Unreferenced date July 2007 Farinfraredastronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics that deals with objects visible in farinfrared radiation extending from 30 m towards submillimeter wavelengths around 450 m . In the farinfrared, stars are not especially bright, but we can see emission from very cold matter 140 Kelvins or less that is not seen at shorter wavelengths. Huge, cold clouds of gas and dust in Milky Way our own galaxy , as well as in nearby galaxy galaxies , glow in farinfrared ... Array . Most farinfraredastronomy is performed by satellites such as the Herschel Space Observatory , Spitzer Space Telescope Spitzer , IRAS , and Infrared Space Observatory ISO . Future missions will include ASTRO F and the airborne Stratospheric Observatory for InfraredAstronomy SOFIA telescope. See also Infraredastronomy Category Astronomical imaging Category Observational astronomyastronomy stub zh ... clouds . In some of these clouds, new stars are just beginning to form. Farinfrared observations ... as they contract. The center of our galaxy also shines brightly in the farinfrared These emissions ... and cause it to glow brightly in the infrared . The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey BGPS Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey mapped the galaxy for the first time in the farinfrared. Except for the plane of our own Milky Way galaxy , the brightest farinfrared object in the sky is central region of a galaxy called Messier 82 . The nucleus of M82 radiates as much energy in the farinfrared as all of the stars in our galaxy combined. This farinfrared energy comes from dust heated by a source that is hidden from view. The central regions of most galaxies shine very brightly in the farinfrared. Many ... forming stars heating interstellar cloud interstellar dust clouds . These galaxies, far outshine all others galaxies in the farinfrared. The Earth s atmosphere is opaque over most of the farinfrared ... more details
radiation submillimeter waves. Infraredastronomy began in the 1830s, a few decades after the discovery of infrared light by William Herschel in 1800. Early progress was limited, and it was not until ... and Moon were detected in infrared light. After a number of discoveries were made in the 1950s and 1960s in radio astronomy , astronomer s realized the information available outside of the visible wavelength range, and modern infraredastronomy was established. Infrared and optical astronomy are often ... author Rieke, George H. title History of infrared telescopes and astronomy journal Experimental .......25..125R ref The field of infraredastronomy continued to develop slowly in the early 20th century ... to take notice, and infraredastronomy became well established as a subfield of astronomy. ref name rieke Modern infraredastronomyInfrared radiation with wavelengths just longer than visible ... wavelengths. The farinfrared extends to submillimeter wavelengths, which are observed by telescopes ... in the mid infrared and farinfrared regions of the spectrum. To achieve higher angular resolution ... Observatory for InfraredAstronomy and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory . These observatories ... infraredastronomyInfrared spectroscopy List of largest infrared telescopes References reflist External ... navbox DEFAULTSORT InfraredAstronomy Category Astronomical imaging Category Observational astronomy ...File Carina Nebula in infrared light captured by the Hubble Space Telescope .jpg thumb 300px Carina Nebula in infrared light captured by the Hubble Space Telescope Hubble s Wide Field Camera 3. Infraredastronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics that studies astronomical object s visible in infrared IR radiation. The wavelength of infrared light ranges from 0.75 to 300 micrometers. Infrared ... effective over a wavelength range that includes both visible and infrared light. Both fields also use ... are different. Infrared light is absorption electromagnetic radiation absorb ed at many wavelengths ... more details
News news 2011 05 10 11 index.html ref See also Kuiper Airborne Observatory InfraredastronomyFarinfraredastronomy References reflist External links Commons category http www.sofia.usra.edu ... Observatory for InfraredAstronomy SOFIA is a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace ..., and will initially carry nine instruments for infraredastronomy at wavelength s from 1 655 micrometre s and high speed optical astronomy at wavelength s from 0.3 1.1 micrometres. The main instruments are the FLITECAM, a near infrared camera covering 1 5 micrometres FORCAST, covering the mid infrared range of 5 40 micrometres, and HAWC, which spans the farinfrared in the range 42 210 micrometres. The other four instruments include an optical photometer and infrared spectrometer s with various ... title Stratospheric Observatory for InfraredAstronomy 308911 SOFIA Quick Facts year 2010 ... astronomy.shtml Stratospheric