Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Eukaryotic intergenic DNA is DNA located between functional genes on the eukaryotic chromosome . See also Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure Junk DNA Non coding DNA DEFAULTSORT Eukaryotic Intergenic Dna Genetics stub Category DNA ... more details
Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure refers to the structure of sequences for eukaryotic chromosomes. Some fine sequences are included in more than one class, so the classification listed is not intended to be completely separate. Chromosomal characteristics Some sequences are required for a properly functioning chromosome Centromere Used during cell division as the attachment point for the spindle fibers. Telomere Used to maintain chromosomal integrity by capping off the ends of the linear chromosomes. This region is a Microsatellite genetics microsatellite , but its function is more specific than a simple tandem repeat. Throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, the overall structure of chromosome ends is conserved and is characterized by the telomeric tract a series of short G rich repeats. This is succeeded by an extensive subtelomeric region consisting of various types and lengths of repeats the telomere associated sequences TAS . ref name Pryde1997 Pryde FE, Gorham HC, Louis EJ 1997 Chromosome ends all the same under their caps. Curr Opin Genet Dev 7 6 822 828 ref These regions are generally low in gene density, low in transcription, low in recombination, late replicating, are involved in protecting the end from degradation and end to end fusions and in completing replication. The subtelomeric repeats can rescue chromosome ends when telomerase fails, buffer subtelomerically located genes against transcriptional silencing and protect the genome from deleterious rearrangements due ... normally up to a few thousand basepairs upstream of transcription . promoter biology Promoter regions normally less than a couple of hundred basepairs upstream of transcription include elements such as the TATA .... An unnamed region after the poly A tail , but before the actual site for transcription termination, is spliced off during transcription, and so does not become part of the 3 UTR. Its function, if any ... eukaryotic chromosomes contain much more DNA than is classified in the categories above. The DNA may ... more details
Eukaryotic elongation factor s are very similar to those in prokaryotic elongation factors prokaryotes . Elongation in eukaryotes is carried out with two elongation factors eEF 1 and eEF 2 . The first is eEF 1, and has two subunits, and . acts as counterpart to prokaryotic EF Tu , mediating the entry of the aminoacyl tRNA into a free site of the ribosome . acts as counterpart to prokaryotic EF Ts , serving as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for , catalyzing the release of GDP from . The second elongation factor is eEF 2, the counterpart to prokaryotic EF G , catalyzing the translocation dn date April 2012 of the tRNA and mRNA down the ribosome at the end of each round of polypeptide elongation. External links http nobelprize.org educational games medicine dna a translation elongation.html nobelprize.org Explaining the function of eukaryotic elongation factors GeneticTranslation GTPases Category Protein biosynthesis ... more details
infobox biodatabase title ELM logo File Database.png description eukaryotic linear motifs. scope organism center laboratory author Holger Dinkel pmid Dinkel & al. 2012 ref name pmid22110040 cite journal quotes yes last Dinkel first Holger authorlink coauthors Michael Sushama, Weatheritt Robert J, Davey Norman E, Van Roey Kim, Altenberg Brigitte, Toedt Grischa, Uyar Bora, Seiler Markus, Budd Aidan, J dicke Lisa, Dammert Marcel A, Schroeter Christian, Hammer Maria, Schmidt Tobias, Jehl Peter, McGuigan Caroline, Dymecka Magdalena, Chica Claudia, Luck Katja, Via Allegra, Chatr Aryamontri Andrew, Haslam Niall, Grebnev Gleb, Edwards Richard J, Steinmetz Michel O, Meiselbach Heike, Diella Francesca, Gibson Toby J year 2012 month Jan title ELM the database of eukaryotic linear motifs journal Nucleic acids research volume 40 issue D1 pages D242 D251 publisher location issn pmid 22110040 doi 10.1093 nar gkr1064 bibcode oclc id url language ENG format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref released 2011 standard format url http elm.eu.org download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version The Eukaryotic Linear Motif ELM resource is a biological database computational biology resource developed at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory EMBL for investigating short linear motif s SLiMs in eukaryote eukaryotic protein s. ref name pmid12824381 cite journal author Puntervoll P, Linding R, Gem nd C, et al. title ELM server A new resource for investigating short functional sites in modular eukaryotic proteins journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 31 issue 13 pages 3625 30 year 2003 month July pmid 12824381 pmc 168952 doi 10.1093 nar gkg545 url ref ref name pmid19920119 cite journal author Gould CM, Diella F, Via A, et al. title ELM the status of the 2010 eukaryotic linear motif resource journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 38 issue ... A, Gould CM, Gem nd C, Gibson TJ, Helmer Citterich M title A structure filter for the Eukaryotic Linear ... more details
