Ethnogenesis from the Greek Language Greek ethnos polytonic , group of people or nation , and genesis polytonic , origin, birth , pl. ethnogeneses is the process by which a group of human beings comes to be understood or to understand themselves as Ethnicity ethnically distinct from the wider social landscape from which their grouping emerges. This recognition of culture creation has caused some historians to place traditional Teleology teleological nation building narratives into the framework of legend , when they were once uncritically accepted as historical facts. Passive or active ethnogenesisEthnogenesis can occur passively, in the accumulation of markers of group identity forged through interaction with the physical environment, cultural and religious divisions between ... Inclusive or exclusive nationalism Unreferenced section date March 2009 Ethnogenesis can be promoted ... national epic , Kalevala , was a founding stone of Finnish nationalism and ethnogenesis. Finnish ... and through interaction with their unique environmental circumstances. Ethnogenesis in these circumstances ... to everyone at the head of a long history of attempts to lay claim to a Gothic tradition, the ethnogenesis ... cultural sphere underwent social changes partly in reaction, which spurred their ethnogenesis, Clayton Anderson has observed. ref See Clayton Anderson, The Indian Southwest, 1580 1830 Ethnogenesis ... in Jonathan D. Hill ed. , History, Power, and Identity Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492 1992 , Iowa City University of Iowa Press 1996. ref Ethnogenesis in the Texas plains and along the coast took ... ro Census 2004 ref Ethnogenesis in historical scholarship Within the historical profession, the term ethnogenesis has been borrowed as a neologism to explain the origins and evolution of so called barbarian ... is Stammesbildung und Verfassung Cologne and Graz 1961 ref ethnogenesis arose from small ... questions of race and place of origin became secondary. Proponents of ethnogenesis may claim it is the only ... more details
Las Humanas, also known as Jumano Pueblo, was one of the Tompiro Indians Pubelos in the vicinity of the Manzano Mountains of New Mexico . It was a center of the salt trade prior to the Spanish incursion into the region and traded heavily with the Jumanos of the area of modern Presidio, Texas and other central Rio Grande areas. It may have also traded with Jumanos along the Pecos River and other places to the east and maybe even north. At the time the Spanish came in the 1580s Las Humans had a population of about 3,000. The area suffered from Spanish expropriation of resources and then from droughts in the 1660s. 450 residents died in 1668 and by the early 1670s the Pueblo was abandoned. Sources Anderson, Gary Clayton. The Indian Southwest, 1580 1830 Ethnogenesis and Reinvention . Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. coord missing New Mexico Category Former populated places in New Mexico ... more details
Quirites was the earliest name of the Burgess title burgesses of Ancient Rome . The singular is quiris meaning spear . Sources derive the term from Cures , the capital of the Sabines , who were assimilated by the Romans early on in their traditional ethnogenesis . Combined in the phrase populus Romanus quirites or quiritium it denoted the individual citizen as contrasted with the community. Hence ius quiritium in Roman law is full Roman citizenship. Subsequently the term lost the military associations due to the original conception of the people as a body of warriors, and was applied sometimes in a deprecatory sense, cf. Tacitus Tac. Ann. . 42 to the Romans in domestic affairs, Romani being reserved for foreign affairs. In identifying this name as the possible source of the word cry , the Oxford English Dictionary cites Varro . See also Quirinus References Cite EB1911 W1EC 1 wstitle Quirites Oxford English Dictionary , cry. Category Ancient Rome bg de Quiriten es Quiritas fr Quirites it Quiriti ka la Quirites nl Quirites pl Kwiryci pt Quirites ru uk ... more details
Merge Urartu date July 2009 Shupria or Arme Shupria was a Hurrian kingdom, known from Assyrian sources beginning in the 12th century BC, located in the Armenian Highland , to the southwest of Lake Van , bordering on Urartu proper. Together with Armani Subartu Mitanni Hurri Mitanni , Hayasa Azzi and other populations of the region, fell under Urartu Urartian rule in the 9th century BC, and their descendants later contributed to the ethnogenesis of the early Armenians . ref http slovari.yandex.ru dict bse article 00004 37200.htm?text D1 85 D0 B0 D0 B9 D0 B0 D1 81 D0 B0 Armenians article, Great Soviet Encyclopedia ref Shupria is mentioned in the letter of Esarhaddon to the god Assur god Assur . Esarhaddon undertook an expedition against Shupria in 674, subjugating it. References Reflist See also Subartu Mitanni Urartu Mushki Hayasa Azzi Bronze Age collapse Category Anatolia Category History of Armenia Category Urartu hy ru ... more details
