The EuropeanAgreementconcerning the InternationalCarriage of DangerousGoods by Road , commonly known as ADR from the French abbreviation A ccord europ en relatif au transport international des marchandises D angereuses par R oute , governs transnational transport of hazardous materials. Launched in Geneva on 30 September 1957 under the aegis of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe , it first took effect on 29 January 1968. The agreement was modified article 14, paragraph 3 in New York on 21 August 1975, though these changes only took effect on 19 April 1985. A new amended ADR 2011 entered into force on January 1, 2011. ref http live.unece.org trans danger publi adr adr2011 11ContentsE.html Full 2011 ADR Agreement ref The agreement itself is brief and simple, and its most important article is article 2. This article states that with the exception of certain exceptionally dangerous materials, hazardous materials may in general be transported internationally in wheeled vehicles, provided that two sets of conditions be met Annex A regulates the merchandise involved, notably their packaging and labels. Annex B regulates the construction, equipment and use of vehicles for the transport of hazardous materials. The classes of dangerousgoods according to ADR are the following Hazard classes Class 1 Explosive substances and articles Class 2 Gases Class 2.1 Flammable gas ... peligrosas por carretera fr Accord europ en relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route gl EuropeanAgreementconcerning the InternationalCarriage of DangerousGoods by Road it EuropeanAgreementconcerning the InternationalCarriage of DangerousGoods by Road nl ADR transport ... 9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles Each entry in the different classes has been assigned ... Centre European hazard symbols References reflist http live.unece.org trans danger publi adr adr2011 ... Forum ADR Category Safety codes Category European Union law Category Chemical safety bs Evropski ... more details
orphan date January 2010 The Carriage of Goods by Road Act 1965 c. 37 is an Act of Parliament made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in order to implement the CMR convention Convention on the Contract for the InternationalCarriage of Goods by Road of 1956 into British law. The act is often relied upon in cross border litigation to give jurisdiction to the Courts of the United Kingdom in disputes related to road haulage. References span id ref name ref class citation Koji Takahashi. Claims for Contribution and Reimbursement in an International Context . Oxford University Press , 2000. span External links UK LEG path ukpga 1965 37 title Carriage of Goods by Road Act 1965 type ukpga UK legislation Category 1965 in law Category United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1965 Category 1965 in transport UK law stub statute stub ... more details
The Strasbourg AgreementConcerning the International Patent Classification or IPC , also known as the IPC Agreement , was signed in Strasbourg , France , on March 24, 1971 and entered into force on October 7, 1975. It establishes a common classification for patent s for invention , inventors certificate s, utility model s and utility certificate s, known as the International Patent Classification IPC . ref Article 1 of the Agreement ref The Agreement was amended on September 28, 1979. States party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 1883 may become party to the Strasbourg Agreement. ref Article 12 1 of the Agreement ref As of September 2009 , there were 61 contracting parties to the Strasbourg Agreement. ref name wipo contracting parties WIPO web site, http www.wipo.int treaties en ShowResults.jsp?lang en&treaty id 11 Contracting Parties Strasbourg Agreement Total Contracting Parties 61 . Consulted on September 9, 2009. ref The Agreement will enter into force for Serbia, the 61st Contracting State, on July 15, 2010. ref name wipo contracting parties The Holy See , the Islamic Republic of Iran and Liechtenstein signed the Agreement in 1971 ref Article 16 1 b of the Agreement This Agreement shall remain open for signature at Strasbourg until September 30, 1971. ref but have not or not yet ratified it. ref name wipo contracting parties Notes This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http meta.wikimedia.org wiki Cite Cite.php reflist See also European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention 1954 External links http www.wipo.int treaties en classification strasbourg Official page on WIPO web site Category Intellectual property treaties Category Patent classifications Category Treaties administered by the World Intellectual ... in 1975 international law stub it Accordo di Strasburgo relativo alla Classificazione Internazionale ... more details
