Infobox block cipher name FEAL image Image FEAL InfoBox Diagram.png 300px center caption The FEAL Feistel function designers Akihiro Shimizu and Shoji Miyaguchi NTT publish date FEAL 4 in 1987 FEAL N NX in 1990 derived from derived to key size 64 bits FEAL , 128 bits FEAL NX block size 64 bits structure ... can break FEAL 4 with 5 known plaintext s Matsui and Yamagishi, 1992 . A differential attack breaks FEAL N NX with fewer than 31 rounds Biham and Shamir, 1991 . In cryptography , FEAL the Fast ... been several different revisions of FEAL, though all are Feistel cipher s, and make use of the same ... is now termed FEAL 4 , which has four rounds and a key cryptography 64 bit key . den Boer refers to an earlier FEAL 1 and FEAL 2, and Gutmann also mentions pre FEAL 4 versions, but info on these is hard to find, and they aren t significant, really Unfortunately, problems were found with FEAL 4 ... cryptanalysis . The designers countered by doubling the number of rounds, FEAL 8 Shimizu and Miyaguchi ... a variable round cipher, FEAL N Miyaguchi, 1990 , where N was chosen by the user, together with FEAL ... that both FEAL N and FEAL NX could be broken faster than exhaustive search for N 31. Later attacks ... Tardy Corfdir and Gilbert, 1991 and then Matsui and Yamagishi, 1992 , the latter breaking FEAL 4 with 5 known plaintexts, FEAL 6 with 100, and FEAL 8 with 2 sup 15 sup . In 1994, Ohta and Aoki presented a linear cryptanalytic attack against FEAL 8 that required 2 sup 12 sup known plaintexts. ref ... Differential Cryptanalysis of Feal and N Hash. EUROCRYPT 1991 1&ndash 16 Bert den Boer, Cryptanalysis of F.E.A.L., EUROCRYPT 1988 293&ndash 299 Henri Gilbert, Guy Chass A Statistical Attack of the FEAL 8 Cryptosystem. CRYPTO 1990 22&ndash 33. Shoji Miyaguchi The FEAL Cipher Family. CRYPTO 1990 627&ndash 638 Shoji Miyaguchi The FEAL 8 Cryptosystem and a Call for Attack. CRYPTO 1989 624&ndash 627 Mitsuru Matsui, Atsuhiro Yamagishi A New Method for Known Plaintext Attack of FEAL Cipher. EUROCRYPT ... more details
Infobox nrhp name Ker Feal nrhp type image Ker Feal Gottscho Schleisner gsc 5a17945.jpg caption Entrance gate at Ker Feal. location 1081 Bodine Road, Chester Springs, West Pikeland Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania lat degrees 40 lat minutes 4 lat seconds 29.6394 lat direction N long degrees 75 long minutes 36 long seconds 24.8394 long direction W coord display inline,title locmapin Pennsylvania built 1775 architect architecture added November 7, 2003 area 137 acres governing body Private mpsub refnum 03001125 ref name nris NRISref 2010a ref Ker Feal , built in 1775, is a historic fieldstone dwelling located in West Pikeland Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 2003. ref name nris ref name VanAllen cite web url http www.bizjournals.com philadelphia stories 2002 02 04 newscolumn5.html first Peter last Van Allen title Barnes Ker Feal country estate gets infusion work Philadelphia Business Journal date February 4, 2002 accessdate March 3, 2011 ref The property was purchased by Albert C. Barnes and his wife Laura in 1940 and expanded with two additions. The name Ker Feal means Fid le s House in Breton language Breton and was named after Barnes favorite dog, Fid le de Port Manech. ref cite web url http www.barnesjournal.org ?p 173 title Photographs of Ker Feal in the Barnes Foundation Archives work Barnes Foundation Journal date October 19, 2010 accessdate March 3, 2011 ref The property is now owned by the Barnes Foundation . Ker Feal received an upgraded climate control system in 2001 paid for with several grants. Another grant in 2006 allowed for grounds assessment. ref cite web url http www.mainlinetoday.com Main Line Today February 2007 FRONTLINE Neighborhood first J.F. last Pirro title Keeping Tabs on Ker Feal work Main Line Today date January 3, 2007 accessdate March 3, 2011 ref See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Northern Chester County, Pennsylvania References Commons ... more details
