Distinguish Eudoxus of Cyzicus Eudoxus of Cnidus 410 or 408 BC &ndash 355 or 347 BC was a Ancient Greece ... based on observations made by Eudoxus in Egypt and Cnidus On Speeds , on planetary motions We ... Eudoxus of Cnidus p. 465 7 in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 4 edition publisher year ... applet http www.math.tamu.edu don.allen history eudoxus eudoxus.html Eudoxus of Cnidus MacTutor Biography ... OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Eudoxus Of Cnidus Category 5th century BC births Category 4th century BC deaths ... kk lt Eudoksas hu Knidoszi Eudoxosz nl Eudoxus van Cnidus ja no Eudoksos ... vi Eudoxus c a Cnidus ... of Bithynia Theodosius of Bithynia s Sphaerics may be based on a work of Eudoxus. Life His name Eudoxus means honored or of good repute in Greek language Greek , from eu good and doxa opinion, belief, fame . It is analogous to the Latin name Benedictus . Eudoxus s father Aeschines of Cnidus loved to watch stars at night. Eudoxus first travelled to Taranto Tarentum to study with Archytas , from whom he learned mathematics . While in Italy, Eudoxus visited Sicily, where he studied medicine .... Eudoxus was quite poor and could only afford an apartment at the Piraeus . To attend Plato s lectures ... of Mausolus . During his travels he gathered many students of his own. Around 368 BC, Eudoxus returned ... eventually returned to his native Cnidus, where he served in the city assembly. While in Cnidus, he ..., until it was replaced by the algebraic methods of Descartes . Eudoxus rigorously developed Antiphon ... is a precursor to the integral calculus . An algebraic curve the Kampyle of Eudoxus is named after ... of craters on Mars E Mars and the Eudoxus lunar crater Moon are named in his honor. Mathematics ... relationship between them. Eudoxus was able to restore confidence in the use of proportionalities ... due not to Archimedes but to Eudoxus. ref name Knopp1951 Cite book last Knopp first Konrad authorlink ... more details
Eudoxus Pronunciation needed needing not the original Latin Greek pronunciation, but the Anglicized pronunciation that Classics Philosophy History etc. scholars use in English or Eudoxos was the name of two ancient Greece ancient Greeks Eudoxus of Cnidus c. 400s BC 408 BC c. 340s BC 347 BC , Greek astronomer and mathematician. Eudoxus of Cyzicus fl. 130s BC 130 BC , Greek navigator. See also Eudoxus lunar crater 11709 Eudoxos , asteroid disambiguation ca Eud xius de Eudoxos el es Eudoxus fr Eudoxe it Eudosso disambigua he no Eudoksos pl Eudoksos pt Eudoxo ... more details
Image Eudoxus.png thumb Graph of Kampyle of Eudoxus The Kampyle of Eudoxus Ancient Greek Greek , meaning simply curved line , curve is a curve , with a Cartesian equation of math x 4 x 2 y 2 math from which the solution x y 0 should be excluded, or, in polar coordinates , math r sec 2 theta ,. math This quartic curve was studied by the Greek astronomer and mathematician Eudoxus of Cnidus c. 408 BC c.347 BC in relation to the classical problem of doubling the cube . The Kampyle is symmetric about both the math x math and math y math axes. It crosses the math x math axis at math 1,0 math and math 1,0 math . It has inflection points at math pm sqrt 3 2 , pm sqrt 3 2 math four inflections, one in each quadrant . The top half of the curve is asymptotic to math x 2 frac12 math as math x to infty math , and in fact can be written as math y x 2 sqrt 1 x 2 x 2 frac12 sum n ge 0 C n 2x 2n math where math C n frac1 n 1 binom 2n n math is the math n math th Catalan number . See also List of curves References cite book author J. Dennis Lawrence title A catalog of special plane curves publisher Dover Publications year 1972 isbn 0 486 60288 5 pages 141 142 External links MathWorld urlname KampyleofEudoxus title Kampyle of Eudoxus geometry stub Category Curves ca C mpila d Eudoxe nl Kampyle van Eudoxus sl Evdoksova kampila ... more details
