File Anaerobic.png thumb Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in liquid culture br 1. Obligate aerobe BR 2. Obligate anaerobe BR 3. Facultativeanaerobicorganism continuum with facultative aerobic organism BR 4. Microaerophile BR 5. Aerotolerant A facultativeanaerobicorganism is an organism , usually a bacterium , that makes Adenosine triphosphate ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to Fermentation biochemistry fermentation . In contrast, obligate anaerobe s die in the presence of oxygen. Some examples of facultativeanaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus Gram positive , Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis Gram negative , and Listeria Gram positive . Certain eukaryote phyla are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as yeasts and many aquatic invertebrates such as Nereid worm polychaete s, for example. ref Cite journal last Sch ttler first U. title On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of Nereis Annelida journal Marine Ecology Progress Series volume 1 pages 249 54 date November 30, 1979 url http www.int res.com articles meps 1 m001p249.pdf issn 1616 1599 accessdate February 14, 2010 ref There are also circulating white blood cell s that are classified as facultative anaerobes. These include ... material in the environment influence the organism s use of aerobic respiration vs. fermentation ... fast consumption of ATP preferentially use anaerobic glycolysis. See also Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Anaerobicorganism Obligate anaerobe References reflist External links http trishul.sci.gu.edu.au courses ss12bmi micro groups fac anaerobes.html FacultativeAnaerobic Bacteria http trishul.sci.gu.edu.au courses ss12bmi micro groups obl anaerobes.html Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria http aggie horticulture.tamu.edu extension compost chapter1.html Anaerobic Bacteria and Anaerobic Bacteria in the decomposition stabilization of organic matter. Bacteria Category Anaerobic digestion Category ... more details
of it facultativeanaerobicorganismfacultative anaerobe s, which can grow without oxygen but can ... gaspakjar.htm GasPak System . Accessed May 3, 2008. ref References Reflist 1 See also Aerobic organismAnaerobic infection Anaerobic digestion Biogas Digester Facultativeanaerobicorganism Hypoxia ..., and they are evenly spread along the test tube. An anaerobicorganism or anaerobe is any organism that does ... DEFAULTSORT AnaerobicOrganism Category Biodegradation Category Biodegradable waste management ... Anaerobicorganism fi Anaerobinen eli sv Anaerob th uk zh ...Image Anaerobic.png 300px thumb right Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in liquid culture br 1 Obligate aerobic oxygen needing bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. br 2 Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. br 3 Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one but, as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test ... or anaerobic respiration . br Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. br In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration without oxygen, some of them ferment some use anaerobic respiration. Fermentation There are many anaerobic fermentative reactions. Fermentative anaerobic organisms mostly use the lactic acid fermentation pathway glucose C sub 6 sub ... per mol, which is conserved in regenerating two ATP from ADP per glucose. Anaerobic bacteria and archaea ... , acetogenesis , or methanogenesis . Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxin s e.g., tetanus ... by microbiologists when culturing anaerobic organisms, for example, handling the bacteria in a glovebox ... System is an isolated container that achieves an anaerobic environment by the reaction of water ... supplies a medium mimicking that of a Dicot, thus providing not only an anaerobic environment ... more details
wiktionary facultativeFacultative means optional or discretionary antonym obligate , used mainly in biology in phrases such as Facultative anaerobe , an organism that can use oxygen but also has anaerobicorganismanaerobic methods of energy production Facultative biped , an animal that is capable of walking or running on two legs as well as walking or running on four limbs or more, as appropriate Facultative carnivore , a carnivore that does not depend solely on animal flesh for food but also can subsist on non animal food. Compare this with the term omnivore Facultative heterochromatin , tightly packed but non repetitive DNA in the form of Heterochromatin , but which can lose its condensed structure and become Transcription genetics transcriptionally active Facultative lagoon , a type of stabilization pond used in biological treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater Facultative parasite , a parasite that can complete its life cycle without depending on a host Facultative photoperiodic plant , a plant that will eventually flower regardless of night length but is more likely to flower under appropriate light conditions See also antonym Obligate Category Biology terminology ... more details
