Contains Chinese text In Chinese phonology , fanqie Chinese pinyin f nqi lit. reverse correspondence is a method to indicate the pronunciation of a Chinese character character by using two other characters. The Origin Before fanqie was widely adopted, method of du ruo , read as was used in works such as Erya 3rd century AD . ref name Casacchia G. Casacchia 2006 . Chinese Linguistic Tradition . Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . Second Edition. London Elsevier. ref Introduction of Chinese Buddhism Buddhism in China around the first century brought Sanskrit . Its phonetic knowledge might have inspired the idea of fanqie ref name Casacchia ref Name Wang W. S. Y. Wang and R. E. Asher 1994 . Chinese Linguistic Tradition . The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics . Oxford Pergamon Press. ref Sun Yan is generally considered to be the first to adopt fanqie in Erya Yinyi , Sounds and Meanings of Erya . He was a man in Wei state during the period of Three Kingdoms 220 280 AD . ref name Casacchia ref name Zhu 1990 in Traditional Chinese This book pointed out that fanqie s use appeared as early as Eastern Han ref In the original fanqie , a character s pronunciation is represented by two other characters. The syllable onset onset initial consonant is represented by that of the first of the two characters upper word , as Chinese was written vertically the final or the rhyme , including the medial glide, the nuclear vowel and the coda and the tone linguistics ... the Sui Dynasty , Qieyun , Cutting Rhymes , a Chinese rhyme dictionary using fanqie was published ... For example, the character is represented by . The third character indicates that this is a fanqie ... to fanqie might look To show the pronunciation of an unknown character, one cut the initial ..., the fanqie spellings are not always accurate for Mandarin language northern languages of Modern ... vi Category Chinese language Category Chinese words and phrases de F nqi es Fanqie fr F nqi gan ... more details
There are and have been several Chinese alphabets , that is pre existing alphabet s adapted to write down the Chinese language . However, the standard Written Chinese Chinese writing system uses a non alphabetic writing system script with an alphabet for supplementary use. ref cite web title Does Chinese have an alphabet? work Zhongwen.com Chinese characters FAQ url http www.zhongwen.com x faq14.htm accessdate 2008 05 31 ref There is no original alphabet native to China. Sometimes the term is used anyway to refer to logographic Chinese character s sinograms . It is more appropriately used, though, for transcription linguistics phonemic transcriptions such as pinyin. Alphabetic transcription of Chinese For the use of the Latin alphabet to transcribe Chinese, see Romanization of Chinese Romanization of Chinese in Taiwan Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin a.k.a. Pinyin the modern international standard for transcription of Standard Chinese Wade Giles Yale Romanization For the use of Cyrillic script to transcribe Chinese, see Cyrillization of Chinese For the use of the Arabic alphabet to transcribe Chinese, see Xiao erjing For another phonetic script in widespread use in Taiwan often called an alphabet but actually a semi syllabary see Zhuyin Zhuyin fuhao a.k.a. bopomofo or Zhuyin See also Chinese character classification Fanqie Transliteration into Chinese characters References references Category Transcription of Chinese To translate Chinese, see Cyrillization of Chinese ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2009 Yuantang is language game spoken by Hakka Chinese Hakka speakers at Yuantang Zh c , a village in Northern and southern China southern China . It is also known as the snake language Citation needed date November 2009 . Rules Example sit fan siu jit fa san eat rice hand learn flower separation . Clearly, the words and are each split into two sounds, the initial and the rime, thus sit is made up of the initial of s and the rime of it , and similarly, fan is f from and an from . This is similar to the traditional Chinese practice of representing sounds by two characters known as fanqie . br This practice also resembles Jin Chinese Jin , another Sinitic language, in its process of splitting a monosyllabic word into two syllables. A similar process is also found in Mandarin Chinese Mandarin . History There is no solid evidence for the original of Yuantang dialect. But it is believed to be an invention of a local intellectual in Qing dynasty . Citation needed date November 2009 DEFAULTSORT Yuantang Dialect Category Hakka language Category Language games Category Chinese language Conlang stub zh ... more details
