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Falsification





Encyclopedia results for Falsification

  1. Falsification

    Wiktionary Falsification may refer to The act of disproving a proposition, hypothesis, or theory see Falsifiability Mathematical proof Falsified evidence Falsification of history, distortion of the historical record also known as Historical revisionism negationism cpuinfo falsification , a lowest common denominator technique to provide backwards compatibility in computing Forgery , the act of producing something that lacks authenticity with the intent to commit fraud or deception Self falsification, e.g., the Liar s paradox disambiguation de Falsifikation lt Falsifikacija ja ru ...   more details



  1. Cpuinfo falsification

    Orphan date February 2009 lowercase cpuinfo falsification is a Lowest common denominator computers lowest common denominator technique that can be used on GNU operating systems to provide backwards compatible behaviour of the compiler and software tools. This technique is typically used on IBM compatible computers using 80x86 series processors, but can be used on other architectures, where applicable. Background On GNU based operating system s, some software tools, such as the compiler and package building tools, detect CPU specific extensions that are incompatible with existing machines. This may cause incompatibility issues during compilation or operation of software on computers being utilized as backward compatible replacements. The cpuinfo falsification project The cpuinfo falsification project provides an assortment of patches to the GNU operating system to provide i386 compatible behaviour of the compiler and software tools without the need for explicit cross compilation . setarch The Unix setarch command provides the facility to generate falsified generic architecture information for system building. However, this does not currently work on GNU based operating system s The setarch utility does not work at this time setarch i386 uname m i686 It s not working. uname hack The uname hack kernel module causes generic architecture information to be provided by the kernel. uname The uname utility is fixed by loading the uname hack module. This provides falsified processor information for Lowest common denominator computers lowest common denominator compatibility. uname m i686 This is no good insmod uname hack.ko uname m i386 This will work just fine on a Pentium proc cpuinfo The proc cpuinfo file is patched by using a bindmount to overlay a file containing falsified CPU related information if e etc cpuinfo then mount bind etc cpuinfo proc cpuinfo fi GNU Category Compiler optimizations Compu prog stub linux stub free software stub ...   more details



  1. Cooking (science)

    Refimprove date March 2010 In scientific culture, cooking is a term for falsification falsifying data or selectively deleting data in an attempt to prove a hypothesis . History Gregor Mendel has been posthumously accused of cooking his data. http www.genetics.org cgi content full 175 3 975 sci stub Category Bias Category Philosophy of science ...   more details



  1. The growth of knowledge

    Multiple issues orphan November 2006 unreferenced February 2009 notability December 2011 A term coined by Karl Popper in his famous work The Logic of Scientific Discovery to denote what he regarded as the main problem of methodology and the philosophy of science , i.e. to explain and promote the further growth of scientific knowledge. To this purpose, Popper advocated his theory of falsifiability , testability and testing. See also Falsification DEFAULTSORT Growth Of Knowledge Category Philosophy of science Category Knowledge philosophy stub ...   more details



  1. Naïve empiricism

    Na ve empiricism is a term used in several ways in different fields. In the philosophy of science , it is used by opponents to describe the position, associated with some logical positivist s, that knowledge can be clearly learnt through evaluation of the natural world and its substances, and, through empirical means, learn truths . ref cite book author Thomas Ernst Uebel title Overcoming Logical Positivism from Within The Emergence of Neurath s Naturalism in the Vienna Circle s Protocol Sentence Debate pages 205 year 1992 publisher Rodopi ref The term also is used to describe a particular methodology for literary analysis . ref cite book author Michael McKeon title The Origins of the English novel pages 105 109 year 1986 publisher Johns Hopkins University Press ref See also Empiricism Falsifiability especially, Falsifiability Na.C3.AFve falsification Na ve falsification References reflist DEFAULTSORT Naive Empiricism Category Empiricism Category Epistemological theories Category Metatheory of science epistemology stub ...   more details



  1. Half-life of knowledge

    The half life of knowledge is the amount of time that has to elapse before half of the knowledge in a particular area is superseded or shown to be untrue. The concept is attributed to Fritz Machlup 1962 . For example, Donald Olding Hebb Donald Hebb estimated the half life of psychology to be five years Citation needed date February 2011 . The half life of knowledge differs from the concept of half life in physics in that there is no guarantee that the truth of knowledge in a particular area of study is declining exponentially. In addition, knowledge can not be quantified and falsification of a doctrine is hardly comparable to exponential decay process that atomic nuclei go through. References Machlup, F. 1962 . Knowledge production and distribution in the United States. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press . See also Half life Category Knowledge psych stub ...   more details