Admiralty law IMDG Code or International Maritime DangerousGoods Code is accepted as an international guideline to the safe transportation or shipment of dangerousgoods or hazardous materials by water on vessel. IMDG Code is intended to protect crew members and to prevent marine pollution in the safe transportation of hazardous materials by vessel. It is recommended to governments for adoption or for use as the basis for national regulations. The implementation of the Code is mandatory in conjunction with the obligations of the members of united nation government under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea SOLAS and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MARPOL 73 78 . It is intended for use not only by the mariner but also by all those involved in industries and services connected with shipping . Contains advice on terminology, packaging, labeling, placarding, markings, stowage, segregation, handling, and emergency response. The code is updated and maintained by the DSC Sub Committee of the International Maritime Organization every 2 years. The currect edition to the IMDG Code is the 2010 Edition Incorporating Amendment 35 10. This edition was applied on a voluntary basis starting 1 January 2011 and became mandatory on 1 January 2012. The 2012 Edition Incorporating Amendment 36 12, will be voluntary starting 1 January 2013 and become mandatory on 1 January 2014. External links http www.imo.org Safety mainframe.asp?topic id 158 IMO Website IMDG Code http hazmat.dot.gov regs intl imdg.htm US Office of Hazardous Materials Safety http www.imo.org environment mainframe.asp?topic id 1016 IMO Carriage of chemicals by ship http www.imo.org includes blastData.asp doc id 8226 Preamble.pdf IMO Preamble IMDG Code 2006 Edition ... Water transport Category Chemical safety Category International Maritime Organization Category Law of the sea econ stub standard stub de IMDG Code es IMDG fr International Maritime DangerousGoods Code ... more details
The Hague AgreementConcerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs , also known as the Hague ... AgreementConcerning The International Deposit Of Industrial Designs Category Industrial design Category ... is administered by World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO . History The Hague Agreement ... Agreement, Regulations and Administrative Instructions . WIPO ref the most important of which ... of the Hague Agreement . WIPO ref the Hague Act of November 28, 1960, ref http www.wipo.int hague en legal texts wo hah0 .htm Hague Act of the Hague Agreement . WIPO ref and the Geneva Act of July 2, 1999. ref http www.wipo.int hague en legal texts wo haa t.htm Geneva Act of the Hague Agreement . WIPO ... up to the same Act. For instance, because the European Union has only signed up to the 1999 Geneva Act, applicants which qualify to use the Hague system because their domicile is in the European ... Property Organization OAPI and the European Union . This means an applicant domiciled in an EU member ... use the Hague system on the basis of his or her domicile in the European Union. Application requirements ... designs provided that the designs are all in the same class of the International Classification ... and registration procedure The application is examined for formal requirements by the International ... in the application. Once the formal requirements have been met, it is recorded in the International Register and details are published electronically in the International Designs Bulletin on the WIPO ... e.g. it finds that the design is not novel , it must notify the International Bureau that it refuses ..., the international registration takes effect and provides the same protection as if the design ... of an international registration is five years, extendable in further five year periods up to the maximum duration permitted by each Contracting Party. Renewals are handled centrally by the International Bureau. The applicant pays a renewal fee and notifies the International Bureau of the countries ... more details
The UN Recommendations on the Transport of DangerousGoods are contained in two documents prepared by the Sub Committee of Experts on the Transport of DangerousGoods of the United Nations Economic and Social Council ECOSOC . They cover the transport of dangerousgoods by all modes of transport except by Tanker ship bulk tanker . They are not obligatory or legally binding on individual countries, but have gained a wide degree of international acceptance they form the basis of several international agreements and many national laws. Dangerousgoods also known as hazardous materials or HAZMAT in the United ... and or packing groups. The most common dangerousgoods are assigned a UN number , a four ... the manufacture, use or disposal of dangerousgoods. History and principles The first version of the Recommendations on the Transport of DangerousGoods was produced by the ECOSOC in 1956. ref ST ... doi accessdate ref etc. Some carriers have additional requirements. See also Australian DangerousGoods Code UNO Hazard Class and Division EuropeanAgreementconcerning the InternationalCarriage of DangerousGoods by Road ADR Regulations concerning the InternationalCarriage of DangerousGoods by Rail RID , part of the Convention concerningInternationalCarriage by Rail EuropeanAgreementconcerning the InternationalCarriage of DangerousGoods by Inland Waterways ADN International Maritime DangerousGoods Code IMDG Code , part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea Annex 18 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation Safe Transport of DangerousGoods by Air International Air Transport Association Notes reflist References UNTestManual UNModRegs External links http www.unece.org trans danger danger.htm DangerousGoods at the United Nations Economic Commission ... Regulations , which form a suggested drafting for laws and regulations on the transport of dangerousgoods and the Manual of Tests and Criteria , which contains technical information about methods of testing ... more details