Observatory For InfraredAstronomy SOFIA , Department of Astronomy ... For InfraredAstronomy , Moonfest 2009 by NASA Multimedia http www.dfrc.nasa.gov Gallery Photo ... Observatory for InfraredAstronomy hr Stratosferska zvjezdarnica za infracrvenu astronomiju SOFIA nl SOFIA observatorium ja nn Stratospheric Observatory for InfraredAstronomy pl ... s telescope saw first light astronomy first light on May 26, 2010. SOFIA is the successor to the Kuiper ... meter diameter reflecting telescope access to the sky. This telescope is designed for infraredastronomy observations in the stratosphere at altitudes of about 41,000 feet about 12 km . SOFIA ..., which blocks some infrared wavelengths from reaching the ground. At the aircraft s cruising altitude, 85 of the full infrared range will be available. ref name krabbe cite conference first Alfred ... with most large infrared telescopes. ref cite book first Daniel last Malacara coauthors Thompson, Brian ... the infrared part of the beam to the Nasmyth telescope Nasmyth focus where it can be analyzed ... more details
Farinfrared laser FIR laser , terahertz laser is a laser with output wavelength in farinfrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum , between 30 1000 m 300 GHz 10 THz . It is one of the possible sources of terahertz radiation . FIR lasers have application in terahertz time domain spectroscopy , terahertz imaging as well in fusion plasma physics diagnostics. They can be used to detect explosive s and chemical warfare agent s, by the means of infrared spectroscopy or to evaluate the plasma densities by the means of interferometry techniques. FIR lasers typically consist of a long 1 3 meters waveguide filled with gaseous organic molecules, optically laser pumping pumped or via HV discharge. They are highly inefficient, often require helium cooling, high magnetic fields, and or are only line tunable. Efforts to develop smaller solid state alternatives are under way. The p Ge p type germanium laser is a tunable, solid state, farinfrared laser which has existed for over 25 years ref see photo 3 on http spie.org x39922.xml ref . It operates in crossed electric and magnetic fields at liquid helium temperatures. Wavelength selection can be achieved by changing the applied electric magnetic fields or through the introduction of intracavity elements. Quantum cascade laser QCL is a construction of such alternative. It is a solid state semiconductor laser that can operate continuously with output power of over 100 mW and wavelength of 9.5 m. A prototype was already demonstrated. http dx.doi.org 10.1126 science.264.5158.553 and potential use shown http www.brightsurf.com news headlines view.article.php?ArticleID 20538 . Free electron laser s can also operate on farinfrared wavelengths. Femtosecond Ti sapphire laser Ti sapphire modelocking mode locked lasers are also being used to generate very short pulses that can be optical rectification optically rectified to produce a terahertz pulse. See also List of plasma physics articles References Reflist Category Terahertz technology ... more details
around the Sun. NASA image. Main infraredastronomyfarinfraredastronomy Astronomers observe objects ... detected. In astronomy, imaging at infrared wavelengths allows observation of objects obscured by interstellar ... forecasting . Infraredastronomy uses sensor equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions ... www.ipac.caltech.edu Outreach Edu importance.html title IR Astronomy Overview publisher NASA Infrared ... systems use this area of the spectrum. This region is also called the thermal infrared. Farinfrared FIR 15 1,000 m 1.2 80 meV see also farinfrared laser . NIR and SWIR is sometimes called ... text align center MIR style text align center 3&ndash 50 m align left FarInfrared style text ... Outreach Edu Regions irregions.html title Near, Mid and FarInfrared publisher NASA ipac ... FarInfrared style text align center FIR style text align center 25&ndash 40 to 200&ndash 350 ... to the radiation detectable by the human eye , mid and farinfrared are progressively further from ... T ray imaging, which is imaging using farinfrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources ... for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 m and 50 m. Astronomy image ESO Beta ..., and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infraredastronomy. The infrared portion ... observed in the infrared. ref name ir astronomy Art history File Van Eyck Arnolfini Portrait.jpg ... module program started by NVESD. 1978 Infrared imaging astronomy comes of age, observatories planned ... Hyperspectral imaging InfraredastronomyInfrared camera Infrared filter Infrared homing Infrared ...Other uses pp move vandalism small yes File Ir girl.png thumb right An image of two people in mid infrared thermal light false color File Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer first light image.jpg thumb right This infrared space telescope image has blue, green and red corresponding to 3.4, 4.6, and 12 micron wavelengths respectively. Infrared IR light is electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelength ... more details