There are at least 15 Eukaryotic DNA polymerases ref cite journal author I. Hubscher, U. Maga, G. Spadari, S. date 2002 title Eukaryotic DNA polymerases journal Annual Review of Biochemistry volume 71 page 133 63 pmid 12045093 doi 10.1146 annurev.biochem.71.090501.150041 pages 133 ref POLA1 , POLA2 Polymerase DNA directed , alpha 1 Pol forms a complex with a small catalytic PriS and a large noncatalytic PriL subunit ref cite journal author Elizabeth R. Barry Stephen D. Bell date 12 2006 title DNA Replication in the Archaea journal Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews volume 70 page 876 887 doi 10.1128 MMBR.00029 06 pmid 17158702 issue 4 pmc 1698513 ref , with the Pri subunits acting as a primase synthesizing an RNA primer , and then with DNA Pol elongating that primer with DNA nucleotides. After around 20 nucleotides ref J. M. Berg J. L. Tymoczko L. Stryer Biochemie , Springer, Heidelberg Berlin 2003 ref elongation is taken over by Pol on the leading strand and on the lagging strand . POLB DNA polymerase beta Pol Implicated in repairing DNA, in base excision repair and gap filling synthesis. POLG , POLG2 Pol Replicates and repairs mitochondrial DNA and has proofreading 3 5 exonuclease activity. POLD1 , POLD2 , POLD3 , POLD4 DNA polymerase delta Pol Highly processive and has proofreading 3 5 exonuclease activity. Thought to be the main polymerase involved in lagging strand synthesis, though there is still debate about its role ref name Scott D McCulloch Thomas A Kunkel 148 161 cite journal author Scott D McCulloch Thomas A Kunkel date 01 2008 title The fidelity of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases journal Cell ..., L. date 2005 title Eukaryotic translesion synthesis DNA polymerases specificity of structure and function ... pmid 15952890 pages 317 ref There are also other eukaryotic polymerases known, which are not as well characterized POLQ POLL ? ? POLM None of the eukaryotic polymerases can remove ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 unreferenced date March 2008 Eukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosome chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis . Structure In eukaryote s the chromosomes are found packaged within a cell nucleus nuclear membrane, unlike the case in prokaryote s. This membrane consists of a DNA double helix bound to an octamer of core histone s 2 dimers of H2A and H2B, and an H3 H4 tetramer . Together, the DNA bound around this histone core forms what is known as the nucleosome . About 147 base pairs of DNA coil around 1 octamer, and 20 base pair s are sequestered by the addition of the linker histone H1 , and various length of linker DNA 0 100 bp separate the nucleosomes. Packaging of DNA is facilitated by the electrostatic charge distribution phosphate groups cause DNA to have a negative charge, whilst the histones are positively charged. Most eukaryotic cells contain histones with a few exceptions as well as the kingdom Archaea , a protist group. Histones are positively charged molecules as they contain lysine and arginine in larger quantities and DNA is neatively charged. So they make a strong ionic bond in between them to form nucleosome. Category Molecular genetics Category DNA genetics stub ... more details
General transcription factors GTF s or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factor s that assist an RNA polymerase in Transcription genetics transcription initiation and or transcription elongation of broad classes of genes. GTFs are intimately involved in the process of gene regulation, and most are required for life. Types In bacteria , transcription initiation requires an RNA polymerase and a single GTF sigma factor . In archaea and eukaryotes , transcription initiation requires an RNA polymerase and a set of multiple GTFs. The Transcription initiation by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II involves the following GTFsare ref name pmid11092823 cite journal author Lee TI, Young RA title Transcription of eukaryotic protein coding genes journal