In cryptography , N Hash is a cryptographic hash function based on the FEAL round function, and is now considered insecure. It was proposed in 1990 by Miyaguchi et al. weaknesses were published the following year. N Hash has a 128 bit hash size. A message is divided into 128 bit blocks, and each block is combined with the hash value computed so far using the g One way compression function compression function . g contains eight rounds, each of which uses an F function, similar to the one used by FEAL . Eli Biham and Adi Shamir 1991 applied the technique of differential cryptanalysis to N Hash, and showed that hash collision collision s could be generated faster than by a birthday attack for N Hash variants with even up to 12 rounds. References Eli Biham, Adi Shamir Differential Cryptanalysis of Feal and N Hash. EUROCRYPT 1991 1&ndash 16 S. Miyaguchi, K. Ohta, and M. Iwata 128 bit hash function N hash , NTT Review, 2 6 , November 1990, pp128&ndash 132. Cryptography navbox hash Category Cryptographic hash functions crypto stub fr N hash it N Hash pl Funkcja N Hash ru N Hash ... more details
, Feal Thas, the Dragon Highlord of the White Army. She insists Feal Thas allow the Dragon Orb under his care to be taken by the knights when they arrive, and Feal Thas insists she first defeats the horrible ... guilty, due in part to the testimony of Feal Thas, and imprisoned. For the first time, Kitiara prays ... in defeating Feal Thas. Laurana devises a plan to use Elistan s magic to help them attack Feal ... allies successfully attack Icewall Castle and confront Feal Thas. Aran and Brian fall to Feal Thas s wolves but then Laurana uses the Frost Reaver to slay Feal Thas. As detailed in Dragons of Winter ... of major Dragonlance characters Dragonarmies of Ansalon dragonarmies . Feal Thas, A dark elf ... mother is mentioned as being alive. p. 677 Annotated Chronicles . Feal thas, the Icewall Wizard ... more details
In feudal law , Nulle terre sans seigneur is the principle that one provides services to the sovereignty sovereign usually serving in his army for the right to receive land from the sovereign. In the original French language French the expression means No land without a lord though the legal sense might be more no property without a liege since it was at the basis of the link between the infeodated or nobility feal and his Allegiance liege . See also History of English land law References unreferenced date August 2007 Euro hist stub Euro law stub Category Economic systems Category Early Middle Ages Category Feudalism Category High Middle Ages Category Middle Ages Category Nobility Category Social classes Category Medieval economics ... more details
Zhemchuzhnikovite is a mineral of organic origin formula NaMg FeAl C sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub .8H sub 2 sub O. It forms smokey green crystals with a vitreous lustre and is found in Russia n coal mine s. It is named after Yury Zhemchuzhnikov http www.cultinfo.ru fulltext 1 001 008 039 561.htm , a Russian clay mineralogist . See also List of minerals List of minerals named after people References http webmineral.com data zhemchuzhnikovite.shtml Webmineral data http www.mindat.org min 4400.html Mindat.org External links mineral stub Category Organic minerals Category Oxalate minerals Category Sodium minerals Category Magnesium minerals Category Aluminium minerals Category Iron minerals cs em u nikovit it Zhemchuzhnikovite pt Zhemchuzhnikovita ... more details
Sean Murphy is a cryptographer, currently a professor at Royal Holloway, University of London . He worked on the NESSIE and ECRYPT projects. His notable research includes the cryptanalysis of FEAL and the Advanced Encryption Standard , and the use of stochastic and statistics statistical techniques in cryptology . With Donald Davies he also developed Davies attack on Data Encryption Standard DES . Murphy received his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1989 from the University of Bath . ref MathGenealogy id 55452 title Sean Murphy ref References references External links http www.isg.rhul.ac.uk sean Sean Murphy s page at RHUL Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata Persondata NAME Murphy, Sean ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Cryptographer DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Murphy, Sean Category Living people Category Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London Category Alumni of the University of Bath Category Modern cryptographers Category Year of birth missing living people crypto bio stub ru , ... more details