The Zhonghua Da Zidian zh t s p Zh nghu D Z di n w Chung hua Ta Tzu tien l Chinese Great Dictionary was an unabridged Chinese dictionary of Chinese characters characters published in 1915. The chief editors were Xu Yuan gao , Lu Feikui , and Ouyang Pucun . It was based upon the 1716 Kangxi Zidian , and is internally organized using the 214 Kangxi radicals . The Zhonghua Da Zidian contains more than 48,000 entries for individual characters, including many invented in the two centuries since the Kangxi Dictionary . Each character entry includes the fanqie spelling from the Jiyun , the modern pronunciation given with a common homophone , different meanings up to 40 , classical quotations, and two character compounds using the character. Although Teng and Biggerstaff 1971 131 acknowledge the Zhonghua Da Zidian is very comprehensive and is very carefully compiled, they note three defects. The index, which is arranged by number of Stroke Chinese character strokes , can be inconvenient e.g., 2189 characters are listed under 9 strokes . The margins do not have characters to help locate entries under a radical. The two character phrases may be listed under either component. See also Dai Kan Wa jiten Han Han Dae Sajeon Hanyu Da Cidian Hanyu Da Zidian Kangxi Zidian References Teng, Ssu y and Biggerstaff, Knight. 1971. An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works , 3rd ed. Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 674 03851 7 Zhonghua da zidian , Comprehensive Chinese character dictionary . 1915. 4 vols. Shanghai Zhonghua. Repr. 1981. 2 vols. Beijing Zhonghua. ChineseText Dictionaries of Chinese Category Chinese dictionaries Category 1915 books vi Trung Hoa i t i n zh ... more details
Contains Chinese text The Zhengzitong zh c p Zh ngz t ng w Cheng tzu t ung l Correct Character Mastery was a 17th century Chinese dictionary . The Ming Dynasty scholar Zhang Zilie Chang Tzu lieh originally published it in 1627 as a supplement to the 1615 Zihui dictionary of Chinese characters , and called it the Zihui bian Zihui Disputations . The Qing Dynasty author Liao Wenying Liao Wen ying bought Zhang s manuscript, renamed it Zhengzitong , and published it under his own name in 1671. The received edition Zhengzitong has over 33,000 headwords in 12 fascicles Wikt . Following the format of the Zihui , the character headwords give alternate graphs, fanqie spellings, definitions, explanations, and citations from Chinese classic texts . Zhang Zilie was a native of Jiangxi Province , and his Zhengzitong contains many linguistically valuable dialectal terms from Southeastern China. The famous 1716 Kangxi Zidian relied heavily upon the Zhengzitong . For further information, see Liu 1992 135 139 and Nagatomi 1996 . References Liu Yeqiu . 1992. Zhongguo zidian shilue Historical Outline of Chinese Dictionaries . Beijing Zhonghua Shuju. ISBN 7 101 00840 2 in Chinese Nagatomi Aochi . 1996. . In Nihon jisho jiten Encyclopedia of Dictionaries Published in Japan , ed. Okimori Takuya , et al., p. 163. Tokyo f . ISBN 4 273 02890 5 in Japanese External links http ctext.org library.pl?if en&res 1540&by title E6 AD A3 E5 AD 97 E9 80 9A scanned text Chinese Text Project Dictionaries of Chinese Category Ming Dynasty Category Chinese classic texts Category Chinese dictionaries ja zh ... more details
italic title File Guangyun tone hand.gif thumb The four tones in their conventional geometric arrangement The Guangyun zh t s p Gu ngy n w Kuang Y n l Broad rimes is a Chinese language Chinese rime dictionary that was compiled from 1007 to 1008 under the auspices of Emperor Zhenzong of Song . Chen Pengnian lang zh t , 961 1017 and Qiu Yong lang zh t were the chief editors. It is a revision and expansion of the influential Qieyun rime dictionary of 601, and was itself later revised as the Jiyun . Until the discovery of an almost complete early 8th century edition of the Qieyun in 1947, the Guangyun was the most accurate available account of the Qieyun phonology, and was heavily used in early work on the reconstruction of Middle Chinese. It is still used as a major source. ref Baxter, William H. 1992 , A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology , Berlin Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 978 3 11 012324 1, pp. 38 39. ref ref Norman, Jerry 1988 , Chinese , Cambridge Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978 0 521 29653 3, p. 25. ref The Guangyun has a similar layered organization to the Qieyun The dictionary is split into four tones in five volumes, two for the Middle Chinese level tone lang zh t and one each for the three oblique tones, rising lang zh t , departing lang zh t and entering tone entering lang zh t . Each tone is split into rimes, with a total of 206 final rimes, increased from 193 in the Qieyun . Each rime is divided into groups of homophonous characters, with the pronunciation of each group given by a fanqie formula. The dictionary has a total of 26,194 character entries, each containing a brief explanation of the character s meaning. ref Teng, Ssu y and Biggerstaff, Knight 1971 . An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works , 3rd ed. Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 674 03851 7, p. 146. ref The Unihan database incorporates the SBGY Songben Guangyun Song edition Guangyun dataset with 25,334 head entries for 19,583 cha ... more details
The Yupian zh c p Y pi n w Y p ien Jade Chapters is a circa 543 CE Chinese dictionary edited by Gu Yewang zh Ku Yeh wang 519 581 during the Liang Dynasty . It arranges 12,158 character entries under 542 radical Chinese character radicals , which differ somewhat from the original 540 in the Shuowen Jiezi . Each character entry gives a fanqie pronunciation gloss and a definition, with occasional annotation. Baxter describes the textual history blockquote The original Y pi n was a large and unwieldy work of thirty ju n volumes fascicles , and during T ng and S ng various abridgements and revisions of it were made, which often altered the original f nqi spellings of the original version only fragments remain some two thousand entries out of a reported original total of 16,917 , and the currently available version of the Y pi n is not a reliable guide to Early Middle Chinese phonology. 1992 40 41 blockquote In 760, during the Tang Dynasty , Sun Jiang Sun Chiang compiled a Yupian edition, which he noted had a total of 51,129 words, less than a third of the original 158,641. In 1013, Song Dynasty scholar Chen Pengnian Ch en P eng nien published a revised Daguang yihui Yupian Expanded and enlarged Jade Chapters . The Japanese monk K kai brought an original version Yupian back from China in 806, and modified it into his circa 830 Tenrei Bansh Meigi , which is the oldest extant Japanese dictionary . References Baxter, William H. 1992. A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology . Berlin Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3 11 012324 X External links http www.mojikyo.org html abroad bulletin02 020406.htm A Prospect for the Restoration of the Original Text of Yu p ien , Mojikyo Institute s collaborative project http homepage3.nifty.com shikeda kkg178.html A Database for Tenrei Bansho Meigi , Ikeda Shoju in Japanese Category 6th century books Category Chinese dictionaries Dictionaries of Chinese China stub ling stub ko ja zh ... more details
File Hanyu Dazidian 2006 edition .jpg thumb right 230px 2006 edition The Hanyu Da Zidian zh c p H ny D Z di n l Great Compendium of Chinese Characters is one of the best available reference works on Chinese characters . A group of more than 400 editors and lexicographers began compilation in 1979, and it was published in eight volumes from 1986 to 1989. A separate volume of essays Li and Zhao 1990 documents the lexicographical complexities for this full scale Chinese dictionary . Besides the weighty 5,790 page first edition, there are 3 volume 1995 and pocket 1999 editions. A second edition pictured at right was published in 2006, and has a list of radicals printed on the dust jacket of each volume for quicker character look up. The Hanyu Da Zidian includes 54,678 head entries for characters. They give historical logographic forms such as oracle bone script , bronzeware script , and seal script . Pronunciation is glossed for Old Chinese rime table rime group , Middle Chinese fanqie spelling , and Modern Standard Chinese pinyin . The chronologically numbered definitions cite early Chinese dictionaries especially the Shuowen Jiezi and classic texts. Internal collation collating is by a 200 radical Chinese character radical system, arranged by stroke order stroke count. Volume 8 has appendices, including rime table s for Old and Middle Chinese, variant characters, indexes, and addenda. The Hanyu Da Zidian has become the international standard reference for Chinese characters for example, the Han unification Unihan Database and the Wiktionary cite volume page entry references. See also Dai Kan Wa jiten Han Han Dae Sajeon Hanyu Da Cidian Kangxi Dictionary Kangxi Zidian Zhonghua Da Zidian References ChineseText Hanyu da zidian weiyuanhui , eds. 1986 1989. Hanyu da zidian Comprehensive Chinese Character Dictionary . 8 vols. Wuhan Hubei cishu chubanshe and Sichuan cishu chubanshe. ISBN 7 5403 0030 2. 1995. Corrected ed., 3 vols. Hanyu da zi ... more details