Annu. Rev. Genet. volume 34 issue 1 pages 77 137 year 2000 pmid 11092823 doi 10.1146 annurev.genet.34.1.77 ref ref name pmidc cite journal author Orphanides G, Lagrange T, Reinberg D title The general transcription factors of RNA polymerase II journal Genes Dev. volume 10 issue 21 pages 2657 83 year 1996 pmid 8946909 doi 10.1101 gad.10.21.2657 ref TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE TFIIF TFIIH References Reflist External links MeshName General Transcription Factors Cell signaling Transcription factors g2 DEFAULTSORT General Transcription Factor Category Transcription factors genetics stub fr Facteur g n ral de transcription ja nl Basale transcriptiefactoren pl Og lne czynniki transkrypcyjne ... more details
complex is thought to be the major DNA helicase in eukaryotic organisms. Once binding of MCM occurs ... because the Mcm proteins are not expressed. At least three different types of eukaryotic DNA polymerase ... of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases journal Cell ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Eukaryotic initiation factors eIF are proteins involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation . They function in forming a complex with the 40S ribosomal subunit and Met tRNA sub i sub called the 43S preinitation complex PIC , recognizing the 5 cap structure of mRNA and recruiting the 43S PIC to mRNA, promoting ribosomal scanning of mRNA and regulating recognition of the AUG initiation codon, and joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit to create the 80S ribosome . There exist many more eukaryotic initiation factors than prokaryotic initiation factors due to greater biological complexity of eukaryotic cells. The protein RLI is known to have an essential, probably catalytic role in the formation of initiation complexes as well. eIF4 eIF4F main Eif4a The eIF4 initiation factors include Eif4a eIF4A , eIF4B , eIF4E , and eIF4G . eIF4F is often used to refer to the complex of eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G. eIF4G is a scaffolding protein that interacts with eIF3 see below , as well as the other members of the eIF4F complex. eIF4E recognizes and binds to the 5 cap structure of mRNA, while eIF4G binds to Poly A binding protein , which binds the poly A tail , circularizing and activating the bound mRNA. eIF4A spaced ndash a DEAD box RNA helicase spaced ndash is important for resolving mRNA secondary structures. eIF4B contains two RNA binding domains spaced ndash one non specifically interacts with mRNA, whereas the second specifically binds the 18S portion of the small ribosomal subunit. It acts as an anchor, as well as a critical co factor for eIF4A ... protein targets. Mammalian 17 kDa eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF1A formerly designated eIF 4C , is essential ... Chaudhuri coauthors Jayanta Chaudhuri, Kausik Si title Function of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation ... title The Post Translational Synthesis of a Polyamine Derived Amino Acid, Hypusine, in the Eukaryotic ... MeshName Eukaryotic Initiation Factors GeneticTranslation Category Molecular biology Category ... more details
PBB geneid 2107 Eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 eRF1 , also known as TB3 1 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETF1 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 2107 accessdate ref ref name pmid1546371 cite journal author Grenett HE, Eipers PG, Kidd VJ, Bounelis P, Fuller GM title Chromosomal localization of a human cDNA containing a DIDS binding domain and demonstrating high homology to yeast omnipotent suppressor 45 journal Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. volume 18 issue 1 pages 97 102 year 1992 month January pmid 1546371 doi 10.1007 BF01233452 url issn ref ref name pmid7990965 cite journal author Frolova L, Le Goff X, Rasmussen HH, Cheperegin S, Drugeon G, Kress M, Arman I, Haenni AL, Celis JE, Philippe M title A highly conserved eukaryotic protein family possessing properties of polypeptide chain release factor journal Nature volume 372 issue 6507 pages 701 3 year 1994 month December pmid 7990965 doi 10.1038 372701a0 url issn ref In eukaryotes , there is only one release factor , eRF, which recognizes all three stop codon s in place of RF1, RF2, or RF3. However, the overall process of termination is similar to that of prokaryotes. ref name pmid12514123 cite journal author Kisselev L, Ehrenberg M, Frolova L title Termination of translation interplay of mRNA, rRNAs and release factors? journal EMBO J. volume 22 issue 2 pages 175 ... DM, Geballe AP title The effect of eukaryotic release factor depletion on translation termination ... termination factor eRF1 with eukaryotic ribosomes journal Mol. Biol. Mosk. volume 42 issue 6 pages ... G, Philippe M title Eukaryotic release factors eRFs history journal Biol. Cell volume 95 issue 3 ... first7 M. last8 Suzuki first8 T. last9 Katada first9 T. cite journal author Ivanova EV title Eukaryotic ... journal author Mantsyzov AB title NMR Solution Structure and Function of the C terminal Domain of Eukaryotic ... more details
