Multiple issues unreferenced February 2009 context October 2009 A modern development and belief that the progress of knowledge is the result of distinct and independent spheres, and that knowledge in one discipline has little connection with knowledge in another discipline. Thus, specialists pursue their work in isolation from one another rather than as aspects of a unity or whole. DEFAULTSORT Specialization Of Knowledge Category Knowledge philo stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Definition Encapsulated knowledge is the value endowing meta Resource based ... s design and functionality. Properties Encapsulated knowledge may be considered that knowledge which ... and acquirable in a marketplace, and provides utility to those who have the tacit knowledge necessary to use it. It is a recent addition to the Knowledge based theory of the firm knowledge based view of the firm . Encapsulated knowledge differs from both tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge . Encapsulated knowledge is not tacit because it resides outside of the human mind. It may also be distinguished from tacit knowledge in that it is a consequence of the application of tacit knowledge upon physical or material objects. It is also useful to distinguish encapsulated knowledge from explicit knowledge . Encapsulated knowledge is not precisely explicit, even though this term has generally been juxtaposed with tacit knowledge, because it is knowledge concealed from its users, and explicitness implies observability. Encapsulated knowledge is distinguishable from codified knowledge primarily ... of explicit, codified knowledge makes it susceptible to misappropriation. Encapsulated knowledge, on the other hand, facilitates the marketing of knowledge since it can only be partially ... are motivated by a desire to inexpensively transfer knowledge. While codification is a process that reduces ... of the cost of learning to make use of the encapsulated knowledge. For example, utility can be realized from the use of knowledge encapsulated in a computer or an automobile apart from having ... of some form of encapsulated knowledge. References cite book last Boisot first Max authorlink Max Boisot coauthors title Knowledge Assets Securing Competitive Advantage in the Information Economy ... journal last Langlois first Richard N. authorlink coauthors title Knowledge, Consumption, and Endogenous ... Teece first David J. authorlink David Teece coauthors title Strategies for Managing Knowledge Assets ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2007 Knowledge capital is a concept which asserts that ideas have intrinsic value which can be shared and leveraged within and between organizations. Knowledge capital connotes that sharing skills and information is a means of sharing power. Knowledge capital is the know how that results from the experience, information, knowledge , learning, and skills of the employees or individual of an organization or group. Of all the factors of production, knowledge capital creates the longest lasting competitive advantage. It may consist entirely of technical information as in chemical and electronics industries or may reside in the actual experience or skills acquired by the individuals as in construction and steel industries . Knowledge capital is an essential component of human capital . Knowledge capital at large can be a strong vision, strategic information on market and business model, networks, talent, supply chain, innovation and creativity. There is also knowledge liability, the unknown concerning future business models, lack of knowledge on product service, on human potential, on governance and supply chain. The balance between knowledge capital and knowledge liability equals knowledge equity. Knowledge equity plus emotional equity equals immaterial value of the company goodwill . See also Emotional capital Triple Accounting Types of capital corp stub Category Capitalism Category Capital ... more details
refimprove date December 2009 In economics , dispersed knowledge , also known as partial knowledge , is information that is dispersed throughout the marketplace, and is not in the hands of any single agent. All agents in the market have imperfect knowledge however, they all have a good indicator of everyone else s knowledge and intentions, and that is the price . The price indicates information that the player does not know by deciding to buy, sell or abstain at that price it also gives the player a chance to bring their knowledge to bear and reflect itself in the price. Most of the knowledge, however, is tacit knowledge people usually are not fully aware of the knowledge that they are sharing via price signals, nor do they fully perceive the knowledge that they use when they make a price decision. When a buyer goes to market, the prices he or she finds therein for products and services have been set by the complex calculus that is the sum total of the tacit knowledge residing within the market. Price signal s are one possible solution to the economic calculation problem . This viewpoint is popular