Distinguish Eudoxus of CnidusEudoxus of Cyzicus Floruit fl. Circa c. 130 BC Greek was a ethnic Greek Greek navigator who explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy VIII , king of the Hellenistic civilization Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt . Voyages to India According to Poseidonius , later reported in Strabo s Geographica Strabo Geography , ref http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Texts Strabo 2C .html 3.4 Strabo s Geography Book II Chapter 3 , LacusCurtius. ref the Monsoon monsoon wind system of the Indian Ocean was first sailed by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 or 116 BC. Poseidonius said a shipwrecked sailor from India had been rescued in the Red Sea and taken to Ptolemy VIII in Alexandria . The unnamed Indian offered to guide Greek navigators to India. Ptolemy appointed Eudoxus of Cyzicus, who made two voyages from Egypt to India. The first, in 118 BC, was guided by the Indian sailor. After Eudoxus returned with a cargo of aromatics and precious stones a second voyage was undertaken in 116 BC. Eudoxus navigated the second voyage, sailing without a guide. Strabo, whose Geography is the main surviving source of the story, was skeptical about its truth .... Whether or not the story told by Poseidonius of a shipwrecked Indian pilot teaching Eudoxus about the monsoon ... wind route to India. He is sometimes conjectured to have been part of Eudoxus s expeditions. ref For more ... winds, and details about Eudoxus and Hippalus, see cite book last Hourani first George F. title ... Google Books ref African circumnavigation attempts When Eudoxus was returning from his second ... and the story told by the natives, Eudoxus concluded that the ship was from Gades today s C diz .... Although some, such as Pliny the Elder Pliny , claimed that Eudoxus did achieve his goal, the most ... online at http books.google.com books?id svsNTIU3EskC Google Books ref In popular culture Eudoxus under ... de Cyzique la Eudoxus Cyzicenus ml nl Eudoxos van Cyzicus ... more details
Eudoxus crater may refer to Eudoxus lunar crater Eudoxus Martian crater geodis Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Sostratus of Knidos Cnidus born 3rd century BC , was a Greeks Greek architect and engineer . He designed the lighthouse of Alexandria , one of the Seven Wonders of the World ca. 280 BC , on the island of Pharos off Alexandria, Egypt . External links http www.tmth.edu.gr en aet 6 87.html Sostratus of Cnidus bio from the Technology Museum of Thessaloniki DEFAULTSORT Sostratus Of Cnidus Category Ancient Greek architects Category Lighthouse builders Category Ancient Cnidians Category 3rd century BC people Category Hellenistic engineers Category Ptolemaic court Greece architect stub bg ca S strat arquitecte da Sostratos fra Knidos de Sostratos von Knidos es S strato de Cnido fr Sostrate de Cnide it Sostrato di Chio la Sostratus Cnidius nl Sostratos van Knidos ja pl Sostratos z Knidos pt S strato de Cnido sh Sostrat iz Knida ... more details
Diocles lang el of Cnidus , a Platonism Platonic philosopher , who is mentioned as the author of Discussions from which a fragment is quoted by Eusebius blockquote Diocles of Cnidos asserts in his Diatribae , that through fear of the followers of Theodorus the Atheist Theodorus , and of the sophist Bion of Borysthenes Bion , who used to assail the philosophers, and shrank from no means of refuting them, Arcesilaus took precautions, in order to avoid trouble, by never appearing to suggest any dogma, but used to put forward the suspense of judgement as a protection, like the black juice which the cuttlefish es throw out. ref Eusebius , Praeparatio Evangelica 14.6 ref blockquote Notes reflist SmithDGRBM Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Diocles Of Cnidus ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Diocles Of Cnidus Category Academic philosophers Category Ancient Greek philosophers Category 3rd century BC philosophers AncientGreece bio stub ca Diocles de Cnidos ... more details
Infobox Military Conflict conflict Battle of Cnidus partof Corinthian War image File trireme.jpg 300px caption A Greek trireme date 394 BC place Off the coast of Cnidus , in the Aegean Sea casus territory result Decisive Athenian Achaemenid Empire Persian victory combatant1 Athens , br Achaemenid Dynasty Persia combatant2 Sparta commander1 Conon , br Pharnabazus 5th century BC Pharnabazus dn date November 2011 commander2 Peisander general Peisander strength1 90 triremes strength2 85 triremes casualties1 Minimal casualties2 Entire fleet Campaignbox Corinthian War The Battle of Cnidus 394 BC , was a joint Athens Athenian and Achaemenid Empire Persian operation against the Spartan naval fleet in the Corinthian War . A combined Athenian Persian fleet, led by the former Greeks Greek admiral Conon , destroyed the Sparta n fleet led by the inexperienced Peisander general Peisander , ending Sparta s brief bid for naval supremacy. The battle outcome was