A DangerousGoods Safety Advisor DGSA is a consultant or an owner or employee of an organization appointed by an organization that transports, loads, or unloads dangerousgoods in the European Union . Rules The rules involving the transport of dangerousgoods are complex and each mode of transport, i.e. road, rail or inland waterway, has its own set of regulations. There are also separate sets of regulations for sea and air transportation. For many elements of transportation the regulations from each mode are similar or identical. All the various sets of regulations are based upon Recommendations on the transport of DangerousGoods Model Regulations , known as The Orange Book, issued by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transportation of DangerousGoods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling. Duties The duties of the DGSA include providing advice to the appointing organization, preparing accident reports, monitoring the activities of the organisation which involve dangerousgoods and preparing an annual report. To become a DGSA, it is usual for a candidate to be trained by a specialist training organization, then to sit various examinations. The qualification lasts five years. The examining body in the United Kingdom UK is the Scottish Qualifications Authority . ref http www.dft.gov.uk pgr freight dgt1 training dangerousgoodssafetyadvisors UK Department for Transport page on DangerousGoods Safety Advisors ref Notes references External links http tech.groups.yahoo.com group DangerousGoods DangerousGoods HazMat Group , a Yahoo hosted global network for discussion of dangerousgoods and hazardous materials storage and handling issues. Category Risk management Category Safety engineering Category Occupational safety and health organizations pl DangerousGoods Safety Advisor ... more details
ADG7 complies with international standards of importation and exportation of dangerousgoods United Nations UN Recommendations on the Transport of DangerousGoods Recommendations on the Transport of DangerousGoods . ref name ADGC The National Road Transport Commission Australian Transport Ministers ... Act the Road Transport Reform DangerousGoods Act 1995, national regulations the Road Transport ... Code for the Transport of DangerousGoods by Road and Rail. The Act The Road Transport Reform Dangerous ... by road. ref Ian Shepherd, DangerousGoods Transport Reform in Australia Putting the Acid on those ... 14 January 2012. ref The Regulations The Road Transport Reform DangerousGoods Regulations were arranged ... in a dangerousgoodsroad transport transaction consignor, prime contractor, loader, driver, etc ... s technical requirements for the road transport of dangerousgoods are generally consistent ... of dangerousgoods by road was that it was often unclear who was responsible for a particular aspect ... dangerousgoods by road and allocated legal responsibility appropriately. One of the major parties targeted ... 2007 ref Australia is establishing a separate dangerousgoods regulation for road and rail transport ...The Australian DangerousGoods Code ADGC or ADG7 is promulgated by The Advisory Committee on Transport of DangerousGoods. The most current version is the seventh edition, released in 2008. Read in conjunction ... for the transportation of dangerousgoods in Australia . History The Australian Transport Advisory Council recognised the Advisory Committee on the Transport of DangerousGoods ACTDG in 1970 to expand and harmonise standardised national requirements for safe transportation of DangerousGoods ... consistent dangerousgoods transport requirements across the country. This project was driven .... As an example, the dangerousgoods industry is a national one. The NRTC was established to help ... Goods Transport Reform in Australia Putting the Acid on those Responsible , National Road Transport ... more details
refimprove date January 2012 Admiralty law The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act COGSA ref http www.law.cornell.edu uscode html uscode46a usc sup 05 46 10 28.html ref is a Law of the United States United States statute governing the rights and responsibilities between shipper s of cargo and ship owner s regarding ocean shipments to and from the United States. It is the U.S. enactment of the International Convention Regarding Bills of Lading, commonly known as the Hague Rules . It was found in Title 46 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 46 Appendix of the United States Code , starting at Section 1301, but has been moved to a note in 46 United States Code 30701. ref Pub.L. 109 304, 6 c , Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1516 ref The United States Congress , concerned that the Hague Rules did not offer shippers enough protection against damage to cargo by shipowners, amended the Hague Rules in a number of minor, but important, ways. It increased the amount that shipowners would have to pay cargo owners for damage in transit from Pound sterling GBP 100 per package to United States dollar USD 500 per package or, for goods not shipped in packages, per customary freight unit. This package limitation has become one of the most contentious and litigious areas in the field of cargo damage, particularly as it relates to the transportation of goods by ocean Intermodal container shipping containers . History of Limitation of Liability for Cargo Damage At the time of the passage of COGSA most cargo was shipped in boxes, crates, and bags. Shortly after its passage, cargo owners determined that cargo could be handled more efficiently if placed on pallet s, a process that results in numerous boxes or bags of cargo being consolidated on a single pallet. Shipowners, seeing an opportunity to reduce their liability for cargo damage, argued to the courts that the pallets were now packages and that they were ... per kilogram. In so doing, litigation concerning limitations on liability became virtually non existent ... more details