File PontidPole.jpg thumb An example of the pontid race from Poland Pontid race subrace in structure Caucasian race . The race is extended among the population of the Black Sea coast, namely Adyghe people Adygs , Abkhaz people Abkhazians , Georgians , Ukrainians southern Ukrainians , Russians southern Russian , Moldovans Moldavians , Romanians , and extends further west to the populations consisting of Poles , Slovakians , Czechs , Hungarians , and in the balkans. It is a mediterranean race. Many of the Illyrians and ancient greeks were of the pontid race. Which is evident by the number of Albanian s that are pontid. Pontids have a direct nose, sometimes with the lowered tip, differs from more southern Caspian race Caspian type in the raised percent of light eyes and hair. ref http www.ido.edu.ru psychology anthropology 5.html Racial variety of the person ref Notes Reflist External links wikiquote http school.bakai.ru ?id hispb010103 Ethnogenesis the Caucasian indigenous population ru icon Historical definitions of race Category Historical definitions of race ru zh ... more details
File Ethnic Caucasia.PNG thumb Ethniic map of the Caucasus in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. During that period Saspers inhabited the area between oruh River Ch orokhi , Kura river Mtkvari , Aras River Araxes and Euphrates rivers Saspers lang ka were an ancient Georgian people Georgian tribe. Saspers are first mentioned by Herodotus in the 5th century BC . Their approximate homeland was located between the oruh River Ch orokhi river and the sources of rivers Tigris and Euphrates . Toponym Sper today spir is derived from their name. It is argued that the evolution of the name Sper hber iber gave the name to Iberian kingdom. After it s establishment, they constituted a significant part of the population of the early Georgian kingdom of Caucasian Iberia Iberia and played a large role in the ethnogenesis of the Georgian nation. See Also spir Ancient Georgians Ancient Georgian Tribes Category Ancient Georgian tribes ca Saspers ru ... more details
Valeri Pavlovich Alekseyev sometimes spelled as Alexseev lang ru , 1929 1991 was a Russia n anthropologist , director of the Institute of Archaeology in Moscow 1987 1991 and member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences , exceptionally without having been a member of the Communist Party . Alekseev proposed Homo rudolfensis in 1986. Bibliography Alekseev has Publishing published 20 books and some 500 articles. Historical anthropology and ethnogenesis 1989 Geography of the human race The Origin of the Human Race, Progress Publishers 1986 , ISBN 978 0828533256. Global paleoanthropology and the formation of the human races Origin of the peoples of Eastern Europe Origin of the peoples of the Caucasus External links http www.drummingnet.com alekseev TableofContents.html The Alexeev Manuscript , 1991 lectures held in Harvard. http www.ido.edu.ru psychology anthropology biograf1.html biography ido.edu.ru Persondata NAME Alekseyev, Valeri Pavlovich ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Anthropologist DATE OF BIRTH 1929 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1991 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Alekseyev, Valeri Pavlovich Category 1929 births Category 1991 deaths Category Paleoanthropologists Category Russian anthropologists Category Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russia scientist stub es Valeri P vlovich Aleks yev fr Valeri Alekse ev kk ru , ... more details
Infobox monarch name Abd al Aziz br title Abd al Aziz of Mogadishu image caption reign 14th century coronation othertitles full name predecessor successor dynasty Maldivian Sultanate birth date birth place death date death place religion Islam Abd al Aziz of Mogadishu lang ar was a 14th century Somali people Somali ruler in Kinolhas , Maldives . Biography The presence and high position of Abd al Aziz in this region highlights the close connections between History of the Maldives medieval Maldives and the Somali seamen from Mogadishu sailing the Indian Ocean . They supplied Maldivian traders with exotic animals and musk , and contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Maldivian population. ref Dhivehi raajje a portrait of Maldives By Adrian Neville pg 6 ref ref http www.cpamedia.com history maldives east africa Maldivian Links with Eastern Africa ref In 1346, Abd al Aziz welcomed Ibn Battuta at his court and entertained him before giving him a barque to continue his journey. ref The voyage of Fran ois Pyrard of Laval to the East Volume 2, Part 2 By Fran ois Pyrard pg 467 ref See also Ibn Battuta References reflist External links http www.cpamedia.com history maldives east africa Maldivian Links with Eastern Africa DEFAULTSORT Abd Al Aziz Of Mogadishu Category History of the Maldives Category Mogadishu ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox monarch name Batbayan title Tsar Khan of Bulgaria image reign 665&ndash 668 predecessor Kubrat successor Asparukh of Bulgaria Asparukh consort royal house Dulo clan Dulo royal anthem father Kubrat mother birth date birth place death date 690 death place buried Batbayan died 690 also known as Bayan or Boyan given name Boyan , Bezmer or Bezmes , Bazmei an was the eldest son of Khagan Kubrat . After Kubrat , Batbayan ruled from Poltava the lands north of the Black Sea and the Azov Sea . In 668 , Batbayan engaged in wars with his relative