especially among Austrian School economists such as Friedrich Hayek . The problem is thus in no way solved if we can show that all the facts, if they were known to a single mind as we hypothetically assume them to be given to the observing economist , would uniquely determine the solution ... only partial knowledge. To assume all the knowledge to be given to a single mind in the same manner ... ref http www.econlib.org library Essays hykKnw1.html The Use of Knowledge in Society ref Wikipedia itself provides an example of the dispersed knowledge concept. See also Blind men and an elephant Distributed knowledge Division of labor Invisible hand Opportunity cost The Fatal Conceit The Use of Knowledge in Society Tax choice Wisdom of the crowd References reflist DEFAULTSORT Dispersed Knowledge Category Austrian School Category Economics terminology Category Knowledge Economic term stub es ... more details
Multiple issues notability January 2010 original research January 2010 unreferenced January 2010 orphan September 2010 Considering two companies involved in collaborative Research and development R&D or product development , Knowledge Relevance is determined by two attributes wikt complementarity complementarity and value of knowledge. The more complementary are the knowledge pool s of partnering companies, the more the attraction between them. The greater the value of those knowledge pools, the greater the attraction as well. For instance, the knowledge pool of a leading firm in designing and manufacturing personal computer s would have a high attraction for a knowledge pool of a leading firm in memory chip s and vice versa. Category Knowledge Category Research and development ... more details
Knowledge modeling is a process of creating a computer interpretable model of knowledge or standard specifications about a kind of process and or about a kind of facility or product. The resulting knowledge model can only be computer interpretable when it is expressed in some knowledge representation language or data structure that enables the knowledge to be interpreted by software and to be stored in a database or data exchange file. br Knowledge based engineering or knowledge aided design is a process of computer aided usage of such knowledge models for the design of products, facilities or processes. The design of products or facilities then uses the knowledge model to guide the creation of the facility or product that need to be designed. In other words it used knowledge about a kind of object ... process implies the creation of a process model, which design activity can be guided by the knowledge that is contained in a knowledge model about such a kind of process. The resulting process model, product model or facility model is typically also stored in a database. Usually the knowledge representation language only allows to represent knowledge about kinds of things , whereas another ... things. If the knowledge representation language enables to express both, then the knowledge model ... that enables the expression of knowledge as well as information about individual things is Gellish English . The basis of a knowledge model of an assembly physical object is a decomposition .... For example, knowledge about a compressor system includes that a compressor system consists .... Assume that this knowledge is expressed in a knowledge representation language that expresses knowledge ... type is defined that is called shall have as part a . Then a part of a knowledge model about a compressor system will consist of the following expressions of knowledge facts compressor system shall ... shall have as part a pump system pump system shall have as part a pump Such a knowledge model will be further ... more details
In artificial intelligence, knowledge based agents draw on a pool of logical sentences to infer conclusions about the world . At the knowledge level , we only need to specify what the agent knows and what its goals are a logical abstraction separate from details of implementation. This notion of knowledge level was first introduced by Allen Newell in the 1980s, to have a way to rationalize an agent s behavior. The agent takes actions based on knowledge it possesses, in an attempt to reach specific goals. It chooses actions according to the principle of rationality . Beneath the knowledge level resides the symbol level . Whereas the knowledge level is world oriented, namely that it concerns the environment in which the agent operates, the symbol level is system oriented, in that it includes the mechanisms the agent has available to operate. The knowledge level rationalizes the agent s behavior, while the symbol level mechanizes the agent s behavior. For example, in a computer program, the knowledge level consists of the information contained in its data structures that it uses to perform certain actions. The symbol level consists of the program s algorithms, the data structures themselves, and so on. See also Knowledge level modeling knowledge relativity References T. Menzies. Applications of Abduction Knowledge Level Modeling. November 1996. A. Newell. The Knowledge Level. Artificial Intelligence, 18 1 87 127, 1982. Category Artificial intelligence ... more details