Admiralty law The Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1992 is a United Kingdom UK Act of Parliament Statute that repeals and replaces the Bills of Lading Act 1855 . The Statute makes provision for Bills of Lading and other documents of carriage, as follows s.1 The CoGSA 1992 now applies to bills of lading, sea waybills, and ship s delivery orders. A bill of lading must be Negotiable instrument negotiable , and includes a received for shipment bill. s.1 also empowers the Minister to make regulatory provision by way of a Statutory Instrument in respect of electronic transactions and electronic bills of lading. s.2 A person who becomes the lawful holder of a bill of lading or sea waybill, or delivery order shall have transferred to and vested in him all rights of suit under the contract of carriage as if he had been a party to the contract. s.3 Where such a person s.2 takes or demands delivery of the goods or makes a cargo claim , that person becomes subject to the same liabilities under that contract as if he had been a party to that contract. s.4 A bill of lading which represents goods to have been shipped, and which is signed by the ship s master or his agent is conclusive evidence of receipt for shipment. s.4 quashes the rule in Grant v Norway .. ref http pntodd.users.netlink.co.uk cases cases g grant n.htm ref Bills of Lading A bill of lading serves three main functions it is a receipt, i.e. an acknowledgement that the goods have been loaded it contains or evidences the terms of the contract of carriage and it serves as a document of title to the goods. Although the term bill of lading is well known and well understood, it may become obsolete. Articles 1 15 & 1 16 of the Rotterdam ... will abandon the familiar term bill of lading . The Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1971 The Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1971 incorporates the Hague Visby Rules into English Law. These rules require ... Visby Rules, which are an Public international law International Convention , s.4 of the 1992 Act ... more details
of carriage for the internationalcarriage of passengers and goods CIV rail travel CIV and CIM , carriage of dangerousgoods RID , contracts of use of vehicles CUV , contract on the use of railway ... international law is the Convention of 9 May 1980 COTIF . The predecessor of OTIF was the Central Office for InternationalCarriage by Rail transport Rail , which was set up in 1893. Until the signature ... to the carriage of passengers and freight in international through traffic by rail. These systems of law ..., the Revision Committee, the Committee of Experts on the Transport of DangerousGoods, the Committee ... carriage by road. See also Organization for Cooperation of Railways External links http www.otif.org Official web site of the Intergovernmental Organisation for InternationalCarriage by Rail References reflist Category International rail transport Category Intergovernmental organizations Category ...primary sources date July 2009 cleanup date June 2009 The Intergovernmental Organisation for InternationalCarriage by Rail , lang fr L Organisation intergouvernementale pour les transports internationaux ..., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, ref name NewMembers2011 ... until international railway traffic with these countries is restored. ref name list Associates Rail ... railway material used in international traffic ATMF Widening the scope of COTIF in order to make possible in the longer term through carriage by rail under a single legal regime from the Atlantic to the Pacific Preparing for the entry into force of the Luxembourg Protocol Registry for International ... to the crossing of frontiers in international rail transport Participation in the preparation of other international conventions concerning rail transport within UN ECE and other international organisations. At present, Uniform Rules created by OTIF are applicable for internationalcarriage by rail on around 250,000 km of railway lines and the complementary carriage of freight and passengers ... more details
Infobox UK disused station name City RoadGoods Branch locale Bradford borough City of Bradford image name Grattan Warehouse by David Spencer.jpg caption Not a lot left now... original pregroup Great Northern Railway Great Britain Great Northern Railway manager owner platforms events years events1 years1 latitude 53.79851 longitude 1.77903 gridref SE146336 Bradford Lines The City RoadGoods branch was a goods only branch serving the Lister Hills area of Bradford , West Yorkshire , England ref cite book last Joy first David year 1984 title A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain Volume VIII South and West Yorkshire publisher David St John Thomas isbn 0 94653 711 9 ref . History Proposed as part of the Bradford and Thornton Railways Act 1865 , later withdrawn but then incorporated 24 July 1871 and amalgamated with the Great Northern Railway Great Britain Great Northern Railway 18 July 1872 . The line to City Road from St Dunstans railway station St Dunstans opened on 4 December 1876 and consisted of a branch from just east of Horton Park railway station Horton Park at Horton Junction travelling north for convert 1.25 mi km . It closed when goods services were withdrawn from the stub of the St Dunstans to Thornton line on 26 August 1972. The warehouses were converted into offices of a haulage company however they were destroyed in a fire in the 1980s. References references Category Disused railway stations in Bradford Yorkshire Humber railstation stub England rail transport stub ... more details