The nihongo Tenrei bansh meigi or Tenrei bansh my gi The myriad things of the universe , pronounced, defined, in seal script and clerical script is the oldest extant Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters . The title is also written with the modern graphic variant ban 10,000 myriad for ban 10,000 myriad . The prominent Heian Period monk and scholar K kai , founder of the Shingon Buddhism, edited his Tenrei bansh meigi around 830 835 CE, and based it upon the circa 543 CE Chinese Yupian dictionary. Among the Tang Dynasty Chinese books that K kai brought back to Japan in 806 CE was an original edition Yupian and a copy of the 121 CE Shuowen Jiezi . One of the National Treasures of Japan held at the K zan ji temple is an 1114 copy of the Tenrei bansh meigi . The Chinese Yupian dictionary defines 12,158 characters under a system of 542 Radical Chinese character radicals b sh u Wikt , which slightly modified the original 540 in the Shuowen jiezi . The Japanese Tenrei bansh meigi defines approximately 1,000 kanji Chinese characters , under 534 radicals bu Wikt , with a total of over 16,000 characters. Each entry gives the Chinese character in ancient seal script, Chinese pronunciation in fanqie , and definition, all copied from the Yupian . The American Japanologist Don Bailey writes blockquote At the time of its compilation, calligraphic style and the Chinese readings and meanings of the characters were probably about all that was demanded of a dictionary, so that the Tenrei bansh meigi suited the scholarly needs of the times. It was compiled in Japan by a Japanese but is in no sense a Japanese dictionary, for it contains not one Wakun Japanese reading . 1960 3 blockquote In modern terms, this dictionary gives borrowed on yomi Sino Japanese readings but not native kun yomi Japanese readings . A later Heian dictionary, the 898 901 CE Shinsen Jiky was the first to include Japanese readings. Ikeda Shoju has studied the conversion of JIS ... more details
The nihongo Jiky sh Mirror of Characters Collection was a circa 1245 CE Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters . The Mirror of Characters title echoes the circa 900 CE Shinsen Jiky , and the internal organization closely follows the circa 1100 CE Ruiju My gish . This Jiky sh dictionary exists in three editions of 3, 7, and 20 fascicle book fascicles kan Wikt scroll volume . The anonymous 3 fascicle edition, also known as the Jiky sh , Mirror of Characters, Annotated , is presumably Chen 1996 119 the original version. The 7 fascicle edition has a postscript dated 1245 that mentions the Buddhist monk Ogawa Sh ch 1205 1281 CE , but does not clarify his editorial role. The 20 fascicle edition records the Kamakura Period court noble Sugawara no Tamenaga , 1158 1246 CE as the dictionary editor. He likely compiled it at the end of his life, in the Kangen era 1243 1247 CE . Head entries in the Jiky sh give the kanji , rime group from the Guangyun , on yomi Sino Japanese reading usually in Chinese fanqie , and kun yomi Japanese reading in katakana . Compared to the last preceding similar dictionary, the twelfth century Ruiju My gish , writes Bailey 1960 30 , it is a greatly Japanized work. The primary collation of the Jiky sh is by logographic Radical Chinese character radical , with the characters under a given radical further organized semantically. The 7 fascicle edition has 12 headings mon Wikt , which the 20 fascicle version reduces to 9. These 12 semantic headings are clearly adapted from the first 13 of the 21 headings in the Iroha Jiruish . They begin with Tensh astronomical phenomena and end with Jiji miscellaneous 1 character words , with one change Iroha Jiruish headings 8 and 9, Inshoku foods, drinks and Zatsubutsu miscellaneous things , are combined into Jiky sh heading 8 Zatsubutsu . The 20 fascicle Jiky sh edition likewise combines Inshoku and Zatsubutsu into heading 8 and omits Iroha Jiruish headings 5, 10 ... more details