a significant boost for the anti Spartan coalition that resisted Spartan hegemony in the course of the Corinthian War. Prelude In 394 BC , King Agesilaus II of Sparta and his army were recalled from Ionia to the Greek mainland to help fight the Corinthian War. The Spartan fleet, under Peisander, also began a return to Greece, sailing out from its harbor at Cnidus. The Athenian part of the joint fleet was led by Conon, and the Persian satrap Pharnabazus 5th century BC Pharnabazus dn date November 2011 led a Phoenician fleet from the Chersonese to oppose the Spartans. ref Xenophon, Hellenica , IV 3 10 12 ref The fleets met near Cnidus . According to Isocrates, King Evagoras of Cyprus contributed the greatest part of the forces for the sea fight off Cnidus. The battle Sources are vague for the events of the battle itself. It appears ... Aegean Sea Category 394 BC Category Naval battles involving Sparta Cnidus 394 BC Category Naval battles of the Corinthian War Cnidus 394 BC ca Batalla de Cnidos de Schlacht von Knidos es Batalla ... more details
Image Cnidus Aphrodite Altemps Inv8619.jpg thumb 260px The Ludovisi Cnidian Aphrodite , Roman marble copy torso and thighs with restored head, arms, legs and drapery support The Aphrodite of Cnidus was one of the most famous works of the ancient Greece ancient Greek Sculpture sculptor Praxiteles of Classical Athens Athens 4th century BC . It and its copies are often referred to as the Venus Pudica modest Venus type, on account of her covering her naked vulva with her right hand. Variants of the Venus Pudica suggesting an action to cover the breasts are the Venus de Medici or the Capitoline Venus . Original Image Colonna Venus front.jpg thumb left The Colonna Venus The statue became famous for its beauty, meant to be appreciated from every angle, and for being the first life size representation of the nude female form. It depicted the goddess Aphrodite as she prepared for the ritual bath that restored her purity not virginity , discarding her drapery in her left hand, while modestly shielding herself with her right hand. According to a possibly apocryphal account by Pliny the Elder Pliny , Praxiteles received a commission from the citizens of Kos for a statue of the goddess Aphrodite. Praxiteles then created two versions one fully draped, and the other completely nude. The shocked citizens of Kos rejected the nude statue and purchased the draped version. The design and appearance ... the Aphrodite of Cnidus, by Praxiteles Praxiteles was alleged to have used the courtesan Phryne ... File Aphrodite of Cnidus.Munich.jpg thumb left Aphrodite of Cnidus, Glyptothek Munich The statue ... as more or less faithful copies, the Aphrodite of Cnidus also inspired various variations, which ... Aphrodite of Cnidus , part of the Encyclop dia Romana References Theodor Kraus. Die Aphrodite ... of Michigan Press, 1995. DEFAULTSORT Aphrodite Of Cnidus Category 4th century BC Greek sculptures ... de Cnido fr Aphrodite de Cnide it Afrodite cnidia he nl Aphrodite van Cnidus ... more details
lunar crater data latitude 44.3 N or S N longitude 16.3 E or W E diameter 67 km depth 3.4 km colong 344 eponym Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus is a prominent moon lunar impact crater that lies to the east of the northern tip of the Montes Caucasus range. It is located to the south of the prominent crater Aristoteles crater Aristoteles in the northern regions of the visible Moon . To the south is the ruined formation of Alexander crater Alexander , and the small crater Lam ch crater Lam ch lies to the southwest. The rim of Eudoxus has a series of wiktionary terrace terrace s on the interior wall, and slightly worn wikt rampart rampart s about the exterior. It lacks a single central peak, but has a cluster of low hills about the mid point of the floor. The remainder of the interior floor is relatively level. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid point that is closest to Eudoxus. class wikitable width 25 style background eeeeee Eudoxus width 25 style background eeeeee Latitude width 25 style background eeeeee Longitude width 25 style background eeeeee Diameter align center A align center 45.8 N align center 20.0 E align center 14 km align center B align center 45.6 N align center 17.4 E align center 8 km align center D align center 43.3 N align center 13.2 E align center 10 km align center E align center 44.3 N align center 21.1 E align center 6 km align center G align center 45.4 N align center 18.8 E align center 7 km align center J align center 40.8 N align center 20.2 E align center 4 km align center U align center 43.9 N align center 20.3 E align center 4 km align center V align center 43.1 N align center 18.9 E align center 4 km References Lunar crater references Category Impact craters on the Moon da Eudoxus m nekrater de Eudoxus Mondkrater it Cratere Eudoxus Luna pl Eudoksos krater ksi ycowy ... more details