mm is a typical range for infraredastronomy , farinfraredastronomy , to submillimetre astronomy ... s Stratospheric Observatory for InfraredAstronomy SOFIA in May 2010. Together, United States ... Spitzer Space Telescope , 2003 See also Infraredastronomy List of largest infrared telescopes List of telescope types Notes references Category Telescope types Category Infrared imaging astronomy ...File WyomingInfraRedObservatory.jpg thumb right 200px Wyoming Infrared Observatory File SOFIA with open telescope doors.jpg thumb right 200px SOFIA is an infrared telescope in an aircraft, allowing high altitude observations An infrared telescope is a telescope that uses infrared light to detect celestial bodies. Infrared light is one of several types of radiation present in the electromagnetic spectrum ... visible light optical , as well as infrared telescopes. Discoveries Leading to the Invention of the Infrared Telescope In 1800, William Herschel discovered infrared radiation. In 1878, Samuel Pierpoint ... detect incredibly small changes in temperature in the infrared spectrum. In the 1950s, scientists used lead sulfide detectors to detect the infrared radiation from space. These detectors were cooled with liquid nitrogen . Between 1959 and 1961, Harold Johnson created near infrared photometer s which ... bolometer. This invention, cooled by liquid helium , led the way for current infrared telescope development. http www.ipac.caltech.edu Outreach Edu Timeline timeline2.html The three different types of infrared ... types of telescopes contain an infrared camera that must be cooled to hundreds of degrees below zero as well as a special solid state infrared detector. http coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu cosmic classroom ask astronomer faq obs.shtml Ground based telescopes were the first type of infrared telescopes ... have limitations because water vapor in the Earth s atmosphere absorbs infrared radiation. Ground based infrared telescopes tend to be placed on high mountains and in very dry climates to improve ... more details
galactic nuclei . ref name shu1982 ref name cox2000 Infraredastronomy Main InfraredastronomyInfraredastronomy deals with the detection and analysis of infrared radiation wavelengths longer ... Staff date 11 September 2003 title Why infraredastronomy is a hot topic publisher ESA url http www.esa.int ... only at near infrared wavelengths. Main Optical astronomy Historically, optical astronomy, also ... near ultraviolet and near infrared radiation. Ultraviolet astronomy Main Ultraviolet astronomy Ultraviolet ... remnant Astronomy is a natural science that deals with the study of Astronomical object celestial ... . Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Prehistoric cultures left behind astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian astronomy Egyptian monuments , Nubian pyramids Nubian monuments and Stonehenge , and early civilizations such as the Babylonian astronomy Babylonians , Greek astronomy Greeks , Chinese astronomy Chinese , Indian astronomy Indians , Iranian peoples Iranians and Maya civilization ... was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science. Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry , celestial navigation , observational astronomy, the making of calendar s, and astrology , but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics . During the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational astronomy observational and theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused ... principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy is oriented towards the development of computer or analytical ... astronomy seeking to explain the observational results, and observations being used to confirm theoretical results. amateur astronomy Amateur astronomers have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries, and astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena . Astronomy is not to be confused ... more details
wiktionarypar far selfref For Wikipedia s featured article review process, see Wikipedia Featured article review . Far or FAR may refer to TOCright Organizations Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias Argentina , a guerrilla group in Argentina Forces Arm es Rwandaises, the Rwandan Armed Forces Forces Arm es Royales , the Moroccan Army Fund for Armenian Relief Rebel Armed Forces Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes Rebel Armed Forces , the first guerilla organization in Guatemala FAR Rabat , a Moroccan football club FAR Tracteurs FAR , a French truck manufacturer http forum.alpinerenault.com FAR , acronym of Forum Alpine Renault, fully dedicated to all Alpine and Renault Sport cars fans Science, technology, and medicine