about an information science discipline information about practitioners in this discipline Knowledge engineers Knowledge engineering KE was defined in 1983 by Edward Feigenbaum , and Pamela McCorduck as follows quote KE is an engineering discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer system ..., it refers to the building, maintaining and development of knowledge based systems . ref citation last Kendal first S.L. last2 Creen first2 M. title An introduction to knowledge engineering year 2007 ... system s. Knowledge engineering is also related to mathematical logic , as well as strongly involved in cognitive science and socio cognitive engineering where the knowledge is produced by socio ... and logic works. Various activities of KE specific for the development of a knowledge based system Assessment of the problem Development of a knowledge based system shell structure Acquisition and structuring of the related information , knowledge and specific preferences IPK model Implementation of the structured knowledge into knowledge bases Testing and validation of the inserted knowledge ... might be iterative, and many challenges could appear. Knowledge engineering principles Since the mid 1980s, knowledge engineers have developed a number of principles, methods and tools to improve the knowledge acquisition and ordering. Some of the key principles are Citation needed date May 2008 There are different types of knowledge each requiring its own approach and technique. types of experts and expertise, such that methods should be chosen appropriately. ways of representing knowledge, which can aid the acquisition, validation and re use of knowledge. ways of using knowledge, so that the acquisition ... the efficiency of the acquisition process. Knowledge Engineering is the process of eliciting Knowledge for any purpose be it Expert system or AI development Views of knowledge engineering There are two main views to knowledge engineering ref citation last Schreiber first August Th. last2 Akkermans ... more details
Cleanup date November 2008 Merge to Knowledge transfer date June 2010 Knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge i.e. information , skills , or expertise is exchanged among people, friend ... that knowledge constitutes a valuable intangible asset for creating and sustaining competitive ... The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3 jstor 256654 ref Knowledge sharing activities are generally supported by knowledge management system s. However, technology constitutes only one of the many factors that affect the sharing of knowledge in organizations, such as organizational culture , Trust social sciences trust , and incentives . ref name Cabrera cite journal title Knowledge ... Studies pages 687 710 volume 23 issue 5 doi 10.1177 0170840602235001 ref The sharing of knowledge constitutes a major challenge in the field of knowledge management because some employees tend to resist sharing their knowledge with the rest of the organization. ref name Patriota cite journal title Groupware ... is the notion that knowledge is property and ownership thus very important. ref name Dalkir Dalkir, K. 2005 . Knowledge Management In Theory And Practice. Jordan Hill, Oxford Elsevier Inc 132 133 ref ... for what they create. ref name Dalkir However, Dalkir 2005 identified the risk in knowledge sharing ... Dalkir If knowledge is not shared, negative consequences such as isolation and resistance to ideas occur. Shared knowledge offers different viewpoints and possible solutions to problems. To promote knowledge sharing and remove knowledge sharing obstacles, the organizational culture should encourage .... Knowledge flow While knowledge is commonly treated as an object, at times it is more appropriate ... self awareness last Snowden first D. year 2002 journal Journal of Knowledge Management pages 100 111 volume 6 issue 2 doi 10.1108 13673270210424639 ref Knowledge as a flow can be related to the concept of tacit knowledge, discovered by Polanyi ref name Polanyi cite book title Personal Knowledge ... more details
Knowledge Web is the name of four different projects The KnowledgeWeb Project Knowledge Web Project supervised by James Burke science historian James Burke A project under the European FP6 Sixth Framework Program An example of a knowledge web software platform is the Jumper 2.0 open source project The Knowledge Web created by AFAC Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council previously Australasian Fire Authorities Council for collaboration on Fire and Emergency Services for Australasia disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 In philosophy , knowledge relativity is the notion that knowledge can be seen as the relation between a form of knowledge representation representation with up to two sorts of intent &ndash communication and use goals &ndash and with up to three subjects &ndash one who knows, one who is informed, and one who observes and confirms. This relational and subject oriented view of knowledge is an alternative to the Objectivity philosophy objectivist truth based view common in logic . Category Epistemology epistemology stub ... more details