Cozrig and was temporarily driven into Crimea . Cozrig s Khazars attacked and eventually took the steppe s between Don River Russia Don and the Ural Mountains Ural s, according to the treaty of 668 between Batbayan and the Khazar Khagan Kaban under which Batbayan and his sister Huba were taken prisoners. Western Bulgar warriors adopted the practice of wearing Martenitsa s in battle to remind them of the sacrifice of their ancestral relatives Batbayan and Huba. Batbayan s Bulgars are an essential part of the ethnogenesis of the contemporary Balkars and probably in some scale of the Volga Tatars and Crimean Tatars . Bulgarians ethnogenesis is probably very little influenced by Batbayan s Bulgars . See also Martenitsa List of Ukrainian rulers S start Succession box before Kubrat title List of Bulgarian monarchs Bulgarian Ruler after Asparukh in Bulgaria br Balkor br Khazars over Volga Bulgaria br Emnetzur years S end Bulgarian monarchs Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Batbayan Of Bulgaria ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 690 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Batbayan Of Bulgaria Category 690 deaths Category Monarchs of the Bulgars Category 7th century Bulgarian monarchs Bulgaria bio stub Euro royal stub az Batbayan xan be bg cv de Batbajan fr Batbayan it Batbajan di Bulgaria he hu Batbaj n bolg r k n pl Batbaja ... more details
The Quems were a group of Indigenous peoples of the Americas American Indians that were recorded as having settled along both banks of the Rio Grande in what is now Texas United States and Coahuila Mexico . A group of hunter gatherer s, they are known to have settled around present day Eagle Pass, Texas Eagle Pass and Piedras Negras, Coahuila Piedras Negras . Dami n Massanet also recorded them, in 1691, as one of six groups of Indians encountered along a stream called Caramanchel this appears to correspond with today s Comanche Creek in the southwestern part of Zavala County, Texas Zavala County . Massenet implied that all six groups spoke a language now known as Coahuilteco . The Quems were among the most prominent Native Americans living between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. ref Gary Clayton Anderson, The Indian Southwest, 1580 1830 Ethnogenesis and Reinvention Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1999 p. 39 ref In 1689, Alonso De Le n was led by two Indian guides to the site of Fort St. Louis , built by Sieur de la Salle along Matagorda Bay . One of the guides was a Quems, who claimed that he had visited the fort while it was still occupied by the France French . Massenet, in his account of this expedition, recorded that the Quems guide used a sign language then common in the area of southern Texas he was also tattoo ed. When the San Phelipe de Valladares Mission was founded near modern day Candela in 1700, some Quems entered they were recorded under the name Quexamos. Little else is known of the tribe, except that between 1726 and 1748 two families, constituting six people, were recorded as being in the San Antonio de Valero Mission of San Antonio, Texas San Antonio . Here they are identified by various names, such as Cems, Qems, Quimzo, and Quinze. References http www.tshaonline.org handbook online articles QQ bmq5.html Handbook of Texas entry references Category Native American tribes in Texas Category Indigenous peoples of North America NorthAm native ... more details
Abu Ja far Ashinas Arabic was a general of the Abbasid caliph al Mu tasim , possibly of the sacred clan of the First Turkic empire, transcribed in Chinese as Ashina . While a folk etymology of his name is given in Muhammad ibn Jarir al Tabari al Tabari , al Mu tasim gave him the first rank among his Turkish generals and a text of Mas udi described him as a great noble. As the name Ashinas is not at all part of Turkish onomastic, and is only known for princes, it is quite certain that he was a late member of the imperial clan of the Turks. According to al Tabari, ref name Kennedy, Hugh 2004 Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of Caliphates. Longman 2004 . ref he was purchased by al Mu tasim in Baghdad during the reign of al Ma mun , along with Itakh al Khazari and Wasif. He was in charge at Samarra of the Turkish troops of al Mu tasim. When he died in 844 he was governor of Egypt, ref name Kennedy, Hugh 2004 and the most powerful general serving the Abbasids. References reflist refbegin Golden, Peter. An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples Ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East , Harrassowitz, 1992. E. de la Vaissi re, Samarcande et Samarra. Elites d Asie centrale dans l empire abbasside , Peeters, 2007 http www.peeters leuven.be boekoverz.asp?nr 8356 M. Gordon, The breaking of a Thousand Swords. A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra A.H. 200 275 815 889 C.E. , State University of New York Press, 2001. refend Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Ashinas ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 844 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Ashinas Category 844 deaths Category Year of birth missing Category Abbasid generals Category Byzantine Arab Wars az nas ... more details