wiktionary Anaerobic is a word which literally means without oxygen , as opposed to aerobic disambiguation aerobic . In wastewater treatment the absence of oxygen is indicated as Anoxia anoxic and anaerobic is used to indicate the absence of a common electron acceptor such as nitrate , sulfate or oxygen. Anaerobic may refer to Anaerobic adhesive , a bonding agent that does not cure in the presence of air Anaerobic clarigester , is a form of anaerobic digester Anaerobic contact process , is a type of anaerobic digester Anaerobic digestion , AD is the naturally occurring process of anaerobic decomposition harnessed and contained to manage waste and or release energy. Anaerobic environment, an aquatic environment with little available oxygen see Hypoxia environmental Anaerobic exercise , a form of exercise Anaerobic filter Anaerobic lagoon , used to dispose of animal waste, particularly that of cows and pigs Anaerobicorganism , any organism whose redox metabolism does not depend on free oxygen Anaerobic respiration , oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox , the microbial process combining ammonium and nitrite. disambig es Anaer bico tr Anaerobik zh ... more details
, and lighter solids will float. This facultative lagoon lacks the sludge removal capability of a primary clarifier, so a population of anaerobicorganism s will colonize accumulated sludge on the bottom ...Facultative lagoons are a type of stabilization pond used for biological treatment of industrial and domestic ... is a facultative lagoon The facultative lagoon in the pond sequence functions like the primary clarifier ... transfer rate adequate to prevent anaerobic conditions on the lagoon surface. Intermediate depths of the lagoon support facultative micro organisms capable of oxidizing both the dissolved and suspended organics from the original wastewater and the products of anaerobic catabolism on the bottom ... Overflow from the facultative lagoon may be routed through one or more polishing ponds supporting lower populations of anaerobic micro organisms and a higher proportion of aerobic organisms adapted to survival ... on facultative lagoon might provide 50 pounds of oxygen per day 5 grams of oxygen per square meter per day for biochemical catabolism. Biological activity within a facultative lagoon varies directly ... or scum mats can reduce the oxygen transfer surface. Some facultative lagoons use mechanical surface ... anaerobic sludge from the bottom of the lagoon. Aerator operation may be limited to periods of heavy ... anaerobic conditions on the lagoon surface. ref name metcalf&eddy Minimum temperature Vertical stratification including an aerobic surface layer, an anaerobic bottom layer, and a facultative intermediate layer is essential to proper functioning of a facultative lagoon ecosystem. Stratification is maintained ... density at 4 degrees Celsius 39 degrees Fahrenheit . Facultative lagoons are impractical in cold ... room for the facultative zone. Lagoon depths between 2 and 5 feet 60 to 150 cm are preferred for effective treatment. Parallel facultative lagoons with common polishing ponds allow wastewater ... Environmental Protection Agency regulations describe facultative lagoons as providing treatment equivalent ... more details
energy . FacultativeanaerobicorganismFacultative anaerobes can use oxygen, but also have Anaerobicorganismanaerobic methods of energy production. Microaerophile s are organisms that may use ..., but they are anaerobicorganismanaerobic because they do not use it as a terminal electron acceptor ... aerobes, which require oxygen. Most anaerobicorganism s are bacteria. Clarify date December 2010 Being ...Image Anaerobic.png 300px thumb right Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in a liquid culture br 1 Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. br 2 Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. br 3 Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. br 4 Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration. br 5 Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. ref DorlandsDict one 000002016 aerobe ref Facultative anaerobes ... exposure to high levels of oxidative stress . Yeast is an example of a facultative anaerobe, which can develop in the presence of oxygen but does not require it. Individual human cells are also facultative .... However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore obligate aerobes. References reflist See also Aerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Facultativeanaerobicorganism Fermentation biochemistry Microaerophile Bacteria Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Organism Category Cellular respiration Category Microbiology ar ... pl Aerob pt Aerobiose ro Organism aerob ru sl Aerobiont sv Aerob uk zh ... more details