List of eukaryotic species that belong to picoplankton , i.e. which have one of their cell dimensions smaller than 3 Micrometre m . Photosynthetic picoplankton Autotrophic species Chlorophyta Chlorophyceae Stichococcus cylindricus Butcher , 3 4.5 m, brackish Pedinophyceae Marsupiomonas pelliculata Jones et al. , 3 3 m, brackish marine Resultor micron Moestrup , 1.5 2.5 m, marine Prasinophyceae Bathycoccus prasinos Eikrem et Throndsen , 1.5 2.5 m, marine Crustomastix stigmatica Zingone , 3 5 m, marine Dolichomastix lepidota Manton , 2.5 2.5 m, marine Dolichomastix eurylepidea Manton , 3 m, marine Dolichomastix tenuilepis Throndsen et Zingone , 3 4.5 m, marine Mantoniella squamata Desikachary , 3 5 m, marine Micromonas pusilla Manton et Parke , 1 3 m, marine Ostreococcus tauri Courties et Chr tiennot Dinet , 0.8 1.1 m, marine Picocystis salinarum Lewin , 2 3 m, hypersaline Prasinococcus capsulatus Miyashita et Chihara , 3 5.5 m, marine Prasinoderma coloniale Hasegawa et Chihara , 2.5 5.5 m, marine Pseudoscourfieldia marina Manton , 3 3.5 m, marine Pycnococcus provasolii Guillard , 1.5 4 m, marine Pyramimonas virginica Pennick , 2.7 3.5 m, marine Trebouxiophyceae Chlorella nana Andreoli et al. , 1.5 3 m, marine Picochlorum oklahomensis Henley et al. , 2 2 m, hypersaline Picochlorum atomus Henley et al. , 2 3 m, brackish Picochlorum eukaryotum Henley et al. , 3 3 m, marine Picochlorum maculatus Henley et al. , 3 3 m, brackish Cryptophyta Cryptophyceae Hillea marina Butcher , 1.5 2.5 m, marine Haptophyta Prymnesiophyceae Chrysochromulina tenuisquama Estep et al. , 2 5 m, marine Chrysochromulina minor Parke et Manton , 2.5 7.5 m, marine Chrysochromulina apheles Moestrup et Thomsen , 3 4 m, marine Dicrateria inornata Parke , 3 5.5 m, marine Ericiolus spiculiger Thomsen , 3 3.8 m, marine Imantonia rotunda Reynolds , 2 4 m, marine Phaeocystis cordata Zingone , 3 4 m, marine Phaeocystis pouchetii Lagerheim , 3 8 m, marine Trigonaspis minutissima ... more details
The preinitiation complex abbreviated PIC is a large complex of protein s that is necessary for the transcription genetics transcription of protein coding gene s in eukaryote s archaea . The preinitiation complex helps position RNA polymerase II over gene transcription start site s, DNA melting denatures the DNA , and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription. ref name pmid11092823 cite journal author Lee TI, Young RA title Transcription of eukaryotic protein coding genes journal Annu. Rev. Genet. volume 34 issue pages 77 137 year 2000 pmid 11092823 doi 10.1146 annurev.genet.34.1.77 ref ref name pmid17670940 cite journal author Roger D. Kornberg Kornberg RD title The molecular basis of eukaryotictranscription journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 104 issue 32 pages 12955 61 year 2007 pmid 17670940 doi 10.1073 pnas.0704138104 pmc 1941834 ref ref cite journal author Kim TK, Lagrange T, Wang YH, Griffith JD, Reinberg D, Richard H. Ebright Ebright RH year 1997 title Trajectory of DNA in the RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 94 issue 23 page 12268 73 pmid 9356438 ref ref cite journal author Kim TK, Richard H. Ebright Ebright RH , Reinberg D title Mechanism of ATP dependent promoter melting by transcription factor IIH journal Science volume 288 issue 5470 pages 1418 22 year 2000 pmid 10827951 doi 10.1126 science.288.5470.1418 ref Typically the PIC is made up of six general transcription factor s TFIIA , Transcription factor IIB TFIIB , Transcription factor II D TFIID , Transcription factor II E TFIIE , Transcription factor II F TFIIF , and Transcription factor II H TFIIH . Assembly Formation of the PIC involves the following steps TATA binding protein TBP , a subunit of TFIID binds ... one turn of DNA to DNA melting unwind and form the transcription bubble . The template strand of the transcription ... bsm xtal teach trans pol2.gif biochem.ucl.ac.uk References Reflist Cell signaling Transcription ... more details