File Flag of Turkmenistan.svg thumb upright 2 right The Flag of Turkmenistan features five traditional tribal guls. A gul is a medallion like design element typical of traditional hand Weaving woven carpets associated with Central Asia Central and West Asia . They usually feature either rotational symmetry n fold rotational symmetry twofold rotational symmetry or left right and perhaps also up down reflection symmetry . Some are octagon al, or suggest approximations of octagons. four leaf clover Cloverleaf ref name Mace and elephant s foot motifs constitute a variety of guls. The Flag of Turkmenistan features five traditional tribal guls, and many Turkmenistan sources of carpets emphasize the Turkmen people ethnic Turkmen traditions of carpet design and production, and may describe a process of confusion where such work has been imported, especially through Bukhara , Uzbekistan , and misunderstood as deriving from Uzbekistani culture the featuring of guls is sometimes described as typical of supposed Bukhara designs. Western authors used comparison of the design vocabulary of tribal guls, reproduced on traditional rugs, in studying the ethnogenesis of Asian peoples. ref name Mace Ruth Mace, Clare J. Holden, Stephen Shennan 2005 . http books.google.com books?id 5YP p5eS898C The evolution of cultural diversity a phylogenetic approach . Routledge. ISBN 1844720993. pp. 118 120. ref References reflist Further reading Louise W. Mackie, Jon Thompson 1980 . http books.google.com books?id jzTrAAAAMAAJ Turkmen, tribal carpets and traditions . Textile Museum . Asia stub Textile stub Category Ornaments Category Symmetry Category Asian culture Category National symbols of Turkmenistan Category Turkic rugs ... more details
material culture, and regional exchange systems. Books Crossroads and Cosmologies Diasporas and Ethnogenesis ... book.asp?id FENNEF07 Christopher C. Fennell, Crossroads and Cosmologies Diasporas and Ethnogenesis ... more details
The Venetic theory lang sl venetska teorija is a widely diffused autochthonist theory of the origin of Slovenes which denies the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps in the 6th century, claiming that proto Slovenes also known as Veneti have inhabited the region since ancient times. Although it has been rejected by scholars ref Rado Lencek. 1990. The Linguistic Premises of Matej Bor s Slovene Venetic Theory. Slovene Studies 12 1 75 86 ref ref Tom Priestly. 1997. Vandals, Veneti, Windischer The Pitfalls of Amateur Historical Linguistics. Slovene Studies 12 1 2 3 41 ref ref Tom Priestly. 2001. Vandali, Veneti, Vindi arji pasti amaterske histori ne lingvistike. Slavisti na revija 49 275 303. ref , it has been an influential alternative explanation of the Slovenian ethnogenesis . During the 1980s and 1990s, it gained wide attention in Slovenia and the former Yugoslavia . Background The theory was advanced in the mid 1980s by a group of Slovenia n authors, notably Jo ko avli , Matej Bor and Ivan Toma i . In a book published in 1984, the three authors proposed an alternative view on the ethnogenesis of the Slovene people they rejected the notion that the Slovenes were descended of Slavs who settled the area in the 6th century, claiming that the ancestors of modern Slovenes were in fact a pre Roman people they call Veneti which would include the Adriatic Veneti , the Baltic Veneti , the Pannonians , the Noricum Noricans and some other peoples that traditional historiography identified either as Celts or Illyrians . According to the Venetic theory, the ancient Veneti spoke a proto Slavic language from which modern Slovene and West Slavic languages emerged. The theory is based on several different arguments. One is the traditional Germanic peoples Germanic denomination of several Slavic people s as Wends Proto Germanic W neth z lang de Wenden, Winden this tradition has remained in the archaic German name for the Sorbs Wenden and the Slovenes Windischen or Winden . Some med ... more details
File Vindelici coinage 5th 1st century BCE.jpg thumb Vindelici coinage, 5th 1st century BC. In the pre Ancient Rome Roman geography of Europe , Vindelicia identifies the country inhabited by the Vindelici , a region bounded on the north by the Danube and later the Limes Germanicus Hadrian s Limes Germanicus , on the east by the Oenus Inn River Inn , on the south by Raetia and on the west by the territory of the Helvetii . It thus corresponded to the northeast portion of Switzerland , the southeast of Baden , and the south of W rttemberg and Bavaria . Its chief town was refounded by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum Augusta of the Vindelici , or Augsburg . The material culture of its inhabitants the Vindelici was La T ne . The ethnic origin of the Vindelici is not certain. Whether they spoke a Celt ic i.e. Gaul ish , Germanic languages Germanic , or other Indo European language is unclear. A possible etymology of their name includes a Celtic element windo , cognate to Irish language Irish find white . ref Compare also Vindobona , Vindomagus , Vindonissa , etc. ref However, according to a classical source, Servius commentary on Virgil s Aeneid , ref name Vindelicians Servius commentary on Virgil s Aeneid i. 243. ref the Vindelicians were Liburnians , themselves most probably related to the Adriatic Veneti Veneti . ref Mitjel Yoshamya and Zyelimer Yoshamya, Gan Veyan Neo Liburnic glossary, grammar, culture, genom , Old Croatian Archidioms, Monograph I, pp. 1 1.224, Scientific Society for Ethnogenesis studies, Zagreb 2005. ref ref John J. Wilkes, The Illyrians , 1992, ISBN 0 631 19807 5, p. 183 ... We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language sets them apart from the rest of the Illyrians. ... ref A reference in Virgil ref name Vindelicians seems to refer to the Veneti as Liburnians, namely that the innermost realm of the Liburnians must have been the goal at which Antenor is said to have arrived. Thus, it seems that the anci ... more details