  1. Postpositivism

    Image Karl Popper.jpg thumb 150px right Karl Popper No footnotes date November 2010 In philosophy and models of scientific inquiry , postpositivism also called postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism . Postpositivists believe that human knowledge is based not on unchallengeable, rock solid foundations, but rather upon human conjectural conjectures . As human knowledge is thus unavoidably conjectural, the assertion of these conjectures is warranted , or more specifically, justified by a set of Theory of justification warrant s , which can be modified or withdrawn in the light of further investigation. However, postpositivism is not a form of relativism , and generally retains the idea of objective truth . One of the first thinkers to critique positivism was Sir Karl Popper . He advanced falsification , a critique to the logical positivism logical positivist idea of verifiability. Falsificationism argues that it is impossible to verify that a belief is true, though it is possible to reject false beliefs if they are phrased in a way amenable to falsification. Thomas Kuhn s idea of paradigm shift s offers a stronger critique of positivism, arguing that it is not simply individual theories but whole worldviews that must occasionally shift in response to evidence. Postpositivism is an amendment to positivism that recognizes these and other critiques against logical positivism . It is not a rejection of the scientific method, but rather its reformation to meet these critiques. It preserves the basic assumptions of positivism ontological Philosophical realism realism , the possibility and desirability of objective truth , and the use of experiment al methodology . Postpositivism of this type is common in the social science s especially sociology for both practical and conceptual reasons. certainty See also Antipositivism Models of scientific inquiry Philosophy of science Positivism Scientific method Scientism Sociology of scientific k ...   more details



  1. Party of Hope (Azerbaijan)

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Politics of Azerbaijan The Party of Hope Lang az Az rbaycan mid Partiyas is an Azerbaijan i political party , officially registered in 1993 . In December 2002 , a fraction of the Civic Unity Party Azerbaijan Civic Unity Party CUP led by Igbal Agazade split from CUP and joined the Party of Hope. On December 15, 2002, during the party s congress, Igbal Agazade became the chairman of the Party of Hope. During the 2003 Presidential Elections in Azerbaijan, the Party of Hope played a major role in holding numerous meetings in Baku as well as in different regions of Azerbajian. Party and its leader were together with voters on Election Day and came forward against the numerous cases of depriving of the right of voting, and on October 16, when voters protested against falsification of election results. On October 17, leader of Umid Hope Party was deprived his parliamentary immunity and was arrested with members of his family, his advocate and journalists. Igbal Agazadeh and other representatives of opposition that were sentenced to 3 year in prison according the decision of the criminal Court were granted the amnesty by the edict of President on March 20, 2005, in the result of insistence of international organizations. In Parliamentary elections in 2005, 30 candidates represented Umid Hope Party. Although mass falsification of results, some candidates from opposition could get the trust of voters and become deputies of Milli Majlis. One of them was the leader of Umid Hope Party. Now Umid Party as a party of the right centre fights for liberal and democratic society in Azerbaijan. Party has regional branches in 65 regions of Azerbaijan and more than 55 000 members. Umid Hope Party, as the strongest and well organized oppositional party of Azerbaijan claims to participate in 2008 Presidential Elections. Azerbaijani political parties DEFAULTSORT Party Of Hope Azerbaijan Category Political parties in Azerbaijan Azerbaijan party ...   more details



  1. Nikolaos Martis

    Infobox writer for more information see Template Infobox writer doc name Nikolaos Martis image imagesize 150px birth date birth year and age 1915 birth place Pangaio Moustheni , Kavala regional unit occupation Former Minister,Lawyer,Historian nationality Greece Greek website http www.hri.org Martis contents author.html Nicolas K. Martis born 1915 is a former Greek politician. He was born in the village of Pangaio Moustheni in Kavala Prefecture . He studied Law at the University of Thessaloniki and has been a practising lawyer in Kavala and since 1961 in Athens . He took part in the battle along the Macedonian fortified positions during the German invasion of 1941. He escaped almost immediately to the Near East and he took part in the battles of El Alamein Africa and Rimini Italy , and in the battle of Athens December 1944 . He was elected Member of Hellenic Parliament Parliament seven times and he served as Secretary General in the Ministry for Northern Greece 1955 1956 , Assistant Minister Undersecretary of the Ministry of Commerce 1956 1958 , Minister of Industry 1958 1961 , Minister for Northern Greece 1974 1981 . Nicolas Martis is the author of the The falsification of Macedonian History , a book which has been awarded an Athens Academy award and has been translated into seven languages English language English , French language French , German language German , Italian language Italian , Russian language Russian , Polish language Polish and Spanish language Spanish . Book Review http www.amazon.com dp B000GXEA0C Macedonian Falsification Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Martis, Nikolaos ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1915 PLACE OF BIRTH Pangaio Moustheni , Kavala Prefecture DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Martis, Nikolaos Category 1915 births Category Living people Category People from Pangaio Category Greek Macedonians Category Greek historians Category New Democracy Greece politicians Greece politician stub bg ...   more details