Transcription of eukaryotic protein coding genes journal Annu. Rev. Genet. volume 34 issue pages 77 ... TAF15 TAFII68 See also Eukaryotictranscription GAAC element General transcription factor Preinitiation complex Regulation of gene expression RNA polymerase II holoenzyme TATA Binding Protein Transcription genetics References Reflist External links MeshName Transcription Factor TFIID Cell signaling Transcription factors g2 Category Gene expression Category Molecular genetics Category Proteins Category Transcription factors Genetics stub de Transkriptionsfaktor IID es TFIID ...RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of Eukaryote eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II , a subset of general transcription factor s, and Regulation of gene expression regulatory protein s known as SRB proteins. Transcription factor II D TF sub II sub D is one of several general transcription factor s that make up the RNA polymerase II Transcription preinitiation complex preinitiation complex . ref name Lewin cite book author Lewin, Benjamin title Genes VIII publisher Pearson Prentice Hall location Upper Saddle River, NJ year 2004 pages 636 637 isbn 0 13 144946 X oclc doi ref Before the start of Transcription genetics transcription , the transcription Factor II D TFIID complex, binds to the TATA box in the core promoter of the gene. TF sub II sub D is itself composed of several Protein subunit ... TBP . In a test tube, only TBP is necessary for transcription genetics transcription at promoter biology ... RNA polymerase II, B TFIID transcription factor associated, 170kDa Mot1 homolog, S. cerevisiae url http ... author Timmers HTM, Meyers RE, Sharp PA title Composition of transcription factor B TFIID journal ... than 70 polypeptides required for initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II, binds to the core ... of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. Subunits in the TFIID ... more details
title Transcription of eukaryotic protein coding genes journal Annu. Rev. Genet. volume 34 issue pages ...protein Name GTF2H1 general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 1, 62kDa caption image width HGNCid 4655 Symbol GTF2H1 AltSymbols BTF2 EntrezGene 2965 OMIM 189972 RefSeq NM 005316 UniProt P32780 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 11 Arm p Band 15.1 LocusSupplementaryData p14 protein Name GTF2H2 general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 2, 44kDa caption image width HGNCid 4656 Symbol GTF2H2 AltSymbols BTF2, TFIIH, BTF2P44, T BTF2P44 EntrezGene 2966 OMIM 601748 RefSeq NM 001515 UniProt Q13888 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 5 Arm q Band 12.2 LocusSupplementaryData 13.3 protein Name general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 3, 34kDa caption image width HGNCid 4657 Symbol GTF2H3 AltSymbols BTF2, TFIIH EntrezGene 2967 OMIM 601750 RefSeq NM 001516 UniProt Q13889 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 12 Arm q Band 24.31 LocusSupplementaryData Transcription factor II H TFIIH is one of several general transcription factor s that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex . ref cite journal author Kim TK, Richard H. Ebright Ebright RH , Reinberg D title Mechanism of ATP dependent promoter melting by transcription factor IIH journal Science volume 288 issue 5470 pages 1418 22 year 2000 pmid 10827951 doi 10.1126 science.288.5470.1418 ref TFIIH consists of ten subunits, 7 of which XPD, XPB, p62, p52, p44, p34 and TTDA form the core complex. The cyclin activating kinase subcomplex CDK7, MAT1, and cyclin H ... XPD and ERCC3 XPB , have helicase and ATPase activities and help create the transcription bubble . In a test tube these subunits are only required for transcription if the DNA template is not already ... domain and possibly other proteins involved in the cell cycle . Next to a vital function in transcription ... links MeshName Transcription Factor TFIIH Transcription factors g2 Category Gene expression Category Transcription factors biochem stub cs TFIIH de Transkriptionsfaktor IIH sv TFIIH ... more details
protein Name GTF2F1 general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 1, 74kDa caption image width HGNCid 4652 Symbol GTF2F1 AltSymbols TFIIF, BTF4, RAP74 EntrezGene 2962 OMIM 189968 RefSeq NM 002096 UniProt P35269 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 19 Arm p Band 13.3 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name GTF2F2 general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2, 30kDa caption image width HGNCid 4653 Symbol GTF2F2 AltSymbols TFIIF, BTF4, RAP30 EntrezGene 2963 OMIM 189969 RefSeq NM 004128 UniProt P13984 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 13 Arm q Band 14 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2 like caption image width HGNCid 4654 Symbol GTF2F2L AltSymbols TFIIF EntrezGene 2964 OMIM RefSeq NG 003013 UniProt PDB ECnumber Chromosome 4 Arm q Band 31.22 LocusSupplementaryData Transcription factor IIF TF sub II sub F is one of several general transcription factor s