Jingdian Shiwen zh c p J ngdi n sh w n w Ching tien shih wen l Textual explanations of classics and canons , often abbreviated as Shiwen in Chinese philological literature, was a circa 582 589 CE exegetical dictionary or glossary, edited by the Tang Dynasty classical scholar Lu Deming 556 627 . This Chinese dictionary contains invaluable fanqie annotations for pronunciations of Chinese character character s in the Chinese classic texts , the Taoist ones Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi as well as the Confucian ones. It also cites some ancient books that are no longer extant, and are only known through Jingdian Shiwen . Bernhard Karlgren considered Jingdian Shiwen and the 601 Qieyun rime dictionary as the two primary sources for reconstructing Middle Chinese . Many studies in Chinese historical linguistics for instance, see References utilize the important Jingdian Shiwen data. References Kishima Fumio, http www.zinbun.kyoto u.ac.jp issue gakuho73.html Changes of the Jingdian Shiwen As seen in the Patterns of Usage of the Shiwen copies of the Shundian , The Toho Gakuho Journal of Oriental Studies 73, 2001. in Japanese Lee Tat leung , http sunzi1.lib.hku.hk hkjo article.jsp?book 6&issue 60004 A Study of Pronunciations Different from the Usual in Mao Shih Yin I , A Part of Lu Teh Ming s Ching Tien Shih Wen , United College Journal 4 1 56, 1965. in Chinese Wang Kuan to, http www.cuhk.edu.hk ics journal summaries number8 Wong 20Kuan 20Io.htm A Critical Analysis of the Pronunciation and the Meaning of the Word in the Jingdian Shiwen A Summary , The Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of The Chinese University of Hong Kong 8. External links http ctext.org library.pl?if en&title E7 B6 93 E5 85 B8 E9 87 8B E6 96 87 Various editions of the Jingdian Shiwen Chinese Text Project http www.kohfukuji.com cgi bin kohfukuji dispdata.cgi?id kyo00002 , circa 749 756 Japanese Jingdian shiwen fragment, K fukuji Temple Dictionaries o ... more details
no footnotes date September 2011 Longkan Shoujian zh The Handy Mirror in the Dragon Shrine is a Chinese dictionary compiled during the Liao Dynasty by the monk Xingjun . Completed in 997 , the work had originally been entitled Longkan Shoujing and are synonyms , but had its title changed owing to naming taboo when it was later printed by the Song Dynasty Song publishers. Emperor Taizu of Song Emperor Taizu s grandfather had the name , a homophone of . The earliest surviving edition of the work is an incomplete Korea Korean one, reprinted in China in 1985. Longkan Shoujian was one the many Buddhism Buddhist yinyishu dictionary of pronunciations and meanings produced in ancient China, which were meant to aid the study of Buddhist scriptures. However, the work stands out in two aspects. Firstly, its method of collation is innovative. While Chinese dictionaries before Shoujian collate Chinese character character s either graphically by radical Chinese character radical or phonetically by tone name tone and syllable rime rime , the work employs both methods the radicals, which number 242 including the radical zai miscellaneous , where are found characters difficult to be analyzed graphically , are grouped by tone into four groups each group occupies one juan or fascicle the characters under each radical are in turn grouped by tone. Secondly, it collects more than 26,000 characters with a huge proportion of variant characters. Many of these variants are not recorded in any other works. The characters in it are divided, in terms of orthography, into standard zheng , vulgar su , contemporary jin , archaic gu and alternative huozuo , a classification more elaborated than that used in Ganlu Zishu . The pronunciations of characters in it are indicated by either homophone or fanqie spelling. For some characters, only the pronunciations are given, not the meanings. While being criticized for its unorthodox collation and collection by the Qin ... more details
of the pronunciation in these dictionaries is made using the principle of fanqie , borrowed from the Chinese ... languages, the Tangut fanqie makes distinctions among the rhymes in a systematic and very precise manner. Due to the fanqie , we now have a good understanding of the phonological categories of the language ... more details
The nihongo Ruiju my gish Classified dictionary of pronunciations and meanings, annotated , alternatively misread as Ruij my gish , is a Japanese dictionary from the late Heian Period . The title, sometimes abbreviated as My gish , combines the ruiju classified dictionary from the Wamy Ruijush and the my gi pronunciation and meaning definition from the Tenrei Bansh My gi . Additional Buddhist titles, like Sanb ruiju my gish , use the word sanb Three Jewels because the text was divided into butsu Buddha , h Dharma , and s Sangha sections. The origins of the Ruiju my gish are uncertain. Bailey 1960 6 concludes it was compiled early in the twelfth century, presumably by a priest. Okimori 1996 269 believes the received edition dates from the late 12th century, but the original version was compiled around 1081 1100 CE. There are various received texts of the Ruiju my gish and several indexes. Like other early Japanese dictionaries, the Ruiju my gish borrowed heavily from