FarinfraredastronomyFar Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer , a space based telescope False accept rate in biometrics Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC First Assessment Report 1990 The First Assessment Report of the IPCC Final Analytical Report Architecture and planning Floor Area Ratio Floor Space Index , a measurement of building density Transportation Fargo Amtrak station , North Dakota s Amtrak station code FAR Federal Aviation Regulations Hector International Airport in Fargo, North Dakota IATA airport code Television, film, and music Far band , rock band from California Far album , the fifth studio album from musician Regina Spektor Computers FAR Manager , a Win32 Norton Commander clone Far pointer , in computer science Government Federal Acquisition Regulations Federal Aviation Regulations ... Far East , or South and Southeast Asia Far Eastern Republic Far Eastern Federal District See also Distance Fars disambiguation Near disambiguation disambig ca Far desambiguaci da Far de FAR es Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias desambiguaci n eo FAR fr Far ko FAR it FAR nl FAR pt FAR ja FAR pl Far ru tr Far ... more details
Infrared cirrus are filamentary structures seen in infrared light. The name is given because the structure looks cloud like in appearance. First detected by the IRAS InfraredAstronomy Satellite at wavelengths of 60 and 100 micrometres. See also Cosmic infrared background radiation External links http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0507587 Molecular Hydrogen in Infrared Cirrus , Kristen Gillmon, J. Michael Shull, 2006 Abstract http arxiv.org pdf astro ph 0507587 PDF Paper http www.sofia.usra.edu Science science cases dowell v2.pdf The Physics of Infrared Cirrus , C. Darren Dowell, Roger H. Hildebrand, Alex Lazarian, Michael W. Werner, Ellen Zweibel DEFAULTSORT Infrared Cirrus Category Interstellar media astronomy stub de Infrarot Cirrus fr Cirrus infrarouge zh ... more details
vs. Infrared 900nm LP Aerial Photography of Old Hickory Lake , Tennessee . Taken from a passenger airplane within seconds apart using SONY H 9 Digital camera. In infrared photography , the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the visible spectrum spectrum used is referred to as near infrared to distinguish it from farinfrared, which is the domain of thermal ... useful to infraredastronomy . ref http adsabs.harvard.edu full 1934ApJ....79..183M Harvard paper, 1932 Early Infraredastronomy ref Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts ... in wavelength to visible light and farinfrared is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, farinfrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter ... the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness. Most apochromat ic APO lenses do not have an Infrared ... infrared including those used in infraredastronomy often require cooling, since all objects at room ... range less far into infrared. These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative ... Top tree photographed in the near infrared range. Bottom same tree in the Visible spectrum ... Infrared image of the Mississippi River crossed by a bridge and a dam, between red foliage on left .... Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared passing filter is used this lets infrared ... thus looks black or deep red . Infrared filter may refer either to such a filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths. When these band pass filter filters are used together with infrared sensitive film or sensors, very interesting in camera effect s can be obtained false ... in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood , and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared. The other attributes of infrared ..., result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds ... more details
An infrared excess is a measurement of an astronomical source, typically a star , that has a greater measured infrared radiative flux flux than expected by assuming the star is a blackbody radiation blackbody radiator . Infrared excesses are often the result of circumstellar dust and are common in young stellar object s and evolved stars on the asymptotic giant branch or Post AGB older . References cite book last Evans first Aneurin title The Dusty Universe publisher Ellis Horwood date 1993 pages 155 165 Category Observational astronomyastronomy stub de Infrarotexzess lb Infraroutexzess sk Infra erven prebytok zh ... more details