that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex . ref name isbn0 13 144946 X cite book author Lewin, Benjamin title Genes VIII publisher Pearson Prentice Hall location Upper Saddle River, NJ year 2004 pages p636 637 isbn 0 13 144946 X oclc doi ref ref name pmid11092823 cite journal author Lee TI, Young RA title Transcription of eukaryotic protein coding genes journal Annu. Rev. Genet. volume 34 issue pages ... of DNA in the RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 94 issue 23 page 12268 73 pmid 9356438 ref Transcription Factor IIF is encoded by the gene ..., a general initiation factor for transcription by RNA polymerase II journal Nature volume 355 issue ... for RNA polymerase II transcription are dispersed in the human genome journal Hum. Mol. Genet ... title Genetic characterization of general transcription factors TFIIF and TFIIB of Homo sapiens sapiens ... Transcription Factor TFIIF Cell signaling Transcription factors g2 DEFAULTSORT Transcription Factor Ii F Category Molecular genetics Category Proteins Category Gene expression Category Transcription factors ... more details
. ref name pmid11092823 cite journal author Lee TI, Young RA title Transcription of eukaryotic protein ...protein Name general transcription factor IIE, polypeptide 1, alpha 56kDa caption image width HGNCid 4650 Symbol GTF2E1 AltSymbols TF2E1 EntrezGene 2960 OMIM 189962 RefSeq NM 005513 UniProt P29083 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 3 Arm q Band 21 LocusSupplementaryData q24 protein Name general transcription factor IIE, polypeptide 2, beta 34kDa caption image width HGNCid 4651 Symbol GTF2E2 AltSymbols TF2E2 EntrezGene 2961 OMIM 189964 RefSeq NM 002095 UniProt P29084 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 8 Arm p Band 12 LocusSupplementaryData Transcription factor II E TF sub II sub E is one of several general transcription factor s that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex . ref name isbn0 13 144946 X cite book author Lewin, Benjamin title Genes VIII publisher Pearson Prentice Hall location Upper Saddle River, NJ year 2004 pages p636 637 isbn 0 13 144946 X oclc doi ref Transcription Factor II E is encoded by the GTF2E1 and GTF2E2 genes. ref name pmid1454543 cite journal author Ohkuma Y, Hashimoto S, Roeder RG, Horikoshi M title Identification of two large subdomains in TFIIE alpha on the basis of homology between Xenopus and human sequences journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 20 issue 21 pages 5838 year 1992 pmid 1454543 pmc 334425 doi 10.1093 nar 20.21.5838 issn ref ref name pmid8162052 cite journal author Heng HH, Xiao H, Shi XM, Greenblatt J, Tsui LC title Genes encoding general initiation factors for RNA polymerase II transcription are dispersed in the human genome journal Hum. Mol. Genet ... RG title Conserved sequence motifs in the small subunit of human general transcription factor TFIIE ... transcription factor TFIIE journal Nature volume 354 issue 6352 pages 398 401 year 1991 month ... Transcription Factor TFIIE Cell signaling Transcription factors g2 DEFAULTSORT Transcription Factor Ii E Category Molecular genetics Category Proteins Category Gene expression Category Transcription ... more details
in eukaryotictranscription initiation structure of the preinitiation complex journal Proc. Natl. Acad ...protein Name GTF2A1 general transcription factor IIA, 1, 19 37kDa caption image width HGNCid 4646 Symbol GTF2A1 AltSymbols EntrezGene 2957 OMIM 600520 RefSeq NM 201595 UniProt P52655 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 14 Arm q Band 31 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name general transcription factor IIA, 2, 12kDa caption image width HGNCid 4647 Symbol GTF2A2 AltSymbols EntrezGene 2958 OMIM 600519 RefSeq NM 004492 UniProt P52657 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 15 Arm q Band 21.3 LocusSupplementaryData Transcription factor TFIIA is a cell nucleus nuclear protein involved in the RNA polymerase II dependent transcription genetics transcription of DNA . ref name pmid17560669 cite journal author H iby T, Zhou H, Mitsiou DJ, Stunnenberg HG title A facelift for the general transcription factor TFIIA journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume 1769 issue 7 8 pages 429 36 year 2007 pmid 17560669 doi 10.1016 j.bbaexp.2007.04.008 ref TFIIA is one of several general basal transcription factor s General transcription factor GTF s that are required for all transcription events that use RNA polymerase II. Other GTFs include TFIID , a complex composed of the TATA binding protein TBP and TBP associated factors TAFs , as well as the factors TFIIB , TFIIE , TFIIF , and TFIIH . Together, these factors are responsible for promoter biology promoter recognition and the formation of a transcription preinitiation complex PIC capable ... that might otherwise bind to TBP and interfere with PIC formation. TFIIA also acts as a transcription ... to increase, or activate, transcription. The requirement for TFIIA in vitro transcription ... transcription journal Genes Dev. volume 8 issue 19 pages 2324 35 year 1994 pmid 7958899 doi 10.1101 ... s. References Reflist External links MeshName Transcription Factor TFIIA Transcription factors g2 Category Gene expression Category Transcription factors de Transkriptionsfaktor IIA ... more details