unsourced date January 2009 Pavle Ingorokva Georgian alphabet Georgian 1893 1990 was a Georgia country Georgian historian , Philology philologist , and public benefactor. He graduated from the Saint Petersburg State University University of St. Petersburg 1915 . In 1917 he was one of the founders of the Union of Georgian Writers . Between 1923 1925, he was the Editor in chief editor in chief of the Georgian scientific and literary Journal Kavkasioni The Caucasus . Between 1929 and 1940 Ingorokva was a Head of the Department of Manuscripts of the State Museum of Georgia now the Georgian National Museum , in 1940 1950 a Senior Research Fellow of the Institute of History Tbilisi . In 1958 he was one of the founders of the Institute of Manuscripts now the Georgian National Center of Manuscripts . He was also a member of the Commission on Study of The Knight in the Panther s Skin of the Georgian Academy of Sciences GAS . Pavle Ingorokva s main fields of the scientific activity were the history of the Georgian literature, history of Georgia, source studies of the history of Georgia, Rustavelology Study of the works of the mediaeval Georgian writer Shota Rustaveli , history of Georgian script, etc. Some of his findings have proved extremely contentious and most western scholars dispute them, claiming his work is biased from an ethno nationalistic perspective this is especially in regard to his discussion of the ethnogenesis of the Georgians and Abkhaz people Abkhaz , and the age of the Georgian alphabet . A discussion of Ingoroqva s work can be found in Bruno Coppieters, In Defence of the Homeland Intellectuals and the Georgian Abkhazian Conflict in Secession, History and the Social Sciences, ed. by Bruno Coppieters and Michel Huysseune, VUB Press, 2002 , p. 93 94. See also List of Georgians Some main works of Pavle Ingorokva Rustveliana a monograph about Shota Rustaveli , Tbilisi, 1926, 200 pp. in Georgian language Georgian The Georgian inscriptions of Ant ... more details
File Simon Janashia.jpg right 180px thumb Portrait Simon Janashia July 13, 1900 November 5, 1947 was an outstanding Georgia country Georgian historian and public benefactor, one of the founders and Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences GAS , Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. He was born in 1900, in the village Makvaneti Guria region of Western Georgia . His father was a famous Georgian teacher, ethnographist and public benefactor Nikoloz Janashia 1872 1918 . In 1922 Simon Janashia graduated from the Tbilisi State University TSU . In 1924 1947 he was a Lecturer 1924 1930 , Associate Professor 1930 1935 and Professor 1935 1947 of this University. In 1941 he was one of the founders of the Georgian Academy of Sciences GAS , in 1941 1947 Vice President of the Academy and Director of the Institute of History of GAS. In 1943 Janashia was elected as Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Union now the Russian Academy of Science . Main fields of scientific activity of Simon Janashia were ethnogenesis of the Georgian people and other Iberian Caucasian peoples, genesis of the feudalism in Georgia and the Caucasus, history of ancient Georgia, archaeology of ancient Georgia, history of the Kingdoms of Kolkheti Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia Iberia , history of Christianity in Georgia, source studies of the history of Georgia and the Caucasus . He was author of more than 100 scientific research works among them about 10 monographs . In 1949 1968 in Tbilisi were published Janashia s works Vol. I IV . In the 1940s Janashia was one of the organizers of the archaeological excavations in Mtskheta and Armazi Eastern Georgia . Simon Janashia died in 1947, in Tbilisi. Literature Simon Janashia , Tbilisi, 1948 in Georgian Shota Meskhia. Outstanding explorer of the history of Georgia , Tbilisi, 1960 in Georgian Simon Janashia 1900 1947 . Biobibliography, Tbilisi, 1976 in Georgian, English and Russian External links http burusi.wordpress.com 2009 09 12 simon j ... more details