Infobox Treaty name Agreementconcerning the Manufacture of, Internal Trade in and Use of Prepared Opium long name image image width caption type date drafted date signed February 11, 1925 location signed Geneva date sealed date effective July 28, 1926 condition effective date expiration signatories parties depositor language languages website wikisource The Agreementconcerning the Manufacture of, Internal Trade in and Use of Prepared Opium , also known as the Agreementconcerning the Suppression of the Manufacture of, Internal Trade in, and Use of, Prepared Opium , was a treaty promulgated in Geneva on 11 February 1925. The Agreement stated that the signatory nations were fully determined to bring about the gradual and effective suppression of the manufacture of, internal trade in and use of prepared opium . Article I required that, with the exception of retail sale, the importation, sale and distribution of opium be a monopoly of government, which would have the exclusive right to import, sell, or distribute opium. Leasing, according, or delegating this right was specifically prohibited. Article II prohibited sale of opium to minors, and Article III prohibited minors from entering smoking divans. Article IV required governments to limit the number of opium retail shops and smoking divans as much as possible. Articles V and VI regulated the export and transport of opium and dross. Article VII required governments to discourage the use of opium through instruction in schools, literature, and other methods. The Agreement was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs . References http untreaty.un.org English CTC ch VI 4.pdf Agreementconcerning the Suppression of the Manufacture of, Internal Trade in, and Use of, Prepared Opium , United Nations Treaty Collection. http www.unodc.org unodc en bulletin bulletin 1950 01 01 1 page003.html The Evolution of the International Control of Narcotic Drugs , Bulletin on Narcotics , 1950. Category Drug control treaties ... more details
The European Monetary Agreement was an agreement signed in Paris on 5 August 1955. Administered by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development , it is the successor of the European Payments Union . It provides a multilateral Settlement finance settlement system. ref http www.webcitation.org 60DPr5qsf ref The agreement was terminated by OECD in 1972 as its aims were largely replaced by the International Monetary Fund . References reflist Category International economic organizations Category International trade Category Trade blocs Europe stub finance stub ... more details
Refimprove date September 2008 A European Union Association Agreement for short, Association Agreement or AA is a treaty between the European Union EU and a non EU country that creates a framework for co ... Agreement EA 1994 , Treaty of Accession 2003 now EU member Iceland FTA 1973 , now a member of European ... 1973 , now a member of European Economic Area EEA Poland Europe Agreement EA 1994 , Treaty of Accession ... countries Association Agreement Category Russia European Union relations ru ... agreement was inserted in the Treaty of Rome on the EEC as a mean to ensure future cooperation ... may be offered tariff free access to some or all EU markets Industry industrial goods, Agriculture ... also include a Free Trade Agreement FTA between the EU and the third country. Association Agreements ... are signed as part of two EU policies Stabilisation and Association Process SAp and European Neighbourhood ... European EU neighbours including South Caucasus , but excluding Russia that insists on creating four ... on the particular state . In addition to these two policies AAs with Free Trade Agreement provisions ... ref label status a . European Neighbourhood Policy The European Neighbourhood Policy covers Morocco ... Algeria AA 2005 Andorra European Union Customs Union CU 1991 Bosnia and Herzegovina SAA signed 2008 ... entity of Denmark 1997 Iceland European Economic Area EEA 1994 Israel AA 2000 Jordan AA 2002 Lebanon AA 2006 FTA provisions in force since 2003 Liechtenstein European Economic Area EEA 1994 Republic ... of Macedonia ref SAA 2004 Mexico AA 2000 Montenegro SAA 2010 Morocco AA 2000 Norway European Economic Area EEA 1994 Palestinian Authority interim AA 1997 San Marino European Union Customs Union CU ... Turkey European Union Turkey Customs Union CU 1996 Currently in negotiations Expand list date August ... as Russian Natural Gas Agreement Looms , Bloomberg L.P. May 25, 2011 ref AA and DCFTA Other Agreements Expand list date August 2008 Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement PCA 1999 Azerbaijan ... more details
The International Dairy Agreement IDA replaced the International Dairy Arrangement , which had been established in 1980. Its primary function was to expand and liberalize world trade in dairy products through international cooperation. On January 1, 1995, the IDA was placed under the aegis of the World Trade Organization . Its members included Argentina, Bulgaria, the European Union, Japan, New Zealand, Romania, Switzerland, and Uruguay. The United States, which had been one of the original members, withdrew from the organization in 1985 to protest sales by the European Union of butter and other basic dairy products at prices below the minimum export prices established by the Committee on Certain Milk Products that, along with the International Dairy Council , administered the Arrangement. The International Dairy Council suspended minimum prices for dairy products in 1995. The IDA was terminated, by decision of the International Dairy Council, as of January 1, 1998. References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category International trade ... more details