More footnotes date March 2009 In cryptography , linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis based on finding affine transformation affine approximations to the action of a cipher . Attacks have been developed for block cipher s and stream cipher s. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two most widely used attacks on block ciphers the other being differential cryptanalysis . The discovery is attributed to Mitsuru Matsui , who first applied the technique to the FEAL cipher Matsui and Yamagishi, 1992 . ref name FEAL linear cite conference author Matsui, M. and Yamagishi, A title A new method for known plaintext attack of FEAL cipher booktitle Advances in Cryptology EUROCRYPT 1992 ref Subsequently, Matsui published an attack on the Data Encryption Standard DES , eventually leading to the first experimental cryptanalysis of the cipher reported in the open community Matsui, 1993 1994 . ref name experimental cryptanalysis cite conference author Matsui, M title The first experimental cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard booktitle Advances in Cryptology CRYPTO 1994 ref ref name DES linear cite conference author Matsui, M title Linear cryptanalysis method for DES cipher booktitle Advances in Cryptology EUROCRYPT 1993 url http homes.esat.kuleuven.be abiryuko Cryptan matsui des.PDF format PDF accessdate 2007 02 22 ref The attack on DES is not generally practical, requiring 2 sup 43 sup known plaintext attack known plaintexts . ref name DES linear A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested, including using multiple linear approximations or incorporating non linear expressions, leading to a generalized partitioning cryptanalysis . Evidence of security against linear cryptanalysis is usually expected of new cipher designs. Overview There are two parts to linear cryptanalysis. The first is to construct linear equations relating plaintext, ciphertext and key bits that have a high bias that is, whose probabilities of holding over the space of all p ... more details
Infobox mineral name Hercynite category Oxide mineral, spinel group boxwidth boxbgcolor image Hercynite.jpg caption formula Fe sup 2 sup Al sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub molweight 173.81 strunz 04.BB.05 color Black habit Euhedral crystals. Also massive to granular system Cubic crystal system Isometric 4 m 3 2 m Space Group F d3m cleavage 111 indistinct fracture Uneven flat surfaces not cleavage fractured in an uneven pattern. mohs 7.5 luster Vitreous glassy refractive n 1.8 opticalprop Isotropic birefringence pleochroism streak dark green gravity 3.95 melt fusibility diagnostic solubility diaphaneity other non radioactive references ref name Handbook http www.handbookofmineralogy.com pdfs hercynite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy ref ref name Webmin http webmineral.com data Hercynite.shtml Webmineral ref ref http www.mindat.org min 1875.html Mindat ref Hercynite is a spinel mineral with the formula FeAl sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub . It occurs in high grade Metamorphism metamorphosed iron rich argillaceous sediment s as well as in mafic and ultramafic igneous rock s. Due to its hardness it also is found in placer s. ref name Handbook It was first described in 1847 and its name originates from the Latin name for the Bohemian Forest , Silva Hercynia, where the species was first found. ref name Handbook ref name Webmin References Reflist Category Iron minerals Category Aluminium minerals Category Spinel group oxide mineral stub es Hercinita pl Hercynit uk ... more details
In cryptography , key whitening is a technique intended to increase the security of an block cipher iterated block cipher . It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key cryptography key most commonly using a simple XOR before the first round and after the last round of encryption . The first block cipher to use a form of key whitening is DES X , which simply uses two extra 64 bit keys for whitening, beyond the normal 56 bit key of Data Encryption Standard DES . This is intended to increase the complexity of a brute force attack , increasing the effective size of the key without major changes in the algorithm. DES X s inventor, Ron Rivest , named the technique whitening . The cipher FEAL followed by Khufu and Khafre introduced the practice of key whitening using portions of the same key used in the rest of the cipher. Obviously this offers no additional protection from brute force attacks, but it can make other attacks more difficult. In a Feistel cipher or similar algorithm, key whitening can increase security by concealing the specific inputs to the first and last round functions. In particular, it is not susceptible to a meet in the middle attack . This form of key whitening has been adopted as a feature of many later block ciphers, including MARS cryptography MARS , RC6 , and Twofish . References cite book last Schneier first Bruce authorlink Bruce Schneier title Applied Cryptography edition 2nd publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1996 pages 366&ndash 367 isbn 0 471 11709 9 Cryptography navbox block Category Key management Category Block ciphers de Key Whitening it Key whitening simple Key whitening ... more details