Chinese dictionaries , in particular the ca. 543 CE Yupian and the 601 CE Qieyun . For collation of character entries, the Chinese Yupian has a system of 542 logographic Radical Chinese character radicals . The Ruiju my gish cuts them down into 120 radicals bu Wikt , even simpler than the ca. 900 CE Japanese Shinsen Jiky system of 160. The Ruiju my gish lists over 32,000 characters and compounds. The entries give both on yomi Sino Japanese borrowings and kun yomi native Japanese readings for kanji , using Chinese fanqie spellings from the Qieyun , Man y gana , and katakana . Meanings are often illustrated by quotations from over 130 Chinese classic texts and classical Japanese literature . These quotes have two types of Kanbun Chinese writing annotations, sh ten tone marks for Chinese tones and Japanese accents, and occasional kunten reading marks for Japanese pronunciations. Many passages contain no Japanese readings at all, says Bailey 1960 6 , but the ... more details
or Qiekou or Fanqie Split one syllable into two the first syllable represents the Syllable Syllable ... from the fanqie system a traditional way of indicating the pronunciation of a Chinese character ... dialect Each consonant and vowel is replaced by a Hakka word. Similar to fanqie spellings. sit ... kaa? Mandarin language Mandarin Fanqie Norwegian language Norwegian R verspr k Take ... more details
Refimprove date September 2010 Chinese name Zhongli Chinese t s p Zh ngl M w Chung li Mo Zhongli Mo ref Yan Shigu described Zhongli Mo s given name as lang zh in his commentary on the Book of Han Biography of Han Xin , volume 34 . This is fanqie , and it means that the name is neither lang zh nor lang zh , but lang zh or lang zh the right part is not lang zh but lang zh . It is not clear whether the radical of the character is lang zh or lang zh , since it differs among different versions of the text, and both characters have the same pronunciation. ref died 201 BC , sometimes read as Zhongli Mei , was a military general who served Xiang Yu during the Chu Han contention period of Chinese history. Biography Rebelling against the Qin Dynasty Zhongli Mo was a native of Yilu Village in present day Guanyun County , Lianyungang , Jiangsu . He joined Xiang Liang s rebel force around 208 BC when uprisings erupted throughout China to overthrow the Qin Dynasty . Initially a common soldier, he was later promoted to the rank of general for his outstanding bravery and prowess on the battlefield. After Xiang Liang was killed in action at the Battle of Dingtao in late 208 BC, Zhongli Mo continued to serve Xiang Liang s nephew, Xiang Yu , and became one of Xiang Yu s two most important subordinates, along with Long Ju . Zhongli Mo was a close friend of Han Xin , then serving as a low ranking soldier in Xiang Yu s army. Zhongli Mo noticed Han Xin s talent and often recommended Han Xin to Xiang Yu, asking Xiang to promote Han to higher ranks, but Xiang disagreed with Zhongli s view and did not put Han in high regard. Han Xin left Xiang Yu later and defected over Xiang Yu s rival, Emperor Gaozu of Han Liu Bang . Han Xin s talent was recognized by Liu Bang and he was appointed by Liu as a general. Chu Han contention Main Chu Han contention Following the collapse of the Qin Dynasty in 207 BC, Xiang Yu and Emperor Gaozu of Han Liu Bang began to engage in ... more details
William H. Baxter s transcription for Middle Chinese is an alphabetic notation recording phonological information from medieval sources, rather than a reconstruction. It was introduced by Baxter as a reference point for his reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology . Sources for Middle Chinese see Rime dictionary Rime table The centre of the study of Chinese historical phonology is the Qieyun , a rime dictionary created by Lu Fayan in 601 as a guide to the proper reading of classic texts. The dictionary divided characters between the four tones , which were subdivided into 193 rhymes and then into homophone groups. The pronunciation of each homophone group is given by a fanqie formula, a pair of common characters respectively indicating the initial and final sounds of the syllable. Lu Fayan s work was very influential, and lead to a series of expanded and corrected versions following the same structure. The most important of these was the Guangyun 1007 8 , in which the number of rhymes was increased to 206, though without significantly changing the phonological system of the Qieyun . Since the Qieyun was thought lost until the mid 20th century, most scholarship has been based on the Guangyun , and its rhyme categories are still used. The Qing dynasty scholar Chen