web title Entrez Gene GTF2B general transcription factor IIB url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 2959 accessdate ref It is involved in the selection of the transcription start site mutations in TFIIB cause a shift in the transcription start site. ref name pmid11092823 cite journal author Lee TI, Young RA title Transcription of eukaryotic protein coding ...PBB geneid 2959 Transcription factor IIB TF sub II sub B is one of several general transcription factor ... the general transcription initiation factor IIB journal Nature volume 352 issue 6337 pages 689 ... polymerase II transcription are dispersed in the human genome journal Hum. Mol. Genet. volume 3 issue 1 pages 61 4 year 1994 pmid 8162052 doi 10.1093 hmg 3.1.61 issn ref Transcription factor IIB localizes to the nucleus where it forms a complex the DAB complex with transcription factors Transcription Factor II D IID and TFIIA IIA . The protein serves as a bridge between transcription factor IID , which ... annurev.genet.34.1.77 ref Interactions Transcription factor IIB makes protein protein interaction s with the TATA binding protein TBP subunit of transcription factor IID , ref cite journal author Tang H, Sun X, Reinberg D, Richard H. Ebright Ebright RH title Protein protein interactions in eukaryotictranscription initiation structure of the preinitiation complex journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... RE, Roger D. Kornberg Kornberg RD year 2004 month Feb. title Structural basis of transcription an RNA ... RPB1 subunit of RNA polymerase II . ref name bushnell ref Transcription Factor IIB makes ... 12 issue 1 pages 34 44 title New core promoter element in RNA polymerase II dependent transcription sequence specific DNA binding by transcription factor IIB pmid 9420329 doi 10.1101 gad.12.1.34 pmc ... in transcription by RNA polymerase II. journal Trends Biochem. Sci. volume 21 issue 9 pages 327 35 year ... H, et al. title Sequence of general transcription factor TFIIB and relationships to other initiation ... more details
In molecular biology , activating transcription factor , ATF , is a class of AP 1 transcription factor AP 1 transcription factor dimers. ref name van Dam cite journal author van Dam H, Castellazzi M title Distinct roles of Jun Fos and Jun ATF dimers in oncogenesis journal Oncogene volume 20 issue 19 pages 2453 64 year 2001 pmid 11402340 doi 10.1038 sj.onc.1204239 ref Genes include ATF1 , Activating transcription factor 2 ATF2 , ATF3 , ATF4 , ATF5 , ATF6 , and ATF7 . References references External links MeshName Activating Transcription Factors protein stub Oncogenes Transcription factors g1 Category Transcription factors es Factor de transcripci n activador ... more details
Consisting of about 110 amino acids , the domain in winged helix transcription factors has four helices and a two strand beta sheet . These proteins are classified into 19 families called FoxA FoxS. Mutations in FoxP proteins are implicated in human autoimmune diseases. See also FOX proteins External links MeshName Winged Helix Transcription Factors Category Transcription factors genetics stub Transcription factors g3 ... more details
GATA transcription factor s are a family of transcription factor s characterized by their ability to bind to the DNA sequence GATA . ref name pmid8321208 cite journal author Ko LJ, Engel JD title DNA binding specificities of the GATA transcription factor family journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 13 issue 7 pages 4011 22 year 1993 pmid 8321208 doi pmc 359950 ref Genes GATA1 see also Gene GATA1 GATA2 see also Gene GATA2 GATA3 see also Gene GATA3 GATA4 see also Gene GATA4 GATA5 see also Gene GATA5 GATA6 see also Gene GATA6 References Reflist External links MeshName GATA transcription factors biochem stub Transcription factors g2 Category Transcription factors es GATA ... more details