of the European Sporting Goods Industry FESI is a Brussels based European platform representing the interests of some 1,800 European sporting goods manufacturers before the European Institutions, other international sport federations and other associations. Role FESI Provides opportunity for sporting goods companies to collaborate on non commercial pre competitive issues of common interest Monitors all legislative initiatives relating to the sporting goods industry at a European level Offers an established and recognized platform for the voice of the sporting goods industry to be heard in Brussels Communicates with a variety of European stakeholders across a wide range of issues from ... at wholesale level quality brands of sporting goods in the European Union, which are established ... sporting goods in the European Union and distribute these at wholesale level may apply for this membership ... members with market data on sporting goods production and sporting goods sales in the European economy ... www.fesi sport.org fesi sport.org DEFAULTSORT Federation Of The European Sporting Goods Industry Category ...orphan date September 2010 unreferenced date May 2011 infobox Organization name Federation of the European Sporting Goods Industry image FESI Logo.jpg image border size 180px caption map msize mcaption ... served International membership language English language English leader title President leader ... is to promote free trade between European Member States and, of course, to facilitate trade world wide. FESI is a member of the World Federation of the Sporting Goods Industry WFSGI . Structure Members Today FESI counts on the membership of some 1800 sporting goods manufacturers mainly represented ... by national governing bodies of any country in the European Union, which are duly constituted and recognized ... by FESI in the European countries where the respective IS is established or has had at least a subsidiary ... and the like, which organize and run sporting goods trade fairs and to other comparable bodies ... more details
The International Coffee Agreement ICA is an international commodity agreement aimed to achieve a reasonable ... International Coffee Organization accessdate 27 July 2010 ref History The precursor to the ICA was the Inter American Coffee Agreement IACA established during the World War II Second World War . The war had created the conditions for a Latin American coffee agreementEuropean markets were closed off ... Meerhaeghe1998 External links http www.ico.org listmembers.asp List of members of the International Coffee Agreement of 2001 from the International Coffee Organization s website Category International ...?id iuHsIuez5qoC ref The original agreement was signed in 1962 for a five year period, and since then there have ... ICO History cite web url http www.ico.org history.asp title History publisher International Coffee ... of the exporting and importing signatory governments. ref name ICO History As of 2009 10 1 , the International Coffee Agreement of 2001 has 77 members, of which 45 are exporting members, and 32 ... to restrict their production. ref name Fridell122 124 harvnb Fridell 2007 p 122 124 ref The agreement ..., ref name van Meerhaeghe162 harvnb van Meerhaeghe 1998 p 162 ref this led to the first International Coffee Agreement. ref name van Meerhaeghe161 A target price was set, and export quotas allocated ... by the International Coffee Organization ICO fell below the target price, quotas were decreased if it rose ... in raising and stabilizing the price. ref name Daviron87 The International Coffee Organization was established in 1963 to administer the clauses of the agreement and supervise the mechanisms ... books?id pWRjGZ9H7hYC ref In 1989, ICO failed to reach an agreement on new export quotas ...?id 6K9Y6TKv264C&pg PR12 page xii ref Without an extended agreement producing countries lost most of their influence on the international market. ref name Daviron88 harvnb Daviron Ponte 2005 p 88 ref ... Meerhaeghe first1 Marcel Alfons Gilbert year 1998 title International economic institutions publisher ... more details
The InternationalAgreement on the Neutrality of Laos is an internationalagreement signed in Geneva on July 23, 1962 between 14 states and Laos . It was a result of the International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian Question which lasted from May 16, 1961 to July 23, 1962. Burma , Cambodia , Canada , the People s Republic of China , the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , France , India , Poland , the Republic of Vietnam , Thailand , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States signed a Declaration which together with the statement of neutrality by the Royal Government of Laos of July 9, 1962, entered into force as an internationalagreement on the date of signature July 23, 1962. The 14 signatories pledged to respect Laotian neutrality, to refrain from interference direct or indirect in the internal affairs of Laos, and to refrain from drawing Laos into military alliance or to establish military bases in Laotian territory. The Laotian government pledged to