A facultative parasite is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host biology host for completion of its life cycle. Examples occur among many species of fungi, such as members of the genus Armillaria , parasitise living trees. If the tree dies, some species continue to digest its wood and even can infest dead wood without any parasitic activity. As such they become pests because they cause destructive Wood decay fungus wood rot . Similarly, green plants in the genus Rhinanthus can grow independently of any host, but they also act as root parasites of neighbouring green plants. Among animals, Kleptoparasitism kleptoparasitic species generally can survive by hunting for themselves, but it often is more profitable for them to rob food from other animals, whether of the same species or not. More intimately, normally free living microbes may opportunistically live parasitically in other organisms. ref Reynolds Bruce D. Colpoda steini, a Facultative Parasite of the Land Slug, Agriolimax agrestis The Journal of Parasitology Vol. 22, No. 1 Feb., 1936 , pp. 48 53. Stable URL http www.jstor.org stable 3271896 ref References Reflist See also Parasitism Parasitoid Parasitic plant Obligate parasite ecology stub Category Ecology et Fakultatiivne parasiit ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A facultative bipedalism biped is an animal that is capable of walking or running on two legs, often for only a limited period, in spite of normally walking or running on quadrupedal four limbs or more. Well known examples include many lizard s such as the Basiliscus genus Basilisk lizard , and even some cockroach es when running at top speed. In order to be considered a true facultative biped, an animal must be capable of sustained movement over many strides while bipedal simply adopting a static bipedal posture while resting or looking around is not sufficient. Species Facultative bipedality is most common in lizards, but also occurs in primate s, bear s, insect s, crab s and even octopus es. It is commonly suggested that many extinct basal archosaur s were facultative bipeds, as well as hadrosaur s. Cause In many cases, facultative bipedality is a function of speed. Many lizard species, as well as cockroaches and crabs, will switch to a bipedal gait at very high speeds. Reasons for this are unclear it may be that a bipedal gait allows greater stride length, without the forelimbs interfering with the swinging and placement of the hind limbs, or it may simply be that at high speeds, the forces in the muscles which retract and extend the hind limbs are so great that animal s body rises into the air, similar to a wheelie in bikes. Low speed bipedality is less common, as is most commonly associated with threat displays bear s, goanna s, frill necked Lizard frilled lizards , camouflage octopus , or possessing an anatomy that is highly specialized for arboreal locomotion and makes terrestrial locomotion difficult gibbon s . Locomotion DEFAULTSORT Facultative Biped Category Terrestrial locomotion Category Tetrapods Biosci stub ... more details
In sewage treatment systems, an anaerobic filter AF is a form of anaerobic digester . The digestion tank contains a filter medium where Anaerobicorganismanaerobic microbial populations organisms that live in the absence of oxygen can establish themselves. Such filters are commonly employed in the treatment of waste water . These reactors are gaining in popularity versus more established aerobic waste water treatment systems because they produce a less solid residue ref http www.usc.es biogrup Anaerobic 20filter...Water 20Research.37 20 4099 4108 .pdf AF Reactor Paper Francisco, O., Garrido, J. M., Arrojo, B. & Mendez, R. 2003 Anaerobic filter reactor performance for the treatment of complex diary waste water at industrial scale, Water Research 37, 4099 4108 ref than do other types of filter. See also Anaerobic digester types Anaerobic digestion References references Environmental technology Category Anaerobic digester types ... more details
Anaerobic infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria . Anaerobic bacteria do not grow on solid media in room air 10 carbon dioxide and 18 oxygen facultativeanaerobic bacteria can grow in the presence ... infections is generally longer than for infections due to aerobic and facultativeanaerobic bacteria ..., but grow better under 10 carbon dioxide or anaerobically. Anaerobic bacteria can be divided into strict anaerobes that can not grow in the presence of more than 0.5 oxygen and moderate anaerobic ... EJ, Citron DM, Wexler HM, Finegold SM. Wadsworth KTL anaerobic bacteriology manual. 6th ed. Belmont, CA Star Publishing, 2002. ref Anaerobic bacteria usually do not possess catalase, but some can generate ... frequency are ref Brook, I. Anaerobic Infections Diagnosis and Management . A Textbook. Informa ... negative cocci mainly Veillonella spp. . The frequency of isolation of anaerobic bacterial strains varies in different infectious sites. ref Nagy E. Anaerobic infections update on treatment considerations. Drugs. 