Y, Obata Y, Yokoyama KK title Phosphorylation of two eukaryotictranscription factors, Jun dimerization protein 2 and activation transcription factor 2, in Escherichia coli by Jun N terminal .... PBB geneid 1386 Activating transcription factor 2 , also known as ATF2 , is a protein that, in humans ... transcription factor 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 1386 accessdate ref Function This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine ... with c Jun and stimulates CRE dependent transcription. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase ... specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional ... title Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway journal Science ... title Phosphorylation of Activation Transcription Factor 2 at Serine 121 by Protein Kinase C Controls c Jun mediated Activation of Transcription journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 284 issue 13 pages 8567 ... S, van Dam H, Zoumpourlis V title Overexpression of activating transcription factor 2 is required ... j.molcel.2005.04.015 url issn ref Interactions Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown ... cite journal author Hai T, Curran T title Cross family dimerization of transcription factors ... Casein kinase II interacts with the bZIP domains of several transcription factors journal Nucleic ... of their associated transcription factors journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 272 issue 51 ..., a regulator of activating transcription factor 2 response to stress and DNA damage journal Mol ... R, Feuerstein N title Association of activating transcription factor 2 ATF2 with the ubiquitin ... doi 10.1074 jbc.273.10.5892 url issn ref See also Activating transcription factor References Reflist ... expression of the human TGF beta 2 gene through transcription factor ATF 2. journal Nature volume ... T title Cross family dimerization of transcription factors Fos Jun and ATF CREB alters DNA binding ... more details
R title O glycosylation of eukaryotictranscription factors implications for mechanisms of transcriptional ...PBB geneid 6667 Sp1 , also known as Specificity Protein 1, is a human transcription factor involved in gene expression in the early development of an organism. It belongs to the Sp KLF family of transcription .... ref See http www.expasy.org uniprot P08047 UniProtKB entry ref The SP1 transcription factor contains a zinc finger zinc finger protein motif, by which it binds directly to DNA and enhances gene transcription .... doi 10.1128 MCB.23.6.1843 1855.2003 ref Interactions Sp1 transcription factor has been shown to Protein ... 1999 month November title Transcription factors of the Sp1 family interaction with E2F and regulation ... title Interaction of Sp1 with the growth and cell cycle regulated transcription factor E2F journal Mol ... coauthors Forsberg M, Lillhager P, Westin G year 1996 month June title The transcription factors ... month July title A set of proteins interacting with transcription factor Sp1 identified in a two hybrid ... by IL 1beta inhibits elastin transcription and myofibroblast phenotype journal Am. J. Physiol., Cell ... T D year 1994 month November title Interaction of the v Rel oncoprotein with cellular transcription ... Y controls human insulin receptor gene transcription journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 23 issue ... of NF 1 Rb HDAC 1 transcription repressor complex journal Oncogene volume 21 issue 12 pages 1812 ... Silencing of transcription of the human luteinizing hormone receptor gene by histone deacetylase mSin3A ... to repress transcription of human telomerase reverse transcriptase hTERT promoter in normal human somatic ... id url language format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref Apoptosis antagonizing transcription ... Takashi year 2002 month August title RelA associated inhibitor blocks transcription of human ... of artificial transcription factors journal J Biol Chem volume 276 issue 31 pages 29466 78 year ... of transcription of luteinizing hormone receptor gene by nuclear orphan receptors and histone ... more details
An octamer transcription factor is a transcription factor which binds to the ATTTGCAT sequence. ref cite journal author Petryniak B, Staudt LM, Postema CE, McCormack WT, Thompson CB title Characterization of chicken octamer binding proteins demonstrates that POU domain containing homeobox transcription factors have been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 87 issue 3 pages 1099 103 year 1990 pmid 1967834 doi 10.1073 pnas.87.3.1099 pmc 53418 ref Examples include Oct 1 Gene POU2F1 Oct 2 Gene POU2F2 Oct 4 Oct 3 4 Gene POU5F1 POU3F1 Oct 6 Gene POU3F1 POU3F2 Oct 7 Gene POU3F2 Oct 8 Gene POU3F3 POU3F2 Oct 9 Gene POU3F4 POU2F3 Oct 11 Gene POU3F4 References references External links MeshName Octamer transcription factors Transcription factors g3 Category Transcription factors biochem stub ... more details
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