  1. European Treaty of 1841

    Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2007 The European Treaty of 1841 , signed by multiple European countries in 1841, created a unified front against fraud . Fraud, being defined by Merriam Webster as intentional perversion of truth in order to induce another to part with something of value or to surrender a legal right , includes the forging of legal documents, as well as the falsification of legal documents. Signed by the countries of Belgium , France , Austria , Great Britain , Switzerland , Hungary , Russia , and Germany , this treaty dissolved soon after the start of World War II . See also List of treaties Category Crime prevention Category Treaties of Belgium Category Treaties of the United Kingdom Category 1841 treaties Category Treaties of the Russian Empire Category Treaties of the German Empire Category Treaties of the July Monarchy Category Treaties of the Austrian Empire Category Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary 1000 1918 Category Treaties of the Helvetic Republic ...   more details



  1. Mikhail Kogan

    Mikhail Borisovich Kogan lang ru ? 1949 ref http www.hd13.ru 117 gp shultsev 50 let v terapii 10 klinicheskaya meditsina G.P. Shultsev 50 years in therapy ru icon ref was a well known doctor in Moscow , Russia . He was one of the doctors named in the fabricated Stalin s Doctors plot in 1953. However, he had already died by the time the article was published. He was the brother of Boris Borisovich Kogan, not Boris Kogan the chess player who was also a doctor and also named in the Doctor s Plot . References reflist http www.lechaim.ru ARHIV 129 arhiv.htm Documents on Doctor s plot ru icon http www.hronos.km.ru dokum 195 dok 19530403ck kpss.html Act of the Supreme Council on Falsification of Doctor s Plot ru icon Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Kogan, Mikhail Borisovich ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1949 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Kogan, Mikhail Borisovich Category Russian physicians Category Soviet physicians Category 1949 deaths Russia scientist stub med bio stub ...   more details



  1. Crocodile oil

    orphan date March 2010 Crocodile oil is extracted from the fat fatty tissues of crocodiles and has been used both as preventative and a treatment for a number of human ailments and conditions for many years and across numerous cultures, including Ancient Egypt. ref http books.google.com books?id FUaaDBFsYFEC&pg PA56&dq 22crocodile oil 22&lr &sig ACfU3U0FmNFQ2vDA8zdrkNJj6CApHYWZxQ Country Folk Medicine Tales of Skunk Oil, Sassafras Tea, and Other Old time Remedies 2004 Elisabeth Janos. p. 56. ref It is somewhat red in color, and less viscous than alligator oil. Both were used in the tanning industry. ref http books.google.com books?id 5SxDAAAAIAAJ&printsec titlepage&source gbs summary r&cad 0 Animal Fats and Oils Their Practical Production, Purification and Uses for a Great Variety of Purposes, Their Properties, Falsification and Examination. 1898 Louis Edgar And s . p. 75. ref See also Emu oil Snake oil References reflist colwidth 30em DEFAULTSORT Crocodile Oil Category Dietary supplements Category Animal fats dermatology stub ...   more details



  1. Material fact

    A material fact is a fact that would be to a reasonable person germane to the decision to be made as distinguished from an insignificant, trivial or unimportant detail. ref cite web url http www.lectlaw.com def2 m021.htm title Legal Definitions of Material Fact, Materiality publisher Lectlaw.com date accessdate 2010 06 10 ref In other words, it is a fact which expression concealment would reasonably result in a different decision. Falsification of a material fact in such a manner that, had the insurance company known the truth, it would not have insured the risk. Misrepresentation of a material fact gives an insurance company grounds to rescind a contract. ref name answers1 cite web url http www.answers.com topic material misrepresentation title Material Fact Definition from publisher Answers.com date accessdate 2010 06 10 ref If material facts about the investment property lying in a floodplain had been communicated to the buyer, he would not have bought. ref name answers1 References Reflist Category Law ...   more details