Procedural knowledge , also known as imperative knowledge , is the knowledge exercised in the performance ... property law. Procedural knowledge, or implicit knowledge is different from other kinds of knowledge , such as declarative knowledge , in that it can be directly applied to a task. For instance, the procedural knowledge one uses to solve problems differs from the declarative knowledge one possesses about problem solving because this knowledge is formed by doing ref name Koedinger Koedinger ... . In some legal systems, such procedural knowledge has been considered the intellectual property of a company, and can be transferred when that company is purchased. One limitation of procedural knowledge is its job dependence thus it tends to be less general than declarative knowledge. For example, a computer expert might have knowledge about a computer algorithm in multiple languages, or in pseudo ... knowledge is that it can involve more sense s, such as hands on experience, practice at solving problems, understanding of the limitations of a specific solution, etc. Thus procedural knowledge ... knowledge is one type of knowledge that can be possessed by an intelligent agent . Such knowledge ..., an AI system based on declarative knowledge might just contain a map of the building, together with information ... to use those actions to achieve the agent s goals. Cognitive psychology main Tacit knowledge In cognitive psychology , procedural knowledge is the knowledge exercised in the accomplishment of a task, and thus includes knowledge which, unlike declarative knowledge , cannot be easily articulated by the individual ... knowledge without even being aware that they are learning Stadler,1989 . For example, most individuals ... of attractiveness or being funny. This example illustrates the difference between procedural knowledge ... knowledge, though it is not an instance of know how. Of course, both forms of knowledge are, in many ... that procedural knowledge can be acquired by nonconscious processing of information about ... more details
In the broadest sense knowledge environments may be defined as social practices, technological and physical arrangements intended to facilitate collaborative knowledge building , decision making, inference or discovery, depending on the epistemology epistemological premises and goals. Overview Knowledge environments departing from constructivist epistemology assume that knowledge about a domain is built ... of knowledge environments is to host and support activities of knowledge building, the means including ... ontologies . Wikipedia itself is prototypical example of a knowledge environment in this sense. From another perspective, the purpose of a knowledge environment can be defined as to facilitate consistent knowledge outcomes. Knowledge outcomes reveal themselves as learning, communication, goals, decisions, etc. Consistent knowledge outcomes imply predictable learning results or replicable communication results and predictable quality of decisions. The design of knowledge environments is both commonplace ... librarian and every database manager is a creator of a knowledge environment. At a specialised level knowledge environments need sophisticated architecture and modeling capabilities. This is necessary when the creator of the knowledge environment wants to deliver replicaple results in hundreds of specific instances of the same knowledge environment. On the other hand, the strengthening trend ... . In a significant sense, knowledge environments are in such cases created not only by their authors or owners but also by the contributors of their ontologies. Types There are various kinds of knowledge ... the goal is collaborative knowledge building Learning environments where the main goal of the participants is to gain some kind of knowledge, skill, or conceptual clarity Virtual environments incorporating ... in which knowledge is constructed by means of collaborative authoring of text, but even non verbal, e.g. audiovisual content Online simulations of ecology, economy, or society Knowledge intensive ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove April 2009 essay April 2009 Knowledge workers are workers whose main Capital economics capital is knowledge . Typical examples may include software engineers , architects , or lawyers ... Harvard Business Press ref What differentiates knowledge work from other forms of work is its ..., H. 2011 . Knowledge worker roles and actions results of two empirical studies. Knowledge and Process ... abstract ref Also, despite the amount of research and literature on knowledge work there is yet to be a succinct definition of the term Py ri , 2005 . ref Py ri , P. 2005 . The concept of knowledge work revisited. