 ebu ebu anchor ebu I L Embu ISO 639 3 style I A Eteocretan language ecr anchor ecr I A Eteocretan Eteokretisch ISO 639 ecs ecs anchor ecs I L Ecuadorian Sign Language ecuadorianische Zeichensprache ISO 639 3 style I A ISO 639 ecy ecy anchor ecy I A Eteocypriot ISO 639 eee eee anchor eee I L E E Efai language efa anchor efa I L Efai Efe language efe anchor efe I L Efe Efik language efi anchor efi efi I L Efik efik Ega language ega anchor ega I L Ega Emilian language egl anchor egl I L Emilian Eggon language ego anchor ego I L Eggon ISO 639 3 style I A ISO 639 egy egy anchor egy egy I A Egyptian ancien gyptien egipcio gyptisch Ehueun language ehu anchor ehu I L Ehueun Eipomek language eip anchor eip I L Eipomek Eitiep language eit anchor eit I L Eitiep Askopan language eiv anchor eiv I L Askopan Ejamat language eja anchor eja I L Ejamat Ekajuk language eka anchor eka eka I L Ekajuk ekajuk Ekit language eke anchor eke I L Ekit Ekari language ekg anchor ekg I L Ekari ISO 639 eki eki anchor eki I L Eki Standard Estonian language ekk anchor ekk I L Standard Estonian Kol language ekl anchor ekl I L Kol Elip language ekm anchor ekm I L Elip Koti language eko anchor eko I L Koti Ekpeye language ekp anchor ekp I L Ekpeye Yace language ekr anchor ekr I L Yace Eastern Kayah language eky anchor eky I L Kayah, Eastern Elepi language ele anchor ele I L Elepi El Hugeirat language elh anchor elh I L El Hugeirat ISO 639 3 style I E Nding language eli anchor eli I E Nding Elkei language elk anchor elk I L Elkei ISO 639 ell ell anchor ell el gre I L Greek grec moderne griego moderno Griechisch Eleme language elm anchor elm I L Eleme El Molo language elo anchor elo I L El Molo Elpaputih language ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove July 2007 original research August 2007 This list covers English language country names with their etymologies . Some of these include notes on indigenous names and their etymologies. Countries in italics are endonym s or no longer exist as sovereign political entities. compactTOC8 A flag Afghanistan Main Etymology of Afghanistan Name of Afghanistan Afghan ethnonym linktext , Afgh nest n , attested in the Persian influenced Chagatai language Chagatai Baburnama memoirs of the Moghul Empire Moghul list of Mughal emperors emperor Babur ref cite web url http persian.packhum.org persian pf?file 03501051&ct 92 title Events Of The Year 910 p.5 author Babur work Baburnama Memoirs publisher Packard Humanities Institute year 1525 accessdate 22 August 2010 ref in 1525. A compound linguistics compound of the exonym Afgh n linktext , Pashtun and the suffix stan i st n linktext , home of . Afghan was first recorded in Arabic language Arabic , Af n in the 10th century ud d al lam ref name khyber Anonymous. ud d al lam . Op. cit. in http www.khyber.org articles 2005 TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml The Khalaj West of the Oxus excerpts from The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies , Vol 10, No 2, pp. 417 437. University of London. Retrieved 10 January 2007. ref and likely derives from the Prakrit Avag n linktext recorded in the 6th century encyclopedia compiled by Varahamihira ref Varahamihira . B hat Sa hit . ref or the Sassanid Persian Abg n first recorded in the 3rd century ref name BritAb cite web url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 7798 Afghanistan 129450 History?anchor ref261360 title History of Afghanistan publisher Encyclop dia Britannica Online accessdate 22 November 2010 ref or both. Both ultimately derive from the Sanskrit tribal name A vaka linktext , horsemen , describing the Kambojas The A vakas Kambojas south of the Hindu Kush . ref See Afghan ethnonym Ashv ... more details
had their own Eteocypriot language until around the 4th century BC. ref http linguistlist.org forms langs LLDescription.cfm?code ecy Linguist List Description of Eteocypriot . Retrieved ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