promulgate constitutionally its commitments which would have the force of law. However, the agreement was violated in when the Democratic Republic of Vietnam established a supply line through neutral Laotian territory for supplying the Viet Cong insurgency against the government of South Vietnam . More specifically, during the Vietnam War Second Indochina War the North Vietnamese obtained the cooperation of the Lao People s Revolutionary Party Pathet Lao in constructing and maintaining the Ho Chi Minh Trail which passed through the length of Laos. Thousands of Vietnamese troops were stationed in Laos to maintain the road network and provide for its security. Vietnamese military personnel also fought beside the Pathet Lao in its struggle to overthrow Laos neutralist government. Cooperation persisted after the war and the Lao communist victory. References http www.taipeitimes.com News editorials archives 2005 03 30 2003248384 Taipei Times, Wednesday, Mar 30, 2005, Page 8 http www.hinduonnet.com ... more details
An International Investment Agreement IIA is a treaty between countries that addresses issues relevant ... international law, United Nations instruments and the WTO agreement e.g., TRIMS . File IIA Spaghetti ... agreement Double taxation Foreign direct investment International Centre for Settlement of Investment ... Agreements PTIAs . International Taxation Agreements and Double Taxation Treaties DTTs are also ..., specific provisions on foreign investment. International taxation agreements deal primarily with the issue of double taxation in international financial activities e.g., regulating taxes on income ... security and certainty under international law when they invest or set up a business in other countries party to the agreement. The reduction of the investment risk flowing from an IIA is meant to encourage ... investors to settle disputes with the host country through international arbitration , rather than ... and Christoph Schreuer, Principles of International Investment Law, Oxford University Press, 2008 ... State dispute settlement. Usually this gives investors the right to submit a case to an international ... is sought are the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ICSID , the UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law UNCITRAL and the International Chamber of Commerce ICC . International taxation agreements deal primarily with the elimination of double taxation ... investment treaties Main article Bilateral investment treaty To a large extent, the international legal ..., and today these agreements constitute a key component of the contemporary international law on foreign ... BIT starts with a preamble that outlines the general intention of the agreement and provisions on its ... place. Such provisions usually mention the forums to which investors can resort for establishing international .... Finally, BITs usually refer to the time frame of the treaty, clarifying how the agreement is extended ... for the purpose of facilitating international trade and the transfer of factors of production ... more details
The International Grains Agreement IGA , which replaced the International Wheat Agreement in 1995, comprises a Grains Trade Convention GTC and a Food Aid Convention FAC . The IGA is administered by the International Grains Council IGC , an intergovernmental forum for cooperation on wheat and coarse grain matters. The Grains Trade Convention provides for information sharing, analysis and consultations on grain market and policy developments. Under the Food Aid Convention, donor countries pledge to provide annually specified amounts of food aid to developing countries in the form of grain suitable for human consumption, or cash to buy suitable grains in recipient countries. The International Grains Agreement does not contain any mechanisms for stabilizing supplies, prices, or trade. References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach External links http www.igc.org.uk en Default.aspx Category United States Department of Agriculture fr Conseil international des c r ales zh ... more details
An international commodity agreement is an undertaking by a group of countries to stabilize trade, supplies, and prices of a commodity for the benefit of participating countries. An agreement usually involves a consensus on quantities traded, prices, and stock management . A number of international commodity agreements serve solely as forums for information exchange , analysis , and policy discussion. USTR leads United States participation in two commodity trade agreements the International Tropical Timber Agreement and the International Coffee Agreement ICA . Both agreements establish intergovernmental organizations with governing councils . International Coffee Agreement The International Coffee Organization ICO is the main intergovernmental organization for coffee. ICO exporting members account for more than 97 percent of world coffee production, and its importing Members, are responsible for around 80 percent of world coffee consumption. The ICO makes a practical contribution to the world coffee economy and to the improvement of living standards in developing countries by facilitating ... of the seventh International Coffee Agreement ICA 2007 was adopted by the International Coffee ... 905.pdf author Jasper Womach DEFAULTSORT International Commodity Agreement Category International trade ... capacity building in the coffee sector. Among the features of the new agreement is a first ... important to small scale farmers in key developing country trading partners. International Tropical Timber Agreement The International Tropical Timber Agreement ITTA is often described as a hybrid agreement because it combines a traditional commodity trade agreement with objectives that include sustainable management of tropical forests. The ITTA established the International Tropical ... intergovernmental consultation and international co operation on issues relating to the trade ... for a successor agreement to the ITTA 1994 were concluded in 2006, and the new agreement ITTA ... more details