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9.3, 116 127. doi 10.1108 13673270510602818 ref The issue of who knowledge workers are, and what knowledge work entails, however, is still debated. Mosco ... definition of knowledge work, such as Florida s view of it as specifically, the direct manipulation of symbols to create an original knowledge product, or to add obvious value to an existing one Mosco and McKercher, 2007 , which limits the definition of knowledge work to mainly creative work. They then contrast this view of knowledge work with the notably broader view which includes the handling ... element. Thirdly, one might consider a definition of knowledge work which includes, all workers involved in the chain of producing and distributing knowledge products 2007 , which allows for an incredibly broad and inclusive categorization of knowledge workers. It should thus be acknowledged that the term knowledge worker can be quite broad in its meaning, and is not always definitive in who it refers to. ref Mosco, V. and McKercher, C. Introduction Theorizing knowledge labor and the information society . Knowledge Workers in the information society. p. vii xxiv. ref Knowledge workers spend ... 2005 . ref Mcdermott, Michael. Knowledge Workers You can gauge their effectiveness. Leadership Excellence ... 14771 ref Knowledge workers are employees who have a deep background in education and experience ... more details
Explicit knowledge is knowledge that has been or can be articulation articulated , codified, and data storage device stored in certain storage media media . It can be readily transmitted to others. The information contained in encyclopedias including Wikipedia are good examples of explicit knowledge. Forms The most common forms of explicit knowledge are manuals , documents, procedures, and how to videos. Knowledge also can be audio visual. Works of art and product design can be seen as other forms of explicit knowledge where human skills, motives and knowledge are externalized. only definition See also Tacit knowledge Field Bourdieu External links National Library for Health http www.library.nhs.uk KnowledgeManagement SearchResults.aspx?tabID 289&catID 10397 Knowledge Management Specialist Library collection of resources about auditing intellectual capital. Please do not change the spelling of the English variations of words to their American versions. This has already been discussed on this article s talk page. Category Knowledge de Explizites Wissen fr Connaissance explicite ko ja pl Wiedza formalna pt Conhecimento expl cito ru zh ... more details
Knowledge integration is the process of synthesizing multiple knowledge model s or representations into a common model representation . Compared to information integration , which involves merging information having different schemas and representation models, knowledge integration focuses more on synthesizing the understanding of a given subject from different perspectives. For example, multiple interpretations ... developed along the lines of knowledge integration theory. Knowledge integration has also been studied as the process of incorporating new information into a body of existing knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach. This process involves determining how the new information and the existing knowledge interact, how existing knowledge should be modified to accommodate the new information, and how the new information should be modified in light of the existing knowledge. A learning agent that actively ... opportunities e.g., to resolve knowledge conflicts and to fill knowledge gaps. By exploiting these learning ... at Austin , was created to study the use of automated and semi automated knowledge integration to assist knowledge engineers constructing a large knowledge base . A possible technique which can be used ... property i . The University of Waterloo operates a Bachelor of Knowledge Integration undergraduate degree ... ref See also Knowledge value chain References Reflist added under references heading by script assisted edit Linn, M. C. 2006 The Knowledge Integration Perspective on Learning and Instruction. R. Sawyer ... Press Murray, K. S. 1996 KI A tool for Knowledge Integration. Proceedings of the Thirteenth National ... as Knowledge Integration , Technical Report TR 95 41, The University of Texas at Austin Murray ... Science Society Murray, K. S., Porter, B. W. 1990 Developing a Tool for Knowledge Integration ..., B. W. 1989 Controlling Search for the Consequences of New Information during Knowledge Integration. Proceedings of the Sixth International Machine Learning Conference Category Knowledge representation ... more details