Levogyre can refer to In chemistry, a synonym of levorotation , In astronomy, the Levogyre is the long since discredited structure of the Universe proposed by ancient Greek astronomer Eudoxus of Cnidus A series of nested crystalline spheres which contains fixed stars and moving planets which rotate around an immovable Earth with each sphere connected a randomly distributed series by gimbal like axes. In art, The Levogyre is a 1974 painting by Paul Laffoley depicting a series of nested shells connected by gimbals. disambig ... more details
Attalus of Rhodes lang el was an ancient Greek Philologist grammarian , astronomer , and mathematician , who lived in Rhodes in the 2nd century BC, and was a contemporary of Hipparchus . He wrote a commentary on the Phaenomena of Aratus . Although this work is lost, Hipparchus cites him in his Commentary on the Phaenomena of Eudoxus and Aratus . Attalus sought to defend both Aratus and Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus against criticisms from contemporary astronomers and mathematicians. Greek astronomy DEFAULTSORT Attalus Of Rhodes Category Ancient Greek astronomers Category Ancient Greek grammarians Category Ancient Greek mathematicians Category 2nd century BC Greek people Category 2nd century BC writers Category Ancient Rhodian grammarians Category Ancient Rhodian scientists de Attalos von Rhodos el es Attalus de Rodas hu Rodoszi Attalosz sl Atal z Rodosa sh Atal sa Rodosa ... more details
Sonchis of Sais lang grc floruit fl. 594 BC was an Ancient Egypt Egyptian priest who is mentioned in Greek writings as relating the account of Atlantis . His status as a historical figure is a matter of debate. The Plato nic dialogues Timaeus dialogue Timaeus and Critias dialogue Critias , written around 360 BC, relate through the voice of Critias how the Athenian statesman Solon 638 558 BC traveled to Egypt and in the city of Sais encountered the priests of the goddess Neith . A very aged priest tells him that 9,000 years earlier, Athens had been in conflict with the great power of Atlantis , which was then destroyed in a catastrophe. blockquote ref name Timaeus Plato, http classics.mit.edu Plato timaeus.html Timaeus . ref Plato s dialogue does not mention a name for the priest, but Plutarch 46 120 AD , in his Parallel Lives Life of Solon identified the aged priest as Sonchis cquote Near Nilus mouth, by fair Canopus shores, and spent some time in study with Psenophis of Heliopolis, and Sonchis the Saite, the most learned of all the priests from whom, as Plato says, getting knowledge of the Atlantic story, he put it into a poem, and proposed to bring it to the knowledge of the Greeks. ref name Solon Plutarch, http classics.mit.edu Plutarch solon.html Life of Solon ref Plutarch gives a more detailed description on the Greek philosophers who visited Egypt and received advice by the Egyptian priests in his book Moralia On Isis and Osiris . Thus, Thales , Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus , Solon , Pythagoras , some say Lycurgus of Sparta Lycurgus also and Plato , traveled into Egypt and conversed with the priests. Eudoxus was instructed by Chonupheus of Memphis, Egypt Memphis , Solon by Sonchis of Sais and Pythagoras by Oenuphis of Heliopolis ancient Heliopolis . ref Plutarch, http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Texts Plutarch Moralia Isis and Osiris A.html On Isis And Osiris , ch. 10. ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Sonchis Of Sais Category Atlantis C ... more details