2010 70 841 58 ref Mixed infections caused by numerous aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are often observed in clinical situations. Anaerobic bacteria are a common cause of infections, some .... ref Hentges DJ. The anaerobic micro ora of the human body . Clin Infect Dis 1993 164 S175 80. ref ... lead to failures in eradication of these infections. The isolation of anaerobic bacteria requires adequate methods for collection, transportation and cultivation of clinical specimens. ref Brook, I. Anaerobic .... ref The management of anaerobic infection is often difficult because of the slow growth of anaerobic ... and by the increasing antimicrobial resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobials. ref Jousimies Somer HR, Summanen P, Baron EJ, Citron DM, Wexler HM, Finegold SM. Wadsworth KTL anaerobic ... have been isolated in infections at all body locations. ref Nagy E. Anaerobic infections update on treatment ... and cultivation. The recovery of organism depends on the site of infection and is related to the adjacent ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup August 2010 unreferenced July 2011 Anaerobic respiration is a form of Cellular ... is released per oxidized molecule. Anaerobic respiration is, therefore, in general energetically less efficient than aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is used mainly by prokaryotes that live in environments devoid of oxygen. Many anaerobic organisms are obligate anaerobe s, meaning that they can respire only using anaerobic compounds and will die in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration as compared to fermentation Cellular respiration both aerobic respiration aerobic and anaerobic ... or another species in anaerobic respiration . The membrane in question is the inner mitochondrial ... importance Anaerobic respiration plays a major role in the global nitrogen cycle nitrogen , sulfur ... methane gas by anaerobic digestion . Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable alternative to fossil ... of methane into the atmosphere, where it acts as a powerful greenhouse gas . Specific types of anaerobic ... EEEEEE aerobic Cellular respiration respiration obligate and facultative aerobes oxygen O sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub O CO sub 2 sub 0.82 eukaryotes iron reduction facultative aerobes, obligate ... reduction facultative or obligate anaerobes Mn IV Mn II Desulfuromonadales , Desulfovibrio cobalt reduction facultative or obligate anaerobes Co III Co II Geobacter sulfurreducens uranium reduction facultative or obligate anaerobes U VI U IV Geobacter metallireducens , Shewanella putrefaciens , Desulfovibrio nitrate reduction denitrification facultative aerobes nitrate NO sub 3 sub sup sup nitrite ... respiration facultative aerobes fumarate succinate 0.03 Escherichia coli sulfate reducing bacteria ... sulfur respiration sulfur reduction facultative aerobes and obligate anaerobes sulfur S sup 0 sup ... dioxide CO sub 2 sub acetate 0.30 Acetobacterium woodii TCA reduction facultative or obligate ... Biology Study Guide Anaerobic Respiration url http www.sparknotes.com biology cellrespiration glycolysis ... more details
Image Haase Lubeck MBT.JPG right thumbnail Anaerobic digestion and regenerative thermal oxidiser component ... Sustainable energy Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down ... www.nnfcc.co.uk publications nnfcc renewable fuels and energy factsheet anaerobic digestion NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet Anaerobic Digestion , Retrieved on 2011 11 22 ref It is used ... Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion reference sheet , waste.nl. Retrieved 25.10.07. ref The methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments ... Ali Hassan. 2010. Importance of the methanogenic archaea populations in anaerobic wastewater ... w.php Hydrolysis, Sewage Sludge and Anaerobic Digestion Retrieved 22.02.2010. ref As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere. Anaerobic digesters can also be fed with purpose grown energy crops, such as maize ... energy.com, accessed 08.11.11 ref Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a source of renewable energy ... as fertilizer . The technical expertise required to maintain industrial scale anaerobic digesters ... in its deployment as a waste treatment technology. Citation needed date February 2012 Anaerobic digestion ... capital costs , anaerobic digestion has in recent years received increased attention among governments ... files anaerobic digestion strat action plan.pdf Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan ... p49 Fergusen, T. & Mah, R. 2006 Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49 ref In 1808 ... of anaerobic digestion , web.pdx.edu. Retrieved 17.08.07. ref ref name Anaerobic digestion http www.waste.nl content download 472 3779 file WB89 InfoSheet Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion , waste.nl. Retrieved 19.08.07. ref The first anaerobic digester was built by a leper colony in Bombay .... Citation needed date February 2010 Through scientific research, anaerobic digestion gained ... more details