  1. Science-Technics-Industry

    multiple issues unreferenced October 2010 wikify October 2010 Merge to editology date November 2010 STI Science Technics Industry is a philosophical concept proposed by the Belgian philosopher Jean C. Baudet , with an objective to distinguish the rational cultural productions from the emotional or imaginary ones, which lead to ideologies and to ethical and political illusive constructions. STI is a key concept in editology . It may be seen as an elaborate philosophical generalisation of the economical notion of science and industry . In the STI, technics is the interface between science and industry, and thus between knowledge truth and practice efficiency . One of the most interesting consequences from replacing science by STI in the epistemological research, is to recognize that the criterium of scientificity of Karl Popper falsification lies concretely in the technics and the technology. If we wish to consider STI as an Hegelian triad, it is necessary to invert S and T, for, in the history of mankind, the technics has preceded the science. Category Philosophical concepts ...   more details



  1. Hypothetico-deductive model

    is itself philosophically problematic. Such evidence is called a falsifiability falsification ... a given hypothesis from falsification. This is so because any falsifying observation is embedded in a theoretical ...   more details



  1. David North (Socialist)

    & the Post Soviet School of Historical Falsification 2007 ISBN 978 1 893638 02 0 In Defence of Leon ... Falsification 1995 ISBN 978 0 929087 72 6 Socialism, Historical Truth and the Crisis of Political ... of historical falsification http www.wsws.org articles 2007 may2007 lec1 m09.shtml Part 1 , http ...   more details



  1. Schreierstoren

    File SchreierstorenAmsterdamDusk.jpg thumb 250px The Schreierstoren The Schreierstoren English language English incorrectly translated as Weeper s Tower , originally part of the medieval city wall of Amsterdam , the Netherlands , was built in the 15th century. It was the location from which Henry Hudson set sail on his journey to Northern America . This expedition would lead to the discovery of the island of Manhattan among others. It was built as a fortification defense tower in 15th century. It is currently a caf . The old name was Schreyhoeckstoren meaning in old Dutch the sharp angle of the tower with the once connected citywalls. Later they started calling it in short the Schreierstoren. Citation needed date December 2009 The myth that it was the place where sailor s wives were weeping when their men set sail is a romantic falsification. Citation needed date December 2009 External links http www.schreierstoren.nl Schreierstoren Coord 52 22 35 N 4 54 09 E display title region NL NH type landmark source dewiki Category Buildings and structures in Amsterdam Category Towers in the Netherlands Netherlands struct stub da Schreierstoren de Schreierstoren it Schreierstoren nl Schreierstoren ru ...   more details



  1. Matthew Pilkington

    Matthew Pilkington 1701 1774 was the author of a standard text on painters, what would become known as Pilkington s Dictionary . Biography Pilkington was born in 1701 at Ballyboy , King s County, Ireland , wrote poetry, studied to be a minister at Trinity College, Dublin , married Laetitia Pilkington Laetitia , moved to London, and became associated with Jonathan Swift and Henry Walpole . The fractious relations with Mrs. Pilkington were published. He took an interest in historical painting and published a collection of biographies as The Gentleman s and Connoisseur s Dictionary of Painters . His work was widely published through many editions, being renamed A Dictionary of Painters in the 1805 and 1810 versions of Henry Fuseli , before becoming commonly known in the nineteenth century as Pilkington s Dictionary . The 1857 edition is available for free download at http www.ebooksread.com authors eng matthew pilkington.shtml Pilkington s contribution to Rapin de Thoyras Impartial History 1784 has been described as, an extreme falsification of his life. ref name Sorensen cite web url http www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org pilkingtonm.htm title Pilkington, Matthew last Sorensen first Lee date 27 November 2000 work Dictionary of Art Historians accessdate 2009 10 23 ref He died in 1774 in Dublin. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Pilkington, Matthew Category Irish biographers ...   more details