Vivid knowledge refers to a specific kind of knowledge representation . The idea of a vivid knowledge base is to get an interpretation mostly straightforward out of it &ndash it implies the interpretation. Thus, any query to such a knowledge base can be reduced to a database like query. Propositional knowledge base A Propositional logic propositional knowledge base KB is vivid iff KB is a Completeness knowledge bases complete and consistency knowledge bases consistent set of Literal mathematical logic literals over some vocabulary . ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 337 ref Such a knowledge base has the property that it as exactly one interpretation, i.e. the interpretation is unique. A check for entailment of a sentence can simply been breaked down into its literals and those can be answered by a simple database like check of KB. First order knowledge base A First order logic first order knowledge base KB is vivid iff for some finite set of positive function free ground literals KB sup sup , KB KB sup sup Negations DomainClosure UniqueNames, whereby Negations p p is atomic and KB p , DomainClosure c sub i sub c sub j sub c sub i sub , c sub j sub are distinct constants , UniqueNames x x c sub 1 sub x c sub 2 sub ..., where the c sub i sub are all the constants in KB sup sup . ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 337 ref All interpretations of a vivid first order knowledge base are isomorphic. ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 339 ref See also Closed world assumption computable knowledge References references Category Knowledge representation logic stub database stub ... more details
Merge Knowledge retrieval date May 2009 Merge Knowledge extraction date March 2011 Knowledge discovery ... large volumes of data for patterns that can be considered knowledge about the data ref Frawley William. F. et al. 1992 , Knowledge Discovery in Databases An Overview , AI Magazine Vol 13, No 3 , 57 ... described as deriving knowledge from the input data . This complex topic can be categorized .... Knowledge discovery developed out of the Data mining domain, and is closely related to it both in terms of methodology and terminology ref Fayyad U. et al. 1996 , From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery ... aimagazine article viewArticle 1230 ref . The most well known branch of data mining is knowledge discovery, also known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases KDD . Just as many other forms of knowledge discovery it creates abstraction s of the input data. The knowledge obtained through the process ... application of knowledge discovery is in the area of software modernization which involves understanding ... the knowledge obtained from existing software is presented in the form of models to which specific queries can be made when necessary. An entity relationship is a frequent format of representing knowledge obtained from existing software. Object Management Group OMG developed specification Knowledge ... for the purpose of performing knowledge discovery of existing code. Knowledge discovery from existing ... schemas. Input data for knowledge discovery Data mining Databases Relational data mining Relational ... data streams under concept drift Web mining Web Output formats for discovered knowledge Data model Metadata Metamodeling Metamodels Ontology Knowledge representation Knowledge tags Business rule Knowledge ... in Agriculture Cluster analysis Clustering disKover commercial tool created by Knowledge Now Limited References reflist Computable knowledge DEFAULTSORT Knowledge Discovery Category Knowledge representation Category Machine learning Category Data mining de Knowledge Discovery in Databases pt Extra o ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The idea that knowledge has value is ancient. In the 1st century AD, Juvenal ... Johnson, April 14, 1775 ref wrote All knowledge is, of itself of some Value theory value . In the 19th ... and value of knowledge is in proportion to the worth and value of its object. Auerbach 1865 ref Berthold Auerbach Auerbach, Berthold . 1865. Auf der H he ref asked What is all our knowledge worth ... capital or the more ancient knowledge is power given that power is a value in its own right. Only towards of the end of the 20th century, however, was the value of knowledge in a business context ... that knowledge about how to produce products and provide services as well as their embedded knowledge .... Although measuring the value of knowledge remains elusive, describing its flow through value chains ... on Wisdom. Forbes 1997 p108 ref was the first to relate knowledge to business when he noted ..., Alvin . 1990. Powershift. Bantam Books. 585 p. ref proposed that knowledge is a wealth and force ... purpose. In comparing knowledge and product value, Amidon 1997 ref name amidon1997 Amidon, Debra M. 1997. Innovation Strategy for the Knowledge Economy . Butterworth Heinemann, Boston, MA. p7, 82 ref observes that knowledge about how to produce products may be more valuable than the products themselves. Leonard ref Leonard, Dorothy. 1995. Wellsprings of Knowledge. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA. p xiii ref similarly points out that products are physical manifestations of knowledge and that their worth depends largely on the value of the embedded knowledge. Davis 1999 ref Davis, Stanley M., 1999. Building Knowledge into Products, In The Knowledge Advantage Ruggles, 1999 p168 ref further ... of Knowledge Based Business. In Harvard Business Review Sept. 1994 ref indicate that awareness of the value of knowledge exceeds the ability of many businesses to extract it from the goods and services in which it is embedded. Measuring the value of knowledge has not progressed much beyond an awareness ... more details