The anaerobic clarigester is a form of anaerobic digester . It is regarded as being the ancestor of the UASB anaerobic digester. ref http www.uasb.org discover agsb.htm UASB Homepage ref A clarigester treats dilute biodegradable feedstocks and separates out solid and hydraulic liquid retention times. A diagram comparing the UASB, anaerobic clarigester and anaerobic contact process es can be found http www.fao.org docrep t0541e T0541E02.GIF here . See also Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digester types Biogas Expanded granular sludge bed digestion UASB References references Category Anaerobic digester types Environmental technology waste stub civil engineering stub ... more details
Anaerobic Lagoon or Manure Lagoon is a man made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations CAFOs . Anaerobic lagoons are created from a manure slurry, which ... layer. The manure then undergoes the process of anaerobic respiration, whereby the volatile organic compounds are converted into carbon dioxide and methane . Anaerobic lagoons have been shown to harbor ... the construction of new anaerobic lagoons in 1999. There has also been a significant push for the research ... name Pfost cite web last Pfost first Donald title Anaerobic Lagoons for Storage Treatment of Livestock ... can be drained from underfloor gutters and piped to storage tanks or anaerobic lagoons. ref name ... fields. ref name Pfost There are three main types of lagoon anaerobic, which is inhibited by oxygen aerobic, which requires oxygen and facultative, which is maintained with or without oxygen ... livestock lagoons are anaerobic lagoons. ref name Pfost Design Description Image Anaerobic Lagoon at Cal Poly.jpg thumb right A photo of the anaerobic treatment lagoon at the California Polytechnic State University Cal Poly Dairy taken in 2003. Anaerobic lagoons are earthen basins with a usual depth ... 2 November 2011 ref Anaerobic lagoons are not heated, aerated or mixed. Anaerobic lagoons are most effective in warmer temperatures anaerobic bacteria are ineffective below 15 C. ref name Bowman cite ... Design and Management of Anaerobic Lagoons in Iowa for Animal Manure Storage and Treatment url ... of the lagoon so that it can mix with the active microbial mass in the sludge layer. These anaerobic ... is not applied, a crust will form that will trap heat and odors. ref name Bowman Anaerobic lagoons ... by aerobic or facultative lagoons to provide further required treatment. ref name Bowman The liquid ... to trap methane, which is used for energy. ref name Bowman Anaerobic Lagoons work through a process ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Merge to glycolysis date April 2011 Anaerobic glycolysis is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate when limited amounts of oxygen O sub 2 sub are available. Anaerobic glycolysis is only an effective means of energy production during short, intense exercise, providing energy for a period ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. The anaerobic glycolysis lactic acid system is dominant from about 10 30 seconds during a maximal effort. It replenishes very quickly over this period and produces 2 Adenosine triphosphate ATP molecules per glucose molecule, or about 5 of glucose s energy potential 38 ATP molecules . The speed at which ATP is produced is about 100 times that of oxidative phosphorylation . The pH in the cytoplasm quickly drops when hydrogen ions accumulate in the muscle, eventually inhibiting enzymes involved in glycolosis. The burning sensation in muscles during hard exercise can be attributed to the production of hydrogen ions during a shift to anaerobic glycolysis as oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide by aerobic glycolysis faster than the body can replenish it. These hydrogen ions form a part of lactic acid along with lactate. The body falls back on this less efficient but faster method of producing ATP under low oxygen conditions. This is thought to have been the primary means of energy production in earlier organisms before oxygen was at high concentration in the atmosphere and thus would represent a more ancient form of energy production in cells. The liver later gets rid of this excess lactate by transforming it back into an important glycolytic intermediate called pyruvate . Aerobic glycolysis is a method employed by muscle cells for the production of lower intensity energy over a longer period of time. The process of converting ... anaerobic microorganisms carry out Anaerobic Glycolysis through Fermentation biochemistry Fermentation . DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Glycolysis Category Chemical reactions Reaction stub pt Glic lise anaer bica ... more details