Infobox settlement official name Monfero nickname image skyline Monfero, mosteiro, Galiza.jpg image caption Monfero Monastery Monfero Abbey . image shield Escudo Monfero.jpg pushpin map Spain pushpin map caption Location in Spain subdivision type Country subdivision name Spain subdivision type1 Autonomous communities in Spain Autonomous community subdivision name1 Galicia, Spain Galicia subdivision type2 Provinces of Spain Province subdivision name2 Province of A Coru a A Coru a subdivision type3 Comarcas of Spain Comarca subdivision name3 Eume leader title Mayor leader name Andr s Feal Varela area note area magnitude 1 E8 area total km2 172.43 area land km2 area water km2 population as of 2009 population note population total 2299 population density km2 auto timezone Central European Time CET utc offset 1 timezone DST Central European Time CET utc offset DST 2 latd 43 latm 22 latNS N longd 7 longm 57 longEW W website footnotes Monfero is a municipality in the comarca Spain comarca of Eume , province of A Coru a , Galicia Spain Galicia , in north western Spain . Main sights The Fragas of the River Eume Natural Park with its typical Atlantic Forest, and unique ecosystem and biodiversity, offers the visitor one of the most beautiful Galician landscapes. Declared Natural park in 1997 . Monfero is home to a historical castle and to the St. Mary of Monfero s Monastery , together with other ruins of the Middle Ages. Industry Monfero s economy is based almost exclusively on farming , agriculture and timber production, though services also do exist. External links BR Ferrolterra Andrade Lands A Coru a province Category Municipalities in the Province of A Coru a ar roa rup Monfero ca Monfero es Monfero eu Monfero fr Monfero gl Monfero it Monfero mk ms Monfero nl Monfero ja pt Monfero ru tr Monfero uk vi Monfero war Monfero ... more details
The Basketball Cup of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the national basketball cup of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is organized for men and women and run by the Basketball Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . There were three separated cup competitions, organized on ethnical principles. In 1998. joint final rounds were organized for the first time, and in 2001, clubs from Republika Srpska took part. Since 2001 2002 season, it is a regular cup competition. Cup winners class wikitable cellpadding 2 cellspacing 2 Season Men s winner Women s winner Cup winners 1997 1998 HKK iroki iroki SD eljezni ar SAB eljezni ar 1998 1999 KK Sloboda Tuzla Sloboda Dita SD eljezni ar KK eljezni ar New Time 1999 2000 KK Borac Banja Luka Borac Nektar BL ? 2000 2001 KK Sloboda Tuzla Sloboda Dita KK Mladi Kraji nik 2001 2002 HKK iroki Feal iroki KK Bijeljina 2002 2003 HKK iroki Feal iroki SD eljezni ar KK eljezni ar 2003 2004 HKK iroki iroki Hercegtisak SD eljezni ar KK eljezni ar CO 2004 2005 KK Bosna Bosna ASA BH Telecom SD eljezni ar KK eljezni ar CO 2005 2006 HKK iroki iroki Eronet SD eljezni ar KK eljezni ar 2006 2007 KK Igokea Partizan Igokea Partizan SD eljezni ar KK eljezni ar 2007 2008 HKK iroki iroki Eronet KK Mladi Kraji nik 2008 2009 KK Bosna Bosna ASA BH Telecom KK Mladi Kraji nik 2009 2010 KK Bosna Bosna ASA BH Telecom KK Jedinstvo BH Telecom 2010 2011 class wikitable Club men Winners Winning Years HKK iroki center 6 1998,2002,2003,2004,2006,2008 KK Bosna KK Bosna Sarajevo center 3 2005,2009,2010 KK Sloboda Tuzla center 2 1999,2001 KK Igokea Partizan KK Igokea center 1 2007 KK Borac Banja Luka center 1 2000 class wikitable Club women Winners Winning Years SD eljezni ar KK eljezni ar Sarajevo center 7 1998,1999,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007 KK Mladi Kraji nik Banja Luka center 3 2001,2008,2009 KK Jedinstvo Tuzla center 1 2010 KK Bijeljina center 1 2002 Winners of regional cups class wikitable cellpadding 2 cellspacing 2 Season Men s winner Women s winner KSBiH ... more details