vibrational structure. The farinfrared, approximately 400 10 wavenumber cm sup 1 sup ... issue 25 ref See also col begin col 3 Absorption spectroscopy Applied spectroscopy Farinfrared ... 3 Infraredastronomy Microscopy Infrared microscopy Infrared microscopy Infrared spectroscopy correlation ...For a table of IR spectroscopy data infrared spectroscopy correlation table Infrared spectroscopy IR spectroscopy is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum ... is a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectrometer . The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is usually divided into three regions the near , mid and farinfrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The higher energy near IR, approximately ... mathematics harmonic vibrations. The mid infrared, approximately 4000 400 cm sup 1 sup 2.5 ... based on the relative molecular or electromagnetic properties. Theory Infrared spectroscopy exploits ... results in an unexpected shift in energy and intensity of the bands. Practical IR spectroscopy The infrared spectrum of a sample is recorded by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. When ... of very complex mixtures. Spectra issues with infrared fluorescence are rare. Sample ... of the interest. A simple glass tube with length of 5 to 10 cm equipped with infrared windows ... the infrared light is guided with mirrors to travel through the gas. White s cells are available ... to the infrared light and do not introduce any lines onto the spectra. Solid samples can ... spectrometer. A beam of infrared light is produced, passed through an interferometer not shown , and then split ... of the light source drifts over time. To take the infrared spectrum of a sample, it is necessary ... for example, what light source is used, what infrared detector is used, etc. . The reference measurement ... is not perfectly reliable if the infrared lamp is a bit brighter during the reference measurement ... more details
. The Very Long Wavelength Infrared VLIR band is used in spectroscopy and astronomy. Image IR detectors ...Infrared vision can be defined as the capability of biological or artificial systems to detect infrared ... in this context since infrared emissions from a body are directly related to their temperature hotter objects emit more energy in the infrared spectrum than colder ones. The human body, as well as many ... environment. Since hotter objects emit more infrared energy than colder ones, it is relatively easy to identify them with an infrared detector , day or night. Hence, the term night vision is also used sometimes misused in the place of infrared vision , since one of the original purposes in developing ... . ref However, night vision concerns the ability to see in the dark although not necessarily in the infrared ... HowStuffWorks . ref light intensifiers or infrared vision. The former technology uses a photocathode to convert light in the visible or near infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum to electrons, amplify the signal and transform it back to photons. Infrared vision on the other hand, uses an infrared detector working at mid or long wavelengths invisible to the human eye to capture the heat emitted by an object. The infrared spectrum Image Infrared spectrum.gif thumb right 400px The infrared bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. The entire electromagnetic spectrum highlighting the infrared ... from one author to another, ref Hudson R. D. 1969, Infrared System Engineering , John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA. ref ref Piotrowski J. and Rogalski A. 2004, Uncooled Long Wavelength Infrared Photon Detectors , Infrared Phys. Technol., 46 115 131. ref ,. ref Rogalski A. and Chrzanowski K. 2002, Infrared .... 2004, Infrared Imaging and Open Heart Surgery, from InfraredThermography.com by Advanced Infrared ... of the atmospheric transmittance windows, i.e. the wavelengths regions in which infrared radiation is better transmitted through the atmosphere, the detector materials used to build the infrared ... more details
infrared for the range between 1400 nm and 3000 nm Farinfrared or dark emitters for everything above 3000 nm. File Carbon heater.jpg thumb right A household infrared electric heater Elements Infrared heaters use either a fuel to heat an emitter, or an electrically heated Electrical filament filament as the emitting body. An infrared lamp will protect the filament with a heat ... maximum power densities of up to 60 kW m medium wave and 150 kW m CIR . Farinfrared emitters FIR are typically used in the so called low temperature farinfrared sauna s. These constitute ..., farinfrared emitters use low watt ceramic plates that remain cold, while still emitting farinfrared ... oxygen bond to radiate farinfrared rays. Citation needed date November 2010 Quartz glass heating ... high quality, long wave farinfrared heat, but the problem is they do not produce a big amount of it. For this reason ... should be moderated. ref http www.goaskalice.columbia.edu 0753.html ref Farinfrared This heating ... radiation. Because the heating elements are at a relatively low temperature, farinfrared heaters ... chemical sensitivity in Europe. Because farinfrared technology does not heat the air of the room directly, and infrared rays are directional, only the person who is receiving directly the farinfrared rays will feel warm in the room. Therefore, in the case of farinfrared space heater s, it is extremely important to make a study of the room and place the farinfrared panels directed to the places ... and show a strong reflectivity in the medium and farinfrared. This makes a careful selection of the right ...An infrared heater is a body with a higher temperature which transfers energy to a body with a lower ... of the infrared radiation ranges from 780 nm to 1 mm. The relationship between ... the two bodies is needed for the energy transfer. One classification of infrared heaters is by the wavelength bands of infrared emission. Short wave or near infrared for the range from 780 nm ... more details