about knowledge spaces in mathematical psychology the concept studied by philosopher Pierre L vy Knowledge space philosophy In mathematical psychology , a knowledge space is a antimatroid combinatorial structure describing the possible states of knowledge of a human learner. ref citation title Knowledge ... isbn 3 540 64501 2 . ref To form a knowledge space, one models a domain of knowledge as a set mathematics set of concepts, and a feasible state of knowledge as a subset of that set containing the concepts ... relations among the concepts. The knowledge space is the family of all the feasible subsets. Knowledge ... last1 Doignon first1 J. P. last2 Falmagne first2 J. Cl. year 1985 title Spaces for the assessment of knowledge ... wundt.uni graz.at kst.php bibliography on knowledge spaces maintained by Cord Hockemeyer contains ... overview sokrates.htm Introduction to Knowledge Spaces Theory and Applications , Christof K rner, Gudrun Wesiak, and Cord Hockemeyer, 1999 and 2001. ref It is possible to interpret a knowledge space ... knowledge structures and latent class models last1 Schrepp first1 M. journal Methodology volume 1 ... used in the knowledge space approach A tuple math Q, K math consisting of a non empty set math Q math and a set math K math of subsets from math Q math is called a knowledge structure if math K math contains the empty set and math Q math . A knowledge structure is called a knowledge space if it is closed under union, i.e. if math S, T in Q math implies math S cup T in Q math . A knowledge space is called a quasi ordinal knowledge space if it is in addition closed under intersection, i.e. if math ... and the set of all quasi ordinal knowledge spaces on Q. I.e., each quasi ordinal knowledge space can be represented by a quasi order and vice versa. An important subclass of knowledge spaces, the well graded knowledge spaces or learning spaces , can be defined as satisfying two additional mathematical ... person who combines the knowledge of both people. If math S math is a nonempty feasible subset ... more details
for the logical concept Common knowledge logic Common knowledge is knowledge that is known by everyone or nearly everyone, usually with reference to the community in which the term is used. Common knowledge need not concern one specific subject, e.g., science or history . Rather, common knowledge can be about a broad range of subjects, including science, literature, history, entertainment etc. Often, common knowledge doesn t need to be citation cited . Common knowledge is distinct from general knowledge . The latter has been defined by differential psychologists as referring to culturally valued knowledge communicated by a range of non specialist media , and is considered an aspect of ability related to intelligence ref cite journal last Lynn first Richard coauthors Irwing, P. & Cammock, T. title Sex differences in general knowledge journal Intelligence year 2001 volume 30 pages 27 39 url http www.sciencedirect.com science article pii S0160289601000642 doi 10.1016 S0160 2896 01 00064 2 ref Therefore there are substantial individual differences in general knowledge as opposed to common knowledge. The assertion that something is common knowledge is sometimes associated with the fallacy argumentum ad populum Latin appeal to the people . The fallacy essentially warns against assuming ... to the question of distinguishing truth from fact in matters that have become common knowledge . The scientific ... hearsay which may draw on facts someone believes to be common knowledge . Conventional wisdom is a similar term, coined by economist John Kenneth Galbraith , referring to ostensibly pervasive knowledge or analysis. See also Common knowledge logic Common sense Consensus reality Conventional wisdom ..., A. 2011 Isanette A Common and Common Sense Knowledge Base for Opinion Mining . Proceedings of ICDM11 R. Fagin, J. Y. Halpern, Y. Moses, and M. Y. Vardi. Reasoning about Knowledge , The MIT Press, 1995 ..., 1978. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Common Knowledge Category Knowledge Epistemology stub it Conoscenza ... more details
unreferenced date January 2008 originalresearch date January 2008 A knowledge community is community construct, stemming from the convergence of knowledge management as a field of study and social exchange ..., knowledge communities are now often referred to as a community of practice or virtual community of practice ... principles and subsequent structure of knowledge communities. Perspectives As a web or virtual construct, knowledge communities can be said to have evolved from bulletin board systems, web forums and online ... sites coming online at the turn of the millennia, knowledge communities can be described as another form of social media. The biggest difference between social network sites and knowledge communities ... exchange theory , a well established perspective is to view