Infobox mineral name Halotrichite boxwidth boxbgcolor image Mineraly.sk halotrichit.jpg imagesize alt caption A sample of Halotrichite category Sulfate minerals formula FeAl sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub sub 4 sub · 22H sub 2 sub O. strunz 07.CB.85 dana symmetry unit cell molweight color colourless to white, yellowish, greenish colour habit system monoclinic twinning cleavage poor indistinct fracture conchoidal tenacity mohs 1 2 luster vitreous streak diaphaneity transparent, translucent gravity 1.89 density polish opticalprop refractive birefringence pleochroism 2V dispersion extinction length fast slow fluorescence absorption melt fusibility diagnostic solubility impurities alteration other prop1 prop1text references var1 var1text var2 var2text var3 var3text var4 var4text var5 var5text var6 var6text Image Halotrichite Hydrous iron aluminum sulfate Corral, California 3009.jpg thumb left Halotrichite from California Image Halotrichite 179634.jpg thumb left Halotrichite from the abandoned http www.blm.gov ca st en prog aml project page goldenqueen.html Golden Queen mine on Soledad Mtn., just south of Mojave, CA Halotrichite , also known as feather alum , is a highly hydrated sulfate of aluminium and iron . It is formed by the weathering and decomposition of pyrite commonly near or in volcanic vents. Its chemical formula is iron Fe aluminum Al sub 2 sub sulfur S oxygen O sub 4 sub sub 4 sub · 22 water H sub 2 sub O . It forms fibrous monoclinic crystals. The crystals are water soluble. Occurrences include the Atacama Desert , Chile , Dresden, Saxony, Germany , San Juan County, Utah , and Mont Saint Hilaire , Canada . The name is from Latin halotrichum for salt hair. References http webmineral.com data Halotrichite.shtml Webmineral http www.saint hilaire.ca en halotri.htm Saint Hilaire http www.mindat.org min 1809.html mindat.org http www.mineralatlas.com mineral 20general 20descriptions H halotrichitepcd.htm Mineral Atlas Category Iron minerals Category Aluminium ... more details
Introduced by Martin Hellman and Susan K. Langford in 1994, the differential linear attack is a mix of both linear cryptanalysis and differential cryptanalysis . The attack utilises a differential characteristic over part of the cipher with a probability of 1 for a few rounds&mdash this probability would be much lower for the whole cipher . The rounds immediately following the differential characteristic have a linear approximation defined, and we expect that for each chosen plaintext pair, the probability of the linear approximation holding for one chosen plaintext but not the other will be lower for the correct key. Hellman and Langford have shown that this attack can recover 10 key bits of an 8 round Data Encryption Standard DES with only 512 chosen plaintexts and an 80 chance of success. The attack was generalised by Eli Biham et al. to use differential characteristics with probability less than 1. Besides DES, it has been applied to FEAL , International Data Encryption Algorithm IDEA , Serpent cipher Serpent , Camellia cipher Camellia , and even the stream cipher Phelix . References cite paper author Johan Borst title Differential Linear Cryptanalysis of IDEA date February 1997 url http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc summary?doi 10.1.1.49.5084 format PDF PostScript accessdate 2007 03 08 cite conference author Johan Borst, Lars R. Knudsen , Vincent Rijmen title Two Attacks on Reduced IDEA booktitle Advances in Cryptology EUROCRYPT 97 pages pp.1&ndash 13 publisher Springer Verlag month May year 1997 location Konstanz url http www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be publications article 155.pdf format PDF accessdate 2007 03 08 cite conference author Biham, E. Dunkelman, O. & Keller, N. title Enhancing Differential Linear Cryptanalysis booktitle Advances in Cryptology, proceeding of ASIACRYPT 2002, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2501 pages pp.254&ndash 266 publisher Springer Verlag month December year 2002 location Queenstown, New Zealand url http vipe.technion.ac.il orrd cry ... more details
itself. ref name J73 ref name OS Construction File Feelie dyke above Burn of Feal, Fetlar geograph.org.uk 1028347.jpg thumb A fealie dyke at Burn of Feal on Fetlar The date of construction is unknown ... such as the nearby example at Burn of Feal less than convert 0.5 km yd east of the line of the Funzie ... more details
. An early target for the attack was the FEAL block cipher. The original proposed version with four rounds FEAL 4 can be broken using only eight Chosen plaintext attack chosen plaintexts , and even a 31 round version of FEAL is susceptible to the attack. Attack mechanics Differential cryptanalysis is usually ... more details
with composition FeAl sub 3 sub PO sub 4 sub sub 4 sub OH sub 4 sub OH sub 2 sub sub 2 sub sup 5 sup ... the final formula for vauxite as FeAl sub 2 sub PO sub 4 sub sub 2 sub OH sub 2 sub .6H sub 2 sub ... more details