problems, such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome . Only if the sauna uses farinfrared technology, the sauna ... humid hot air saunas. This is because farinfrared rays do not heat the air inside the sauna, but they still heat the body. However, most infrared saunas in the market do not use the expensive farinfrared panels, which can be touched because they remain always cold, but much cheaper low and medium infrared heaters, which remain very hot when used and also heat the air of the sauna. Energy expenditure and weight loss Some infrared sauna proponents claim that the sauna is an effective method for considerably ...refimprove date October 2009 File Infraszauna 001.jpg thumb The interior of an infrared sauna. An infrared sauna uses Infrared heater infrared heaters to emit infrared thermal radiation radiant heat which is absorbed directly into the human body, unlike traditional sauna s which heat the body indirectly via air or steam. Health benefit claims A study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis showed a reduction in pain, stiffness and fatigue during infrared sauna therapy, but this could have been due only to chance i.e. not the sauna as these did not reach statistical significance. ref cite journal author Oosterveld FG, Rasker JJ, Floors M, et al. title Infrared sauna in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. A pilot study showed good tolerance, short term improvement of pain and stiffness, and a trend towards long term beneficial effects journal Clin. Rheumatol. volume 28 issue 1 pages 29 34 year 2009 month January pmid 18685882 doi 10.1007 s10067 008 0977 y ref Another benefit claim is that since saunas increase perspiration, they purportedly liberate undisclosed toxins. Saunas have been recommended for this ostensible reason to people who are told they have high levels of toxicity in their body, although the supposed, offending toxins ... Infrared Sauna Category Bathing Category Light therapy cs Infrasauna de Infrarotw rmekabine ... more details
Infrared may mean The infrared range of light. Infrared spectroscopy subset of spectroscopy Infrared record label , a UK based record label. Infra Red song , a song by the band Placebo band Placebo . Disambig ... more details
Infrared Mammography is a specific form of breast thermography. The term was trademarked in 2011 by Infrared Medical Solutions and refers to the methods and standards used by Dr. Philip Hoekstra to perform breast thermography. Category Infrared imaging ... more details
saved book title Astronomy subtitle An overview cover image Galaxy SMM J2135 0102.jpg cover color black Astronomy An overview Main article Astronomy History History of astronomy Archaeoastronomy Observational astronomy Observational astronomy Radio astronomyInfraredastronomy Visible light astronomy Ultraviolet astronomy X ray astronomy Gamma ray astronomy Astrometry Celestial mechanics Specific subfields of astronomy Sun Planetary science Planetary geology Star Galactic astronomy Extragalactic astronomy Physical cosmology Amateur astronomy Amateur astronomy The International Year of Astronomy 2009 International Year of Astronomy Category Wikipedia books on astronomyAstronomy ... more details
Infrared lamps are electrical devices which emit infrared radiation. Infrared lamps have many uses, but are most commonly used in communication and heating . Less common uses include illumination for use with night vision device s. Heating main Infrared heater Radiant heating Infrared heating uses infrared lamps, commonly called heat lamps to transmit infrared radiation to the body that is being heated. When large bodies or bodies with a large surface area need to be heated, infrared lamps are often used in banks. Infrared heat lamps are commonly incandescent bulbs which are able to produce infrared radiation. Infrared lamps have many industrial applications including curing coatings and preparing plastic for forming, commercial applications such as cooking and browning food, and personal applications such as providing heat especially in bathrooms and for pets . Communication Image Blue infrared light.jpg thumb 300px right Infrared light from the LED of a remote control as seen by a digital camera. IR data transmission is also employed in short range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistant s. These devices usually conform to standards published by Infrared Data Association IrDA , the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light emitting diode s LEDs to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic Lens optics lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulation modulated , i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data . The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric Current electricity current . It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful ... not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote control s to command appliances. See also Infrared Applications Infrared communications applications Category ... more details