Multiple issues wikify December 2010 refimprove February 2009 orphan February 2009 In economics, an international free trade agreement is an agreement that results from corporation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers in tariffs and to trade with each other. ref cite book last Sullivan first arthur authorlink Arthur O Sullivan coauthors Steven M. Sheffrin title Economics Principles in action publisher Pearson Prentice Hall year 2003 location Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 pages 453 url http www.pearsonschool.com index.cfm?locator PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId 2781&PMDbSolutionId 6724&PMDbCategoryId &PMDbProgramId 12881&level 4 doi id isbn 0 13 063085 3 ref See also Portal Business and economics International trade economics stub References Reflist DEFAULTSORT International Free Trade Agreement Category Economics terminology Category Economic term stubs Category International trade ... more details
Use dmy dates date February 2011 This agreement is officially known as the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste relating to the Unitisation of the Sunrise and Troubadour Fields ref Full text of agreement available from the Australasian Legal Information Institute s Australian Treaty Series database at http www.austlii.edu.au au other dfat treaties 2007 11.html ref . The Sunrise International Unitisation Agreement Sunrise IUA was made to enable the exploitation of the Sunrise and Troubador petroleum and gas fields in the Timor Sea , together known as the Greater Sunrise field, which straddle the border between the joint petroleum development area JPDA established under the Timor Sea Treaty and Australian territorial waters as determined by the 1972 seabed boundary agreement between Australia and Indonesia. Unitisation of the field would enable it to be treated as one as far as exploitation, regulation, revenue taxation, management and others purposes are concerned, giving certainty to investors by providing a financial framework and international legal basis for development of the field. The agreement deemed 20.1 of the resources of the Greater Sunrise field as lying within the JPDA, attributing 20.1 of production from it to the JPDA and 79.9 to Australia. With East Timor getting 90 of the revenue of the JPDA, it effectively was only going to receive 18.1 of the revenue from the field. This share ratio was amended to both Australia and East Timor getting equal share of the upstream revenue from the field with the signing of the Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea CMATS in 2006. By virtue of this, this agreement is read together with CMATS and the Timor Sea Treaty . The Sunrise IUA was signed in Dili , East Timor on 6 March 2003 by then Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander .... The agreement came into force on 23 February 2007 by virtue of the coming to force of CMATS ... more details
The International Rubber Regulation Agreement was a 1934 accord between the United Kingdom , India , the Netherlands , France and Thailand that formed a cartel of major rubber producing nations to restrict global rubber production and maintain a stable, high price for natural rubber. Background Demand for rubber declined sharply after World War I resulting in the British enacting the Stevenson Plan in 1921 to restrict the supply of rubber to support rubber prices and ensure the profitability of British rubber plantations in the Far East . However, the plan had many flaws and was abandoned in 1928. By 1928 the plan both irritated the United States and lacked apparent purpose. Demand for rubber was robust due to expanded use of the automobile in the United States. After the stock market crash of 1929 the Great Depression hit the United States and rubber demanded once again softened. It was in this context that the International Rubber Regulation Agreement was implemented. The Agreement The Agreement was enacted in 1934 between the United Kingdom , India , the Netherlands , France and Thailand to restrict the rubber supply economics supply in accordance with the decline of rubber prices to maintain rubber prices and profitability of rubber producing firms. The agreement both prevented establishment of new rubber plantations and placed production restrictions on existing plantations. The agreement in effect formed a cartel of rubber producing nations that neglected the needs of rubber consuming nations, most notably the United States and Japan . Outcome The United States responded by establishing rubber plantations in territories under its control conducting research into rubber producing plants that thrive in the United States climate and reinvigorated efforts to replace natural ... costly for making tires. During this period the International Rubber Research & Development Board ... IRRDB NaturalRubber Default.htm International Rubber Research & Development Board http www.irrdb.com ... more details
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