method for known plaintext attack of FEAL cipher cite book last1 Matsui first1 Mitsuru authorlink1 first2 Atsuhiro last2 Yamagishi year 1993 chapter A New Method for Known Plaintext Attack of FEAL ... more details
Infobox mineral name Chromite category Oxide minerals boxwidth boxbgcolor image ChromiteUSGOV.jpg caption formula Fe, Mg Cr sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub symmetry Isometric hexoctahedral br H M symbol 4 m overline 3 2 m br Space group F d3m unit cell a 8.344 Z 8 strunz 04.BB.05 color Black to brownish black brown to brownish black on thin edges in transmitted light habit Octahedral rare massive to granular system Cubic crystal system Isometric twinning Spinel law on 1ll cleavage None, parting may develop along 111 fracture Uneven tenacity Brittle mohs 5.5 luster Submetallic refractive n 2.08 2.16 opticalprop Isotropic birefringence pleochroism streak Brown gravity 4.5 4.8 melt fusibility diagnostic solubility diaphaneity Translucent to opaque. other Weakly magnetic references ref name Handbook http www.handbookofmineralogy.com pdfs chromite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy ref ref name Klein Klein, Corneis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed., pp. 312 313 ISBN 0 471 80580 7 ref ref name Webmin http webmineral.com data Chromite.shtml Webmineral data ref ref name Mindat http www.mindat.org min 1036.html Mindat.org ref about the mineral the chromium III anion and its salts Chromite compound Chromite is an iron chromium oxide FeCr sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub . It is an oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. Magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts as it forms a solid solution with magnesiochromite MgCr sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub ref http www.mindat.org min 8675.html Mindat ref substitution of aluminium occurs leading to hercynite FeAl sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub . ref http www.mindat.org min 8674.html Mindat ref Occurrence Chromite is found in peridotite from the Earth s mantle geology mantle . It also occurs in Layered intrusion layered ultramafic intrusive rocks. ref cite journal doi 10.1016 0892 6875 88 90045 3 title Chromite mineralogy and processing year 1988 author Gu, F journal Minerals Engineering volume 1 pages 235 last2 Wills first2 B issue 3 ... more details
Ferroalloy refers to various alloy s of iron with a high proportion of one or more other Chemical element element s, manganese or silicon for example. It is used in the production of steel s and alloys as a raw material. ref name usgs ref name Moskalyk cite journal journal Minerals Engineering volume 16 issue 9, September 2003 pages 793 805 doi 10.1016 S0892 6875 03 00213 9 first R. R. last Moskalyk coauthor Alfantazi, A. M. title Processing of vanadium a review year 2003 ref The main ferroalloys are colbegin FeAl ferroaluminum FeB ferroboron 12 20 of boron , max. 3 of silicon , max. 2 aluminium , max. 1 of carbon FeCe ferrocerium FeCr ferrochromium FeMg ferromagnesium FeMn ferromanganese FeMo ferromolybdenum min. 60 Mo, max. 1 Si, max. 0.5 Cu FeNb ferroniobium , also called ferrocolumbium FeNi ferronickel FeP ferrophosphorus FeSi ferrosilicon 15 90 Si FeSiMg ferrosilicon magnesium with Mg 4 to 25 , also called nodulizer FeTi ferrotitanium 10..30 65..75 Ti, max. 5 6.5 Al, max. 1 4 Si FeU ferrouranium FeV ferrovanadium FeW ferrotungsten colend Production and consumption Ferroalloys are produced by adding chemical elements into molten metal, usually during steelmaking. They impart distinctive qualities to steel and cast iron or serve important functions during production and are, therefore, closely associated with the iron and steel industry, the leading consumer of ferroalloys. The leading ferroalloy producing countries in 2008 were China, South Africa, Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, which accounted for 77 of the world production. World production of bulk chromium, manganese and silicon ferroalloys was estimated as 29.1 million tonnes Mt in 2008, a 3 decrease compared with 2007. ref name usgs Lisa A. Corathers et al. http minerals.usgs.gov minerals pubs commodity ferroalloys myb1 2008 feall.pdf Ferroalloys , USGS 2008 Minerals Yearbook ref Ferrochromium File Ferrochrome.JPG thumb Ferrochromium The leading world chromite ore producing countries in 2008 were India alm ... more details
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