Infobox prepared food name Farfar image caption Farfar country India course Snack main ingredient Potato starch , sago variations Tapioca and or wheat flour Farfar is an Indian cuisine Indian snack food composed primarily of potato starch and tinted sago . They may also contain tapioca and wheat flour . ref cite web url http www.miltopexports.com far far.htm title Miltop FarFar publisher Miltop Exports date accessdate 2012 01 22 ref Farfar puff up instantly when deep frying deep fried , and they are either eaten as a snack or served like a papadum to accompany a meal. ref name bladholm cite book last Bladholm first Linda title The Indian Grocery Store Demystified year 2000 publisher Renaissance Books location New York isbn 1 58063 143 6 pages 53 url http books.google.com books?id nCCEmAIo7HAC&pg PA53&lpg PA53&dq 22far far 22 sago&source bl&ots vTaRGeAUWn&sig eN8Jr31hbiPEpOZLj86f8EXNhJA&hl en&sa X&ei mKAdT9qEBozcggezqvnhBg&ved 0CCgQ6AEwAQ v onepage&q&f false edition 1st ed. ref They come in a variety of colors and shapes such as stars, hollow tubes, and flat squares. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Farfar Category Indian cuisine Category Vegetarian cuisine Category Deep fried foods Category Potato dishes Category Snack foods ... more details
The term infrared signature is used by Military science defense scientists and the military to describe the appearance of objects to infrared sensors . An infrared signature depends on many factors, including ... estimation of solid angle subtended by complex well resolved surfaces for infrared detection ..., Gaitonde, U.N., & Marathe A.G. 2001 Numerical studies of infrared signature levels of complete aircraft ..., & Rao, G.A. 2009 Study of sunshine, skyshine, and earthshine for aircraft infrared detection, Journal ... infrared signatures , AIAA Journal of Aircraft , v. 42 4 , pp. 1046 1054. ref and the waveband of the detecting sensor. As such there is no all encompassing definition of infrared signature nor any trivial means of measuring it. For example the infrared signature of a truck viewed against a field will vary significantly with changing weather, time of day and engine loading. Infrared stealth is an area of stealth technology aimed at reducing infrared signatures. ref Mahulikar, S.P., Sonawane, H.R., & Rao, G.A. 2007 Infrared signature studies of aerospace vehicles , Progress in Aerospace Sciences , v. 43 7 8 , pp. 218 245. ref This reduces a platform s susceptibility to infrared guided weapons and infrared surveillance sensors, ref Rao, G.A., & Mahulikar, S.P. 2005 New criterion for aircraft susceptibility to infrared homing missiles , Aerospace Science & Technology , v. 9 8 , pp. 701 712. ref and thus increases the platform s overall survivability. Infrared stealth is particularly ..., S.P., Rao, G.A., Sane, S.K., & Marathe, A.G. 2005 Aircraft plume infrared signature in nonafterburning ..., S.K. 2008 Infrared signature suppression of helicopter engine duct based on conceal and camouflage ... soldiers. A military aim in studying infrared signatures is to understand the likely infrared signature of threats and develop the equipment required to detect them and to reduce the infrared ... with sensors to detect the exhaust plumes of incoming anti ship missile s while also having an infrared ... more details
Infobox settlement name Far other name native name settlement type Village image skyline imagesize image caption pushpin map Saudi Arabia pushpin label position right pushpin map caption Location in Saudi Arabia coordinates display inline,title coordinates region SA subdivision type List of sovereign states Country subdivision name flag Saudi Arabia subdivision type1 Provinces of Saudi Arabia Province subdivision name1 Al Madinah Province subdivision type2 subdivision name2 subdivision type3 subdivision name3 subdivision type4 subdivision name4 leader title leader name established title established date area total km2 population as of population footnotes population total population density km2 timezone East Africa Time EAT utc offset 3 timezone DST East Africa Time EAT utc offset DST 3 latd 23 latm 49 lats latNS N longd 38 longm 52 longs longEW E elevation footnotes elevation m elevation ft website footnotes Far is a village in Al Madinah Province , in western Saudi Arabia . ref National Geospatial Intelligence Agency . GeoNames database entry. http geonames.nga.mil ggmagaz search Accessed 12 May 2011. ref References Reflist Al Madinah Province Category Populated places in Al Madinah Province SaudiArabia geo stub ... more details