Infobox scientist name David Fowler image caption birth date birth date 1937 04 28 birth place Blackburn, England Blackburn , England death date death date and age 2004 04 13 1937 04 28 df y death place Warwick residence United Kingdom alma mater Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge known for Greek mathematics occupation Mathematician workplaces Manchester University br University of Warwick David Herbert Fowler April 28, 1937 April 13, 2004 was a historian of Greek mathematics who published work on pre Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxian ratio theory using the process he called anthyphaeresis . He disputed the standard story of Greek mathematical discovery, in which the discovery of the phenomenon of Commensurability mathematics incommensurability came as a shock. His thesis was that, not having the real numbers, nor division, the Greeks faced difficulties in defining rigorously the notion of ratio . They called ratio logos . Euclid Book V is an exposition of Eudoxus s theory of proportion, which Eudoxus discovered about 350BC, and which has been described as the jewel in the crown of Greek mathematics. Eudoxus showed by a form of abstract algebra how to handle rigorously the case when two ratios are equal, without actually having to define them. His theory was so successful that, in effect, it killed off perfectly good earlier theories of ratio, and Fowler s aim had been to find the evidence for the rediscovery of these previous theories. In particular Thaetetus c 414 369BC introduced a definition of ratio using a procedure called anthyphairesis, based on the Euclidean algorithm Euclidean subtraction algorithm . Fowler developed his ideas in a series of papers, culminating in the book The Mathematics of Plato s Academy A New Reconstruction, which was published in 1987. This book is based on a study of the primary sources and on their assimilation and transformation. References reflist http www.guardian.co.uk obituaries story 0,3604,1208242,00.html Obituary in The Guardian ... more details
style, and Christian sepulchres are common in the neighbourhood. Eudoxus of CnidusEudoxus , the astronomer , Ctesias , the writer on History of Persia Persian history , and Sostratus of Cnidus Sostratus .... The most famous statue by Praxiteles , the Aphrodite of Knidos , was made for Cnidus. It has perished ... has been supposed to commemorate the great naval victory, the Battle of Cnidus in which Conon defeated ... el es Cnido eo Knido urbo fr Cnide it Cnido la Cnidus nl Cnidus ja no Knidos pl ... more details
refimprove date September 2011 Theodosius of Bithynia ca. 160 BC ca. 100 BC was a Greek people Greek astronomer and mathematician who wrote the Sphaerics , a book on the geometry of the sphere. Born in Tripolis Bithynia Tripolis , in Bithynia , Theodosius is cited by Vitruvius as having invented a sundial suitable for any place on Earth. His Sphaerics provided the mathematics for spherical astronomy , and may have been based on a work by Eudoxus of Cnidus . Francesco Maurolico translated his works in the 16th century. In addition to the Sphaerics , two other works by Theodosius have survived On Habitations , describing the appearances of the heavens at different climes , and On Days and Nights , a study of the apparent motion of the Sun. References Ivor Bulmer Thomas , Theodosius of Bithynia, Dictionary of Scientific Biography 13 319 320. Category Ancient Greek astronomers Category Ancient Greek astrologers Category Ancient Greek mathematicians Category Geometers Category 2nd century BC Greek people Category 2nd century BC writers Category 160 BC births Category 100 BC deaths Greek astronomy Greek mathematics Ancient Greece bio stub euro mathematician stub greece scientist stub euro astronomer stub es Teodosio de Bitinia fr Th odose de Tripoli it Teodosio di Bitinia ja pms Teod si ru sl Teodozij sh Teodozije iz Bitinije uk ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 About a branch of mathematics the short film starring Ewan McGregor Solid Geometry film In mathematics , solid geometry was the traditional name for the geometry of three dimensional Euclidean space &mdash for practical purposes the kind of space we live in. It was developed following the development of plane geometry . Stereometry deals with the measurement s of volume s of various shape solid figure s including cylinder geometry cylinder , circular cone geometry cone , Frustum truncated cone , sphere , and Prism geometry prism s. The Pythagoreanism Pythagoreans had dealt with the regular solid s, but the pyramid geometry pyramid , prism, cone and cylinder were not studied until the Platonism Platonist s. Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus established their measurement, proving the pyramid and cone to have one third the volume of a prism and cylinder on the same base and of the same height, and was probably the discoverer of a proof that the volume of a sphere is proportional to the cube of its radius . See also Archimedes , Johannes Kepler , planimetry , Plato , Timaeus dialogue ...paraphrased and taken in part from the 1911 Encyclop dia Britannica Basic topics of solid geometry Basic topics are div style moz column count 2 column count 2 incidence geometry incidence of plane mathematics plane s and line mathematics line s dihedral angle and solid angle the Cube geometry cube , cuboid , parallelepiped the tetrahedron and other pyramid geometry pyramid s Prism geometry prism s octahedron , dodecahedron , icosahedron cone geometry cone s and cylinder geometry cylinders the sphere other quadric s spheroid , ellipsoid , paraboloid and hyperboloid s. div Other topics projective geometry of three dimensions leading to proof of Desargues theorem by using an extra dimension further polyhedra descriptive geometry . Analytic geometry and Vector geometric vector techniques have a major impact by allowing the systematic use of system of linear equations ... more details
FAIR USE of Men of Mathematics.JPG see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Men of Mathematics.JPG for rationale Image Men of Mathematics.JPG right thumb 125px Men of Mathematics by E.T. Bell Men of Mathematics is a book on the history of mathematics written in 1937 by the mathematician Eric Temple Bell E.T. Bell . After a brief chapter on three ancient mathematicians, the remainder of the book is devoted to the lives of about forty mathematicians who worked in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The emphasis is on mainstream mathematics following on from the work. To keep the interest of readers, the book typically focuses on unusual or dramatic aspects of its subjects lives. Men of Mathematics has inspired many young people, including the young John Forbes Nash Jr. , to become mathematicians. It is not intended as a rigorous history, includes many anecdotal accounts, and presents a somewhat idealised picture of mathematicians, their personalities, research and controversies. Contents Zeno of Elea Zeno Fifth Century BC , Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus 408&ndash 355 BC , Archimedes 287?&ndash 212 BC Descartes 1596&ndash 1650 Fermat 1601&ndash 1665 Blaise Pascal Pascal 1623&ndash 1662 Isaac Newton Newton 1642&ndash 1727 Gottfried Leibniz Leibniz 1646&ndash 1716 The Bernoulli family Bernoulli s 17th and 18th Century Leonhard Euler Euler 1707&ndash 1783 Joseph Louis Lagrange Lagrange 1736&ndash 1813 Pierre Simon Laplace Laplace 1749 1827 Gaspard Monge Monge 1746&ndash 1818 , Joseph Fourier Fourier 1768&ndash 1830 Jean Victor Poncelet Poncelet 1788&ndash 1867 Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss 1777&ndash 1855 Augustin Louis Cauchy Cauchy 1789&ndash 1857 Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky Lobachevsky 1793&ndash 1856 Niels Henrik Abel Abel 1802&ndash 1829 Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi Jacobi 1804&ndash 1851 William Rowan Hamilton Hamilton 1805&ndash 1865 variste Galois Galois 1811&ndash 1832 James Joseph Sylvester Sylvester 1814&ndash 1897 , Arthur Cayle ... more details
dablink This article is about the astronomer and mathematician. For other uses, see Calippus . Callippus or Calippus lang el ca. 370 BC ca. 300 BC was a Greek astronomy Greek astronomer and mathematician . Callippus was born at Cyzicus , and studied under Eudoxus of Cnidus at the Academy of Plato . He also worked with Aristotle at the Lyceum , which means that he was active in Athens prior to Aristotle s death in 322. He observed the movements of the planets and attempted to use Eudoxus scheme of connected spheres to account for their movements. However he found that 27 spheres was insufficient to account for the planetary movements, and so he added seven more for a total of 34. According to the description in Aristotle s Metaphysics Aristotle Metaphysics XII.8 , he added two spheres for the Sun, two for the Moon, and one each for Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Callippus made careful measurements of the lengths of the seasons, finding them starting with the spring equinox to be 94 days, 92 days, 89 days, and 90 days. This variation in the seasons implies a variation in the speed of the Sun, called the solar anomaly . He also followed up on the work done by Meton of Athens to measure the length of the year and construct an accurate lunisolar calendar . The Metonic cycle has 