Image Exercise zones.png thumb 300px Fox and Haskell formula Anaerobic exercise is exercise intense enough to trigger Lactic acid fermentation anaerobic metabolism . It is used by athletes in non endurance ... systems trained using anaerobic exercise develop differently compared to aerobic exercise , leading ... up to about 2 minutes. ref name ASMI anaerobic http www.asmi.org sportsmed Performance anaerobic.html Anaerobic training Bot generated title ref ref name jap.physiology.org cite journal last Medbo first JI coauthors Mohn, Tabata, Bahr, Vaage, Sejersted title Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal ... needed date May 2011 Anaerobic metabolism Anaerobic metabolism , or anaerobic energy expenditure, is a natural ... B title Contribution of anaerobic energy expenditure to whole body thermogenesis journal Nutrition ... twitch muscle operates using anaerobic metabolic systems, such that any recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers leads to increased anaerobic energy expenditure. Intense exercise lasting upwards of about four minutes e.g., a mile race may still have a considerable anaerobic energy expenditure component. Anaerobic energy expenditure is difficult to accurately quantify, although several reasonable methods to estimate the anaerobic component to exercise are available. ref name jap.physiology.org ... of anaerobic muscle metabolism journal Respiration Physiology date Dec. 1 year 1999 volume 118 issue ... bursts of exercise however, the anaerobic system enables muscles to recover for the next burst. Therefore ... types of anaerobic energy systems 1 the high energy phosphates, ATP adenosine triphosphate and CP creatine phosphate and, 2 anaerobic glycolysis . The high energy phosphates are stored in very limited quantities within muscle cells. Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose and glycogen as a fuel ... and anaerobic glycolytic metabolic systems begin to predominate. The by product of anaerobic glycolysis ... are a natural consequence of any physical exertion. The effectiveness of anaerobic activity can be improved ... more details
saved book title Organism subtitle cover image cover color Organism Main article Organism Superorganism Superorganism Evolution Common descent Abiogenesis Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Category Wikipedia books on biology Organism ... more details
Hydrogen corrosion is a form of metal corrosion occurring in the presence of anoxic water. Hydrogen corrosion involves a redox reaction that reduces hydrogen ions, forming molecular hydrogen. Metals enter aqueous solution and are oxidized. Oxidation reaction pH independent math Fe rightarrow Fe 2 2 ,e math Reduction reaction in acid solution math 2 ,H 2 ,e rightarrow H 2 math In an acidic solution, the water molecules are protonated and the hydronium ions H sub 3 sub O sup sup are directly reduced into H sub 2 sub . Reduction reaction in neutral or slightly alkaline solution math 2 ,H 2O 2 ,e rightarrow H 2 2 ,OH math In a neutral or slightly alkaline solution, the protons of water are reduced into molecular hydrogen giving rise to the production of hydroxide ions responsible of the precipitation of the slightly soluble ferrous hydroxide Fe OH sub 2 sub . This finally leads to the global reaction of the anaerobic corrosion of iron in water math Fe 2 ,H 2 O rightarrow Fe OH 2 H 2 math Transformation of ferrous hydroxide into magnetite Under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide Fe OH sub 2 sub can be oxidized by the proton s of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen . This process is described by the Schikorr reaction 3 Fe OH sub 2 sub Fe sub 3 sub O sub 4 sub H sub 2 sub 2 H sub 2 sub O ferrous hydroxide magnetite hydrogen water The well crystallized magnetite Fe sub 3 sub O sub 4 sub is thermodynamically more stable than the ferrous hydroxide Fe OH sub 2 sub . This process also occurs during the wikt anaerobic anaerobic corrosion of iron and steel in oxygen free groundwater and in reducing soil s below the water table . See also Hydrogen Redox reaction Electrochemistry DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Corrosion Category Corrosion Category Hydrogen production ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ur organism is the term loosely given to the hypothetical first life species, from which all other life presumably evolved. The term was used first by Charles Darwin , and has been picked up by various subsequent thinkers addressing the same questions of origin of species. Not to be confused with the Last universal ancestor LUA , the term ur organism refers to the first universal ancestor common to all life existing on earth today. It is therefore the ancestor of the LUA. The ur organism is not necessarily the Abiogenesis first instance of life arising abiogenically on Earth. As with the concept of the Mitochondrial Eve , the existence of the ur organism does not imply the existence of a population bottleneck or a first organism. It is estimated to have lived some 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago. See also Abiogenesis Aleksandr Oparin Last universal ancestor Common descent DEFAULTSORT Ur Organism Category Origin of life Category Hypothetical life forms Biology stub ... more details