Infobox Settlement See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage Basic info name Far an other name native name for cities whose native name is not in English nickname settlement type images and maps image skyline imagesize image caption pushpin map Yemen pushpin label position bottom pushpin mapsize 300 pushpin map caption Location in Yemen Location subdivision type Country subdivision name flag Yemen subdivision type1 Governorates of Egypt Governorate subdivision name1 Abyan Governorate Abyan subdivision type2 subdivision name2 Politics government footnotes government type leader title leader name established title Settled established date Area area magnitude unit pref Imperial Enter Imperial, if Imperial metric is desired area footnotes area total km2 ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion area land km2 See table Template Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion Population population as of population footnotes population note population total population density km2 population density sq mi population metro population density metro km2 population density metro sq mi General information timezone Yemen Standard Time utc offset 3 timezone DST utc offset DST latd latm lats latNS N longd longm longs longEW E elevation footnotes elevation m elevation ft website footnotes Far an is a village in south western Yemen . It is located in the Abyan Governorate . External links http www.tageo.com index e ym v 01.htm?Abyan Towns and villages in the Abyan Governorate Abyan geo stub Abyan Governorate coord missing Yemen Category Populated places in Abyan Governorate ... more details
in farinfrared spectral lines between about 16 and 28 m. Clouds are excellent emitters of infrared radiation. Window radiation from cloud tops arises at altitudes where the air temperature ... potential, defined only by one factor, the wavelength. The importance of the infrared atmospheric ... 3 21 1 26. ref Nowadays, accurate line by line computations are possible, and careful studies of the infrared atmospheric window have been published. Kinetics of the infrared atmospheric window The infrared ... spectral window. Mechanisms in the infrared atmospheric window The infrared absorptions of the principal .... 1972 . The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. 1. Calibrated thermal emission spectra. Journal ... CA, ISBN 9780495555735. ref . Importance for life Without the infrared atmospheric window, the Earth ... of the infrared atmospheric window has become threatened by the development of highly unreactive ... tutorial irwindows.html IR Atmospheric Window DEFAULTSORT Infrared Window Category Atmosphere Atmospheric ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some film scanner s and flatbed scanner s to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished image scanning scan . It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible colour channels red, green, and blue . This infrared channel can be used to automatically remove the appearance of dust and scratches in the visible channels and replace them by inpainting . Approaches Scanners use three different techniques for doing this Nikon film scanners ... infrared light source. At each scan position, the scanner uses an RGB linear array to scan the film in RGB and RGB Infrared. This is as fast as the Nikon approach, since only one physical pass over ..., an RGB light source and an infrared light source. These scanners make two passes over the film once for RGB and once for infrared. This is slower than the Nikon or Minolta approach, since two passes ... quality. Applicability The three color dyes in modern color film emulsions respond equally to infrared light, so the infrared image looks relatively opaque compared to the RGB image. Any dust spots or scratches appear as dark spots in infrared, making it easy to find and correct for these dust spots. Kodachrome film dyes are more sensitive to infrared than Ektachrome film dyes, making it more ... s ref http www.silverfast.com highlights isrd en.html ref , claim to use infrared cleaning to find dust spots even when scanning Kodachrome. Infrared cleaning doesn t work at all with silver halide ... particles respond equally in visible light and infrared light . History IBM originally developed and patented infrared cleaning, and subsequently licensed this patent to Applied Science Fiction ASF . Canon has a patent cross licensing agreement with IBM and was able to use the IBM s infrared cleaning ... developed infrared cleaning algorithms which are completely different from IBM s patented ... more details
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