The Hasinai Confederacy Caddo language Caddo Has inay ref Edmonds 27 ref was a large confederation of Caddoan languages Caddo speaking Native Americans in the United States Native Americans located between the Sabine River Texas Louisiana Sabine and Trinity River Texas Trinity rivers in eastern Texas. Today they are enrolled in the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma . Name They were known as the Tejas Texas , old Spanish spelling by Spain Spanish explorers, or even Hasini, being the plural Spanish version of the Caddo word unicode t ysha friend . This name was later given to the state of Texas . They are also referred to as Hasini , Asenai , Asinai , Assoni , Asenay , Cenis and Sannaye . Government At the time of the Spanish and French encounter with the Hasinai in the 1680s the Hasinai were a centrally organized chiefdom under the control of a religious leader known as the Grand Xinesi. The Xinesi lived in a secluded house. He met with a council of councilors. The Hasinai chieftainship consisted of several sub divisions which the have been designated contonments . Each of these was under the control of a Caddi. There was also men designated as Canahas and Chayas who helped the Caddi run the system. ref Gary Clayton Anderson, The Indian Southwest, 1580 1830 Ethnogenesis and Reinvention Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1999 p. 44 ref History During the 17th century the Hasinai carried on trade with the Jumanos at the western Hasinai city of Nabedache city Nabedache . ref Anderson, The Indian Southwest , p. 47 ref Some consider the residents of Nabedache to have been a distinct people designated by that name. Historic Populations It is estimated that in 1520 the people who would become the Hasinai, the Kadohadacho and the Natchitoches tribe Natchitoches numbered about 250,000. ref Juliana Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman Indians and Spanairds in the Texas Borderlands Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 2007 p. 20 ref Over the next 250 years the populatio ... more details
File Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg thumb 250px right Selonians in the context of the other Baltic tribes, circa 1200 Common Era CE . The Eastern Balts are shown in brown hues while the Western Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate. History of Latvia Selonians latvian S i were a tribe of Balts Baltic peoples . The Selonians lived until the 15th century in Selonia , located in southeastern Latvia and northeastern Lithuania . They merged with neighbouring tribes, contributing to the ethnogenesis of Latvians and Lithuanians . They spoke in Selonian language . Selonians were Eastern Balts , but very little is known about them. Scare archaeological and historic data determined that this region is often characterized as a scarcely populated land . In writtern sources they are mentioned only few times. Chronicle of Henry of Livonia mentions Selonians in the beginning of 13th century 13th. century when they were conquered and christened. Author of the chronicle calls Selonians as Lithuanian allies . ref http www.historia.lv raxti Seelji LME.htm ref Their lands was subjects of Principality of Jersika Principalities of Jersika and Principality of Koknese Koknese . Southern lands however were ruled by Lithuanians Lithuanian dukes. In 1207 German Swordbrothers Brothers of Sword together with their Livonians Livonian and Latgalians Letgallian allies besieged main Selonian centre S lpils castle . Reason for attack were german claims, that S lpils castle is used as main Lithuanian support base for their attacks in Livonia . After long siege Selonians agreed to baptism and german rule. ref Indri a hronika. . Feldh na tulk., . Mugur vi a priek v rds un koment ri. R ga Zin tne, 1993. 453 lpp. ref Selonians is last time mentioned in written sources in 15th century 15th. century . Archeology Archeological data can trace Selonians back to the beginning of 1st millennium AD when they lived on both sides of Daugava river. ref http www.istorija.lt la simniskyte2005en.html r ... more details
Image Scythia Minor map.jpg thumb Major ancient towns and colonies in Scythia Minor Scythia Minor , Lesser Scythia Lang el , Mikr Skythia was in ancient times the region surrounded by the Danube at the north and west and the Black Sea at the east, corresponding to today s Dobruja , with a part in Romania and a part in Bulgaria . The earliest description of the region is found in Herodotus , who identified as Scythia the region starting north of the Danube delta . In a 2nd century BC inscription recording a decree of Histria Sinoe Histria honouring Agathocles, the region already was named Scythia, while the earliest usage of the name Scythia Minor Mikr Skythia in literature is found in Strabo s early 1st century Geography . By the 7th century BC, several Greek colonies were built on its Black Sea shore, and the earliest written Greek reports state that the lands were inhabited by Thracians , Ethnogenesis reidentified in time as Getae and then Dacians . During later times, the area also witnessed Celt ic and Scythia n invasions. It was part of the kingdom of Dacia for a period, after which the region was conquered by the Roman Empire , becoming part of the province of Moesia Moesia Inferior . With Tetrarchy Diocletian s reforms , it was split from Moesia as a separate province of Scythia , being part of the Diocese of Thrace . After the partition of the Empire in 395, the province was retained by the Byzantine Empire . It retained the name Scythia Minor, until the region s loss during the early 7th century to the Migration