knowledge communities as a type of exchange ... value e.g., return on time investment to knowledge community members. Knowledge communities ..., representing and or distributing data, information and or knowledge in and via a community context on the pretext that more significant value will be created via a knowledge value chain. From an organizational perspective, knowledge communities serve to maintain the strong ties and weak ties of the organization ... exposure and building public trust by incorporating diverse opinion and speed knowledge transfer and knowledge utilization, as well as do knowledge mobilization e.g., by providing a conversation space to bridge gaps between research and practice . Common across perspectives is, knowledge communities can be employed to identify, create, represent, and or distribute knowledge within and or between populations Organizational behavior and structure Knowledge communities nurture and facilitate ongoing relationships and a Knowledge Ecosystem where ideas are exchanged on an ongoing basis. Knowledge value is generated derived, realized during the transactional nature of the exchange. Existing knowledge can be synthesized e.g. research fused with ideas from the field or other research or new knowledge ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 The idea of a knowledge ecosystem is an approach to knowledge management which claims to foster the dynamic evolution of knowledge interactions between entities to improve ... . ref Paul Shrivastava 1998 http www.facstaff.bucknell.edu shrivast KnowledgeEcology.html Knowledge Ecology Knowledge Ecosystems for Business Education and Training ref ref David A. Bray 2007 http papers.ssrn.com sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 984600 Knowledge Ecosystems A Theoretical Lens for Organizations ... that attempt either to manage or direct outcomes, knowledge ecosystems espouse that knowledge strategy ... link?JPSJ 78 034803 Agent Based Approach for Revitalization Strategy of Knowledge Ecosystem J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 78 ref The suitability between knowledge and problems confronted defines the degree of fitness of a knowledge ecosystem. Articles discussing such ecological approaches typically incorporate elements of complex adaptive systems theory. Known implementation considerations of knowledge ... projects kdstudy public html 2005 chapter7.pdf Chapter 7 Towards an Integrated Knowledge Ecosystem A Research Strategy in Towards an Integrated Knowledge Ecosystem A Canadian Research Strategy, A Report ... knowledge ecology as a productive operation, it is helpful to focus on the knowledge ecosystem that lies at its core. Like natural ecosystems, these knowledge ecosystems have inputs, throughputs and outputs ... of systems may be integrated to form a complete ecosystem. These systems consist of interlinked knowledge resources, databases, human experts, and artificial knowledge agents that collectively provide an online knowledge for anywhere anytime performance of organizational tasks. The availability of knowledge ... shrivast KnowledgeEcology.html Knowledge Ecology Knowledge Ecosystems for Business Education and Training . ref Key elements of networked knowledge systems ref Homa Bahrami,J. Stuart Evans 2005 . http www.springerlink.com content j6478760q7066588 The Research Laboratory Silicon Valley s Knowledge ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Inert knowledge is information which one can express but not use. The process of understanding by learners does not happen to that extent where the knowledge can be used for effective problem solving in realistic situations. ref Mary L. Gick and Keith J. Holyoak 1980 Analogical Problem Solving. in Cognitive Psychology 12 306 355. ref The phenomenon of inert knowledge was first described in 1929 by Alfred North Whitehead ref Alfred North Whitehead 1929 The Aims of Education and Other Essays . New York The Free Press. ref Quote T heoretical ideas should always find important applications within the pupil s curriculum. This is not an easy doctrine to apply, but a very hard one. It contains within itself the problem of keeping knowledge alive, of preventing it from becoming inert, which is the central problem of all education. Whitehead 1929 An example for inert knowledge is vocabulary of a foreign knowledge which is available during an exam but not in a real situation of communication. An explanation for the problem of inert knowledge is that people often encode knowledge to a specific situation, so that later remindings occur only for highly similar situations. ref Brian H. Ross 1984 Remindings and Their Effects in Learning a Cognitive Skill. in Cognitive Psychology 16 371 416. ref In contrast so called conditionalized knowledge is knowledge about something which includes also knowledge as to the contexts in which that certain knowledge will be useful. References references Category Educational psychology Category Knowledge Category Alfred North Whitehead de Tr ges Wissen ... more details
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