  1. Friedrich Paul Berg

    Friedrich Paul Berg born November 11, 1943 is an United States American Mechanical Engineer and Holocaust denial Holocaust denier . Background Berg was born in New York . He studied Mining Engineering at Columbia University but worked primarily as a Mechanical Engineer . He staged a demonstration outside the offices of NBC in April 1978 following their broadcast of the mini series Holocaust TV miniseries Holocaust . He has since then written numerous books and papers, and presented at conferences denying the Holocaust, specializing in technical scientific arguments. Bibliography 1984 . Diesel Gas Chambers Myth Within a Myth , Journal of Historical Review, 5 1. 1986 . The German Delousing Chambers , Journal of Historical Review, 7 1. 1988 . Typhus and the Jews , Journal of Historical Review, 8 4. References reflist External links http www.nazigassings.com Friedrich Berg s Homepage Falsification of history Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Berg, Friedrich ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Holocaust denier DATE OF BIRTH November 11, 1943 PLACE OF BIRTH New York DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Berg, Friedrich Category 1943 births Category Living people Category People from New York Category Holocaust deniers Category Columbia University alumni Category American engineers ...   more details



  1. International Sport and Leisure

    International Sport and Lesiure ISL was a Swiss sports marketing company that was closely affiliated with FIFA . ref name blatter bribes Cite news date 18 October 2011 url http news.bbc.co.uk sport1 hi football 15357180.stm title Fifa president Sepp Blatter set for U turn over bribes investigation work BBC News Online ref ISL collapsed in 2001 with debts of 153million. ref name bribe shadow Cite news date 13 March 2008 url http www.telegraph.co.uk sport columnists davidbond 2294323 The 66m bribe shadow hanging over Fifa.html title The 66m bribe shadow hanging over Fifa work The Daily Telegraph ref In 2008, following a four year investigation by prosecutors in the Swiss canton of Zug , six former ISL executives, including the former chairman Jean Marie Weber, were accused of a series of charges including fraud, embezzlement and the falsification of documents. ref name bribe shadow ISL were established by former Adidas boss Horst Dassler , ISL were associated with FIFA, the International Olympic Committee and the International Association of Athletics Federations . ref name bribe shadow See also FIFA References Reflist External links http www.telegraph.co.uk sport columnists davidbond 2294323 The 66m bribe shadow hanging over Fifa.html Telegraph article on ISL Category Sports event promotion companies Category Defunct companies of Switzerland Category FIFA ...   more details



  1. Amos Wilson

    notability Biographies date April 2012 unreferenced date April 2012 Amos N. Wilson 1941 &ndash January 14, 1995 was an African American author. He was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1941. He held positions as a Social Caseworker, Psychological Counselor, Supervising Probation Officer, Training Administrator in the New York City Department of Juvenile Justice, and Assistant Professor of Psychology at the City University of New York . He wrote several books including The Developmental Psychology of the Black Child NY Africana Research Publications, 1978 , The Falsification of Afrikan Consciousness Eurocentric History, Psychiatry and the Politics of White Supremacy NY Afrikan World InfoSystems, 1993 , Awakening the Natural Genius of Black Children NY Afrikan World InfoSystems, 1992 , Black on Black Violence The Psychodynamic of Black Self Annihilation in Service of White Domination NY Afrikan World InfoSystems, 1990 , Understanding Black Male Adolescent Violence Its Prevention and Remediation NY Afrikan World InfoSystems, 1992 , and Blueprint for Black Power A Moral, Political and Economic Imperative for the Twenty First Century NY Afrikan World InfoSystems, 1998 . DEFAULTSORT Wilson, Amos Category American writers Category 1941 births Category 1995 deaths ...   more details



  1. Falsifiability

    that all swans are white is false. Falsificationism thus strives for questioning, for falsification ... to distinguish genuine science from the nonscientific. Na ve falsification anchor Na.C3.AFve see ... could not be grounded on such an invalid inference. He proposed falsification as a solution ... of the single black swan. Deductive falsification unreferenced section date November 2011 Deductive falsification is different from an absence of Verification theory verification . The falsification of statements ... So by modus tollens, math neg U math Although the logic of na ve falsification is valid, it is rather ... possible to change the universal statement or the existential statement so that falsification does ... falsification ought to, but does not, supply a way of handling competing hypotheses for many subject ... as a consequence. Therefore, na ve falsification does not enable scientists, who rely on Objectivity science objective criteria, to present a definitive falsification of universal statements. Falsificationism ... to prescribe a rationally unavoidable method for science. Sophisticated methodological falsification ... . Na ve falsification considers scientific statements individually. Scientific theories are formed from ... of na ve falsification, Popper envisioned science as evolving by the successive rejection of falsified ... unexplained phenomena , and as a result, provided greater opportunity for its own falsification . The criterion of demarcation Popper uses falsification as a demarcation problem criterion of demarcation ... length to defend their paradigm against falsification, by the addition of ad hoc hypotheses to existing ... to explain Kuhn s work by arguing that science progresses by the falsification of research programs rather than the more specific universal statements of na ve falsification. In Lakatos approach, a scientist .... Sokal and Bricmont write, When a theory successfully withstands an attempt at falsification, a scientist ... does not lay itself open to falsification, while astronomy does, and this is the litmus test ...   more details