sociology In sociology , the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a living organism. From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law , family , crime , etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by mile Durkheim , a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice versa. Generally, culture , politics , and economics are the three core activities of society. Social health depends on the harmonious interworking of these three activities. Hence, the health of the social organism can be thought of a function of the interaction of culture, politics, and economics, which in theory can be studied, modeled, and analyzed. The conception of an organismic society was elaborated further by Herbert Spencer in his essay on The Social Organism . Related An analogous concept is the Gaia hypothesis in which the entire earth is theorized to be a single unified organism . If global society can be seen as a super organism, then the Internet can be viewed as that organism ... R. title The Social Organism A Short History of the Idea That a Human Society May Be Regarded As a Gigantic ... Rawie, Henry title The Social Organism and its Natural Laws publisher Williams & Wilkins Co. year 1990 id ASIN B000879AT2 cite book author Steiner, Rudolf title The Renewal of the Social Organism publisher ...? http www.gwu.edu asc people new cannon gwc.html The Fluid Matrix of the Social Organism http www.brocku.ca MeadProject Thomas Thomas 1905.html Social Psychology and the Social Organism http ... the essay The Social Organism in volume 1 Category Superorganisms Category Sociological paradigms ... more details
Citations missing date November 2008 Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance . This comprises mainly the turnover of structural mass mainly proteins and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes e.g., counteracting leakage . This is related to maintenance respiration . Maturity maintenance . This comprises the maintenance of defence systems such as the immune system , the preparation of the body for reproduction. The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking.Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. DEFAULTSORT Maintenance Of An Organism Category Developmental biology ... more details
A fastidious organism is any organism that has a complex nutritional requirement. In other words, a fastidious organism will only grow when specific nutrients are included in its diet. The more restrictive term fastidious microorganism is often used in the field of microbiology to describe microorganism s that will only grow if special nutrients are present in their culture medium . ref cite web last Rao P.N. first Sridhar title Culture Media url http www.microrao.com micronotes culture media.pdf accessdate 23 March 2012 ref See also Growth medium References Reflist Microbiology stub Category Microbial growth and nutrition ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A pioneer organism is an organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear. Common pioneer organisms include lichen s and algae . Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization, but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions under which more advanced organisms can live. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms. Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut , may also be the first arrivals on barren soil. seealso Ecological succession Primary succession Secondary succession ecology stub Category Ecological succession Category Population ecology ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 Philosophy of Organism or Organic Realism is how Alfred North Whitehead described his metaphysics . It is now known as process philosophy . Central to this school is the idea of concrescence philosophy concrescence . Concrescence means growing together com con from Latin for together , crescence from Latin crescere cret grow , the present is given by a consense of subjective form s. We are multiple individuals, but there are also multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in the construction of the given. Marvin Minsky calls this the society of mind in his book Society of Mind . Whitehead s subjective forms complement eternal objects in his metaphysical system eternal objects being entities not unlike Plato s archetypal Forms . In Process and Reality , Whitehead proposes that his organic realism be used in place of classical materialism . References Agar, W. E. 1936. Whitehead s Philosophy of Organism an Introduction for Biologists . The Quarterly Review of Biology , Vol. 11, No. 1 16 34. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1997. Science and the Modern World . Free Press. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1979, 2nd Ed. Process and Reality Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927 28 . Free Press publisher Free Press . See also Organicism DEFAULTSORT Philosophy Of Organism Category Alfred North Whitehead Category Metaphysics Category Holism philosophy stub ... more details
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