Li analysed the fanqie spellings of the Guangyun , determining which initial and final spellers represented the same sounds, and thus enumerating the initials and finals of the underlying system. sfnp Norman 1988 pp 24 28 sfnp Baxter 1992 pp 33 40 A series of rime table s from the Song dynasty applied a sophisticated analysis to the Qieyun system, though the language had changed in the interim. The initials were identified and categorized by place and manner of articulation. Finals were classified into 16 rhyme classes sh . Within each rhyme class, syllables were classified as either open k i or closed h , as belonging to one of the four tones, and as belonging to one of four divisions d ng , indica ... more details
Expand Chinese date June 2011 Nofootnotes date December 2008 Jyutping is used as the pronunciation guide in this article From the 1980s onwards, the proper Cantonese pronunciation has been much promoted in Hong Kong , with the scholar Richard Ho Richard Ho Man Wui as the iconic campaigner. The very idea of proper pronunciation of Standard Cantonese Cantonese is controversial, as there is no such a thing as mispronunciation in descriptive linguistics. Origins and influences The promotion of proper Cantonese pronunciation is partly a reaction to the so called lazy sound laan5 jam1 adopted by the younger generations. The lazy pronunciations, or sound change s include merge of initial n and l , for example, reading naam4 as laam4 merge of initial ng and dark toned null glottal onsets, for example, reading oi3 as ngoi3 loss of initial ng on light toned words, for example, reading ngo5 as o5 omission of the labialisation w of gw or kw , for example, reading gwok3 as gok3 confusing the final consonants k and t, for example, reading sak1 as sat1. confusing the final consonants n and ng, for example, reading laang5 as laan5 confusing the vowelized consonants m and ng, for example, reading ng4 as m TV and radio programs, including game shows, have been made to promote the proper pronunciation. The campaign has also influenced the local media. Some news reporters and masters of ceremonies in Hong Kong have adopted the proper pronunciations. Arguments The proper readings promoted by Richard Ho are based on the fanqie spelling of Guangyun , an ancient rime dictionary reflecting the sounds of Middle Chinese . Ho holds that, Cantonese phonology being the descendant of the Guangyun system, there are highly regular correspondences between the sounds of Middle Chinese and those of Cantonese. He also holds that the flat and sharp tonal distinction in Middle Chinese is the most important feature from which Cantonese should not deviate, especially whe ... more details
The nihongo Wamy ruijush s or Wamy ruij sh Japanese names for things , classified and annotated is a 938 CE Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters . The Heian Period scholar Minamoto no Shitag , 911 983 CE began compilation in 934, at the request of Emperor Daigo s daughter. This Wamy ruijush title is abbreviated as Wamy sh , and has graphic variants of with wa Wikt harmony Japan for Wa Japan wa Wikt dwarf Japan and with sh Wikt copy summarize for sh Wikt copy annotate . The Wamy ruijush is the oldest extant Japanese dictionary organized into semantic headings, analogous to a Western language thesaurus . This ancient lexicographical collation system was developed in Chinese dictionaries like the Erya , Xiao Erya , and Shiming . The Wamy sh categorizes kanji vocabulary, primarily nouns, into main headings bu Wikt divided into subheadings rui Wikt . For instance, the tenchi heaven and earth heading includes eight semantic divisions like seishuku stars and constellations , un u clouds and rain , and f setsu wind and snow . Each dictionary entry gives the Chinese character, sources cited, Chinese pronunciations with either a homonym or fanqie spelling , definitions, and corresponding Japanese readings in the ancient Man y gana system using K5anji to represent Japanese pronunciation . It cites over 290 sources, both Chinese for example, the Shuowen Jiezi and Japanese the Man y sh . The Wamy ruijush , survives in both a 10 volume edition and a 20 volume edition . The larger one was published in 1617 with a commentary by Nawa D en , 1595 1648 and was used in the Edo Period until the 1883 publication of the 10 volume edition annotated by Kariya Ekisai , 1775 1835 , also known as the Sench Wamy ruijush Annotated commentary to the Wamy ruijush . The 10 volume edition has 24 main headings divided into a total of 128 subheadings, while the 20 volume version has 32 and 249, re ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