  1. Richard of Verdun

    to Patrick Geary, Richard ...saw nothing contradictory or immoral about his theft or falsification ... or falsification. In Richard s viewpoint, if the relic had not have chosen him to acquire it, it would ...   more details



  1. The Commissar Vanishes

    unreferenced date October 2008 Infobox Book name The Commissar Vanishes br small The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin s Russia small title orig translator image image caption author red link David King illustrator cover artist country UK language English language English series subject art , history genre publisher Canongate Books Ltd UK br Metropolitan Books Henry Holt publisher Henry Holt USA pub date October 1997 english pub date media type pages 192 isbn 978 0862417246 oclc 59592918 preceded by followed by Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name small Music for David King s Book s,all br The Commissar Vanishes br small The Fall of Icarus small Type studio Longtype Artist Michael Nyman Cover Cover size Caption Photo of Isaak Zelensky as censored for Alexander Rodchenko s copy of Ten Years of Uzbekistan Released November 8, 1999 UK br November 18, 1999 USA Recorded Genre Contemporary classical , minimalist music minimalism Length Language Label Virgin Records Virgin Venture , EMI Director Producer Reviews Compiler Chronology Last album Wonderland soundtrack Wonderland br 1999 This album The Commissar Vanishes br 1999 Next album Nabbie s Love br 1999 Misc The Commissar Vanishes The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin s Russia is a 1997 book by David King about the Censorship of images in the Soviet Union censoring of photographs in Stalin s Soviet Union through silent alteration via airbrushing and other techniques. It has an introduction by Stephen F. Cohen . Michael Nyman created a companion album of the same title in 1999. The second disc of the two disc album contains The Fall of Icarus , the score to an eponymous art installation by Peter Greenaway from 1986 in art 1986 which had previously been unreleased. The first disc, The Commissar Vanishes , is a version of The Fall of Icarus that has been defaced similarly to the photographs reproduced in King s book. Track listing Disc 1 The Commissar Vanishes Earth In Turmoil Jealousy ...   more details



  1. Wrong

    other uses A wrong or being wrong is a concept in law , ethics , epistemology , and science . In a colloquial sense, wrongness usually refers to a state of incorrectness, inaccuracy, error, or miscalculation in any number of contexts. More specifically, being wrong refers to a situation wherein an individual has made an error or misjudgment. Law main Civil wrong In law, a wrong can be a legal injury , which is any damage resulting from a violation of a legal right. It can also imply the state of being contrary to the principles of justice or law. It means that something is contrary to conscience or morality and results in treating others unjustly. If the loss caused by a wrong is minor enough, there is no compensation, which principle is known as de minimis non curat lex . Otherwise, damages apply. The law of England recognised the concept of a wrong before it recognised the distinction between civil wrong s and crime s which distinction was developed during the thirteenth century . ref O. Hood Phillips, A First Book of English Law, Sweet and Maxwell, 4th ed., 1960 ref Science A scientific concept is said to be wrong if it can be used to make specific predictions of the results of experiment s, but those predictions do not correspond with physical reality i.e. , the concept can be falsification falsified in the Karl Popper Popperian sense, and has also been shown to be false . Wolfgang Pauli is said to have coined the phrase not even wrong to describe concepts that cannot be falsified either because they do not refer to measurable effects, or because they are too incoherent to be used to make predictions . See also wikiquote Wrongs Error Evil False Goodness and value theory Guilt Guilt law Justice Right References Willis, Hugh. Principles of the Law of Damages . The Keefe Davidson Co. St. Paul, 1910. reflist Category Law Category Philosophy of science Category Scientific terminology Category Concepts in ethics ar fa id Kekeliruan tl Kamalian te ...   more details




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