19 tropical year s and 235 synodic month s in 6940 days. The Callippic cycle synchronizes days per orbit and rotations per orbit within the Metonic cycle, noting the difference of one after 4 Metonic cycles, a duration of 76 years. Distinguishing rotations and days infers knowledge of the precession cycle. Callippus started his observation cycle on the summer solstice, 330 BC, 28 June in the proleptic Julian calendar . The cycle s begin position, the stellar position and sidereal hour timing the eclipse, are used by later astronomers for calibrating their observations in relation to subsequent eclipses. The Callippic cycle of 76 years appears to be used in the Antikythera mechanism , an ancien ... more details
Sosigenes the Peripatetic was a philosopher living at the end of the 2nd century AD. He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias and wrote a work On Revolving Spheres , from which some important extracts have been preserved in Simplicius of Cilicia Simplicius s commentary on Aristotle s On the Heavens De Caelo . He criticized both Aristotle and Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus for their imperfect theory of celestial spheres and also the use of Deferent and epicycle epicycles , which he felt to be inconsistent with Aristotle s philosophical postulates. He pointed out that the planets varied markedly in brightness, and that solar eclipse eclipses of the sun are sometimes total eclipse total and sometimes annular eclipse annular , suggesting that the distances between the sun , moon and earth were not the same at different eclipses. Sosigenes is perhaps called the Peripatetic school Peripatetic only because of his connection with Alexander. Some ancient evidence may be taken to suggest that he was, in fact, a Stoicism Stoic . As John Patrick Lynch has written blockquote The other two teachers of Alexander may actually have been the philosophers whom ancient sources called Stoics in both cases, Herminos Sosigenes the Stoic have been distinguished from Herminos Sosigenes the Peripatetic only on the grounds that the two latter men were teachers of Alexander of Aphrodisias. But it is not improbable that Alexander of Aphrodisias studied with two Stoic teachers and that these two pairs of homonymous contemporaries are actually only two Stoic philosophers. ref John Patrick Lynch, Aristotle s School A Study of a Greek Educational Institution , Berkeley University of California Press, 1972, p. 215. ref blockquote He is often confused with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria , who advised Julius Caesar on the reform of the Roman calendar. Notes reflist References Irby Massie G., Keyser P., Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era A Sourcebook , pages 80 81. Routledge. Zhmud L. , Cherno ... more details
Philistion of Locri lang el was a physician and writer on medicine who lived in the 4th century BC. He was a native of Locri in Italy , ref Galen , De Meth. Med. . i. 1, vol. x Rufus of Ephesus , De Corp. Hum. Part. Appell. Plutarch , Symposium , vii. i. 3 Aulus Gellius , xvii. 11. 3 ref but was also referred to as the Sicilian. ref Diogenes Laertius , viii. 86, 89 ref He was tutor to the physician Chrysippus of Cnidos , ref Diogenes Laertius, viii. 89 ref and the astronomer and physician Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus , ref Callimachus ap. Diogenes Laertius, viii. 86 ref and therefore must have lived in the 4th century BC. He was one of those who defended the opinion that what is drunk goes into the lungs . ref Plutarch, Symposium , vii. i. 3 Aulus Gellius, xvii. 11. 3 ref Some ancient writers attributed to Philistion the treatise De Salubri Victus Ratione , ref Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. De Rat. Vict. in Morb. Acut. , i. 17, vol xv., Comment. in Hippocr. Aphor. , vi. 1, vol. xviii. pt. i. ref and also the De Victus Ratione , ref Galen, De Aliment. Facult. , i. 1. vol. vi. ref both of which form part of the Hippocratic collection. By some persons he was considered one of the founders of the Empiric school . ref De Subfig. Empir. , c. 1, vol. ii ref He wrote a work on materia medica , ref Galen, De Succed. , init. vol. xix. ref and on Cookery , ref Athenaeus , xii. 516 ref and is several times quoted by Pliny the Elder Pliny , ref Pliny the Elder Pliny , H. N. xx. 15, 34, 48 ref and Galen . ref Galen, De Nat. Facult. , ii. 8, vol. ii., De Usu Respir. , c. 1, vol. iv., De Meth. Med. . i. 3, ii. 5, vol. x. ref Oribasius attributes to him the invention of a machine for restoring Joint dislocation dislocations of the humerus . ref Oribasius , De Machinam. , c. 4 ref A brother of Philistion, who was also a physician, but whose name is not known, is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus . ref Caelius Aurelianus , De Morb. Chron. , iii. 8, v. 1 ref Notes reflist 2 SmithDGRBM ... more details