Period migrating Slavs and Bulgars . After that, the classical name fell out of use. See also List of ancient towns in Scythia Minor http www.strateg.org.ro STRATEG. Defensive strategies and cross border policies. Integration of the Lower Danube area in the Roman civilization References Dic ionar de istorie veche a Rom niei Dictionary of ancient Romanian history 1976 Editura tiin ific i Enciclopedic , pp. 536 537 Late Roman Pr ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Bo njani sing. Bo njanin Lang la Bosniensis was the local Slavic language Slavic name for inhabitants of Bosnia region Bosnia during the Middle Ages . It appeared in a number of documents from the period, in most cases coupled with the word Good Dobri . Debate on the exact nature of the term is inconclusive. Some historians believe that it indicates a unique ethnicity while others believe that it indicates a geographical identity, rather than an ethnic. Today the name is considered archaic, and is used only in the correct historical context. The records of the term date to the 12th century in the Medieval Bosnian kingdom. Ban title Ban Kulin 1163 1204 was a notable List of rulers of Bosnia Ban of Bosnia who ruled from 1180 to 1204, but as of the 12th century, it goes on becoming a established kingdom and expanding its broders. The term Bo njani emerges, implying the ethnogenesis of a new South Slavic tribe, whose ethnic development is obviously significantly formed by the heretic Bosnian Church . Serb references often claim Bosnjani to be a ethnic term in domestic documentary sources and are either early self referrals, or the description of the Kotromani s crown the Bosnian king who wore the crown of Bosnia and Serbia . This is due to a claimed historical event Tvrtkos crowning as the King of Bosnia and Serbia in Miliseva other soruces claim this crowning took place in Visoko after his conquest of the Dukljan land from Serbia, and secondly after also taking over crown as the king of Serbia after Knez Lazar s death in the Kosovo battle. The new specific usage is further supportive of the ethnic origin of the Bo njani and their theoretical constitution as a ethno national group. During the Ottoman Empire Ottoman era the preferred term for an inhabitant of Bosnia came to be Bo njak see also Bosniak and Bosniaks , with the suffix iak replacing the traditional anin . During the Austro Hungarian era the term Bo njak was also pref ... more details
Image FriarJulianJourney.png thumb right 300px Friar Julian s journey Friar Julian lang hu Julianus bar t was one of a group of Hungarian Dominican Order Dominican friar s who, in 1235, left Hungary in order to find those Magyars who &mdash according to the chronicles &mdash remained in the eastern homeland. After travelling a great distance, Friar Julian reached the capital of Volga Bulgaria , where he was told that the Magyars lived only two days travel away. Julian found them, and despite the gap of at least 300 400 years since the split between the Magyars that invaded and settled in Pannonia and those that were found in Bashkiria , their language remained mutually intelligible, and they were able to communicate. ref Arnold Joseph Toynbee, http books.google.co.uk books?id Y2EbAAAAYAAJ&q Friar Julian communicate&dq Friar Julian communicate&hl en&ei xCZuTpyrFdOq8AOjlM0T&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4&ved 0CDoQ6AEwAw Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his world , Oxford University Press, 1973, p. 421 ref Julian named the old country Magna Hungaria or Great Hungary . He became aware of stories about the infamous Tartars , who were the enemies of the eastern Magyars and Bulgars. Two years after the original journey, Julian returned to Magna Hungaria, only to find it had been devastated by the Mongols Mongol Tartars . He returned to his kingdom with news of mortal danger and a Mongol ultimatum to Hungary. ref Klima, L szl The Linguistic Affinity of the Volgaic Finno Ugrians and Their Ethnogenesis. Studia Historica Fenno ugrica I. Oulu, 1996. 21 33. ref ref Magyar Utazok Lexikona cyclopaedia of Hungarian travellers . Editor Denes Balazs,Panorama, Budapest, 1993. ISBN 963 243 344 0 http webpac.mokka.hu WebPac CorvinaWeb?pagesize 10&view short&sort 0&page 0&perpage 0&action language&actualsearchset FIND ISBN 229632433440 22&actualsort 0&language 1¤tpage result&resultview short&recnum &marcposition &text0 &index0 &ccltext &resultsize 2 ref br The Dominican ord ... more details