File HelikonZagarasMt.jpg thumb Mount Helicon, upon which the town of Ascra was located Ascra lang grc , skr was an ancient town in Boeotia which is best known today as the home of the poet Hesiod . ref name Gaz W. Hazlitt 1858 The Classical Gazeteer London , http books.google.com books?id Y1sbAAAAMAAJ&q ascra v snippet&q ascra&f false p. 54, s.v. Ascra . ref It was located upon Mount Helicon , five miles west of Thespiae . ref name Gaz According to a lost poetic Atthis by one Hegesinous, a maiden by the name of Ascra lay with Poseidon and bore a son Oeoclus who, together with the Aloadae , founded the town named for his mother. ref Pausanias geographer Pausanias http www.perseus.tufts.edu hopper text jsessionid 6608086C6F6B93EB4774A8CCA5723B0C?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.01.0160 3Abook 3D9 3Achapter 3D29 3Asection 3D1 9.29.1 . ref In the Works and Days , Hesiod says that his father was driven from Cuma Aeolis Aeolian Cyme to Ascra by poverty, only to find himself situated in a most unpleasant town lines 639 40 style border 0px margin left 100px white space nowrap scope col width 400px scope col width 400px border 0 Valign top lang grc br lang grc , , , . He settled in a miserable village near Helicon, br Ascra, vile in winter, painful in summer, never good. The 4th century BCE astronomer Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus thought even less of Ascra s climate, ref Strabo , Geographica http www.perseus.tufts.edu hopper text jsessionid 6608086C6F6B93EB4774A8CCA5723B0C?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.01.0198 3Abook 3D9 3Achapter 3D2 3Asection 3D35 9.2.35 . ref and by the time he wrote the town had been all but destroyed, a loss commemorated by a similarly lost Hellenistic poetry Hellenistic poem, which opened Of Ascra there isn t even a trace anymore lang grc . ref Citation last West first M.L. authorlink Martin Litchfield West title Four Hellenistic First Lin ... more details
about the band Asteria band the medieval music ensemble Asteria Medievale the type of gemstone Star stone Image Pergamonmuseum Antikensammlung Pergamonaltar 27.JPG thumb Asteria and Phoebe on the Pergamon Altar . In Greek mythology , Asteria lang grc , of the star s, starry one was a name attributed to the following nine individuals Daughter of Coeus Greek myth Titan Asteria was the daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe mythology Phoebe and sister of Leto . ref Hesiod, Theogony , 404ff. ref According to Hesiod , by Perses titan Perses she had a daughter Hecate . ref Theogony 409 11. ref The Titan goddess of nocturnal oracles and falling stars, Asteria flung herself into the Aegean Sea in the form of a quail in order to escape the advances of Zeus . She became the quail island of Ortygia . ref John Tzetzes . ref which became identified with Delos , which was the only piece of earth to give refuge to the fugitive Leto when, pregnant with Zeus s children, she was pursued by vengeful Hera. ref http www.theoi.com Titan TitanisAsteria.html Theoi Project Titanis Asteria ref According to a lost poem of Eudoxus of Cnidus c. 355 BCE ref Athenaeus 392d summarizes the lost poetical narrative of Eudoxus, telling how Heracles the son of Zeus by Asteria was killed by Typhon in Libya. ref by Zeus she became the mother of the Heracles in the form in which Hellenes thought they recognized him by interpretatio graeca as he was worshipped among Phoenicia ns at Tyre, Lebanon Tyre . Amazon Asteria was the ninth Amazons Amazon killed by Heracles when he came for Hippolyte s girdle. ref Diodorus Siculus , Library of History , 4. 16.3 http www.theoi.com Text DiodorusSiculus4A.html 16 on line text ref Heliad Asteria or Astris was a daughter of Helios and Clymene or Ceto Oceanid Ceto , one of the Heliades . She married the river god Hydaspes the modern Jhelum River and became mother of Deriades , king in India. Danaid Asteria was one of the Danaids , daughters of Danaus who, with on ... more details
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