Infobox writer for more information see Template Infobox writer doc image Nina Gagen Torn 1900 1986.jpg imagesize 180px caption birth date birth place St. Petersburg death date death place Pushkin, Saint Petersburg Nina Gagen Torn lang ru IPA ru Nina Ivanovna Garyen Torn.ru.vorb.oga OldStyleDate December 15 1900 December 2 &mdash June 4, 1986 was a Russian and Soviet Union Soviet poet, writer, historian and ethnographer . The original Sweden Swedish spelling of the family name is Hagen Thorn . She was born in St. Petersburg to a noble dvoryan family of baron Ivan Eduardovich Gagen Torn, physician , Russification Russified Swedish people Swede . She graduated from the Petrograd Institute of Geography and post graduate course of the Petrograd University 1924 . She was a lecturer, worked in the Museum of Ethnography and was secretary of the magazine Soviet Ethnography 1934 . During the Great Purge she spent the years of 1936 1942 in Kolyma labor camps Sevvostlag Directorate of Northeastern Camps and 1942 1943 in exile. In 1946 she earned the degree of kandidat in ethnography with thesis Elements of Dress of Volga Peoples as a Material for Ethnogenesis . She was repressed for the second time during 1947 1952 and served in Mordovia Temlag , Temnikovo Camp Directorate After serving the term she was permanently exiled to Yenisey . With the end of the Stalinism Stalinist era she was amnestied on April 16, 1954 and fully rehabilitate Soviet rehabilitated in 1956. Most of her research was in the area of ethnography of the peoples of the Soviet Union , Russian and Bulgarian folklore, and the history of the Russian ethnography. She also published short stories and poems. Two booklets of her poems were published posthumously. From 1964, she devoted herself to the study of The Tale of Igor s Campaign and put forth a number of original hypotheses. External links http dragilev.ru represia39.html Nina Gagen Torn ru icon http feb web.ru feb slovenc es es2 es2 ... more details
Vinko Pribojevi mid 15th century after 1532 lang la Vincentius Priboevius was a Croatia n historian and ideologue , best known as the founder of the pan Slavism pan Slavic ideology . Pribojevi was born on the island of Hvar . He was educated in the Humanism humanist spirit and joined the Dominican Order around 1522. His most famous work is the speech De origine successibusque Slavorum On the Origin and Glory of the Slavs , where he exalts Illyrians and Slavs as the ancestors of the Dalmatia n Croats. His speech, most probably made in Venice in 1525, left a deep impression on the Republic of Venice Venetians , who published it in Latin language Latin and Italian language Italian several times over the following years. Its passionate glorification of Slavs in which the book includes Alexander the Great and Aristotle , Diocletian and Jerome and its strong pathos played a major role in the birth of the pan Slavism pan Slavic ideology . It was the first time that such ideology was formulated as a program, which was further developed by the Croats Mavro Orbini and Juraj Kri ani . Pribojevi was the first to incorporate Illyrians and their myth into the Croatian and Slavic historiography or rather ideology , as a shield and rampart against the German peoples German , Hungary Hungarian and Italy Italian national and territorial ambitions. His identification of Slavs as Illyrians, as well as his enthusiastic glorification of the historical greatness and importance of Illyrians, left a deep mark on world history and outlook. Although his work is pure fiction from the aspect of critical historiography, Pribojevi s basic ideas, however bizarre today, were taken very seriously by his contemporaries. At the time of Humanism and the Renaissance , there was still no established rational and critical apparatus differentiating between truth and fiction in the murky issues of ethnogenesis and national linguistic loyalties. In fact, various fantastic theories on the origin of peopl ... more details
File Timochans.png thumb Timochan region The Timo ani or Timochani Cyrillic script Cyrillic were a medieval South Slavic tribe that lived in the territory of present day eastern Serbia , west of the Timok River , sup http www.mfa.government.bg history of bulgaria 31.html sup as well as in the regions of Banat , Syrmia and west Moesia . Citation needed date September 2010 The Timo ani became subjects of the First Bulgarian Empire after Khan Krum of Bulgaria Krum conquered the lands of the Eurasian Avars in 805. In 818 during the rule of Omurtag of Bulgaria Omurtag 814 836 they, together with other border tribes of the Bulgarian Empire, revolted because of an administrative reform that deprived them of much of their local authority. ref http books.google.com ?id pi0xAAAAIAAJ ref They left the association societas of the Bulgarian Empire and sought, together with many other Slavic tribes, protection from Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious in the same year, meeting him at his court at Herstal . ref http historyexam.hit.bg 2.htm ref Omurtag decided to settle the matter by means of diplomacy in 824 826, though his letters were not replied to by Louis. This prompted Omurtag to undertake a boat campaign on the Drava in 827 and invade the lands of the Timo ani at Sirmium , successfully imposing Bulgarian rule and appointing local governors. Many Timochans fled to Transdanubia, later becoming part of the Balaton Principality . A prince of the Timo ani, Borna of Croatia Borna became the ruler of the Croats after being forced to save his life by fleeing to exile Citation needed date March 2010 . The Timo ani were part of the ethnogenesis of the Serbs Serbian ref name Stc and Bulgarians Bulgarian ref name pavlov cite book last first title . year 2008 publisher location isbn 978 9 54427 796 3 page 64 ref peoples later in the Middle Ages. Today, Timo ani can be used as an informal name for th ... more details
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