Farinfraredlaser FIR laser , terahertz laser is a laser with output wavelength in farinfrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum , between 30 1000 m 300 GHz 10 THz . It is one of the possible sources of terahertz radiation . FIR lasers have application in terahertz time domain spectroscopy , terahertz imaging as well in fusion plasma physics diagnostics. They can be used to detect explosive s and chemical warfare agent s, by the means of infrared spectroscopy or to evaluate the plasma densities by the means of interferometry techniques. FIR lasers typically consist of a long 1 3 meters waveguide filled with gaseous organic molecules, optically laser pumping pumped or via HV discharge. They are highly inefficient, often require helium cooling, high magnetic fields, and or are only line tunable. Efforts to develop smaller solid state alternatives are under way. The p Ge p type germanium laser is a tunable, solid state, farinfraredlaser which has existed for over 25 years ref see photo 3 on http spie.org x39922.xml ref . It operates in crossed electric and magnetic fields at liquid helium temperatures. Wavelength selection can be achieved by changing the applied electric magnetic fields or through the introduction of intracavity elements. Quantum cascade laser QCL is a construction of such alternative. It is a solid state semiconductor laser that can operate continuously with output power of over 100 mW and wavelength of 9.5 m. A prototype was already demonstrated. http dx.doi.org 10.1126 science.264.5158.553 and potential use shown http www.brightsurf.com news headlines view.article.php?ArticleID 20538 . Free electron laser s can also operate on farinfrared wavelengths. Femtosecond Ti sapphire laser Ti sapphire modelocking mode locked lasers are also being used to generate very short pulses that can be optical rectification optically rectified to produce a terahertz ... Category Laser types electronics stub nl Infraroodlaser ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 Farinfrared astronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics that deals with objects visible in farinfrared radiation extending from 30 m towards submillimeter wavelengths around 450 m . In the farinfrared, stars are not especially bright, but we can see emission from very cold matter 140 Kelvins or less that is not seen at shorter wavelengths. Huge, cold clouds of gas and dust in Milky Way our own galaxy , as well as in nearby galaxy galaxies , glow in farinfrared light. This is due to thermal radiation of Interstellar Dust interstellar dust contained in molecular clouds . In some of these clouds, new stars are just beginning to form. Farinfrared observations ... as they contract. The center of our galaxy also shines brightly in the farinfrared These emissions ... and cause it to glow brightly in the infrared . The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey BGPS Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey mapped the galaxy for the first time in the farinfrared. Except for the plane of our own Milky Way galaxy , the brightest farinfrared object in the sky is central region of a galaxy called Messier 82 . The nucleus of M82 radiates as much energy in the farinfrared as all of the stars in our galaxy combined. This farinfrared energy comes from dust heated by a source that is hidden from view. The central regions of most galaxies shine very brightly in the farinfrared. Many ... forming stars heating interstellar cloud interstellar dust clouds . These galaxies, far outshine all others galaxies in the farinfrared. The Earth s atmosphere is opaque over most of the farinfrared ... Array . Most farinfrared astronomy is performed by satellites such as the Herschel Space Observatory , Spitzer Space Telescope Spitzer , IRAS , and Infrared Space Observatory ISO . Future missions will include ASTRO F and the airborne Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy SOFIA telescope. See also Infrared astronomy Category Astronomical imaging Category Observational ... more details
systems use this area of the spectrum. This region is also called the thermal infrared. Farinfrared FIR 15 1,000 m 1.2 80 meV see also farinfraredlaser . NIR and SWIR is sometimes called ... text align center MIR style text align center 3&ndash 50 m align left FarInfrared style text ... Outreach Edu Regions irregions.html title Near, Mid and FarInfrared publisher NASA ipac ... FarInfrared style text align center FIR style text align center 25&ndash 40 to 200&ndash 350 ... to the radiation detectable by the human eye , mid and farinfrared are progressively further from ... T ray imaging, which is imaging using farinfrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources ... optical communication using infraredlaser s can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications ... around the Sun. NASA image. Main infrared astronomy farinfrared astronomy Astronomers observe objects ...Other uses pp move vandalism small yes File Ir girl.png thumb right An image of two people in mid infrared thermal light false color File Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer first light image.jpg thumb right This infrared space telescope image has blue, green and red corresponding to 3.4, 4.6, and 12 micron wavelengths respectively. Infrared IR light is electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelength ... near room temperature. Infrared light is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their Infrared ... in the form of infrared radiation. Sunlight at zenith provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilo kilo watt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 ... ref The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on the Earth s climate. Infrared light is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night vision devices using infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. In astronomy, imaging at infrared wavelengths allows observation of objects obscured by interstellar ... more details
visible light , hence infraredlaser , ultraviolet laser , X ray laser , and so on. Because the microwave predecessor of the laser, the maser , was developed first, devices of this sort operating ... , then at Bell Labs , began a serious study of the infraredlaser. As ideas developed, they abandoned ... pumps a Nd YVO sub 4 sub crystal inside a laser cavity. That laser produces 1064 nm infrared light ... sapphire laser Ti sapphire produces a highly tunable laser tunable infraredlaser, commonly used for spectroscopy ...Other uses pp semi small yes Image Military laser experiment.jpg thumb 300px right United States Air Force laser experiment File RGB laser.jpg thumb 300px right Red 635 nm , green 532 nm , and blue violet 445 nm lasers A laser is a device that emits light electromagnetic radiation through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photon s. The term laser ... ref cite web accessdate 2008 05 15 url http dictionary.reference.com browse laser title laser publisher Reference.com ref The emitted laser light is notable for its high degree of spatial and temporal ... a so called pencil beam. Laser beams can be focused to very tiny spots, achieving a very high ... using simpler technologies. Terminology File Laser play.jpg thumb Laser beams in fog, reflected on a car windshield The word laser started as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission ... , the laser was called an optical maser this term is now obsolete. ref cite web title Schawlow and Townes invent the laser publisher Lucent Technologies year 1998 url http www.bell labs.com about history laser accessdate 2006 10 24 ref A laser which produces light by itself is technically an optical ... amplifiers have come to be referred to as laser amplifiers , notwithstanding the apparent redundancy ..., meaning to produce laser light, ref cite web url http dictionary.reference.com browse lase title ... medium of a laser when a laser is operating it is said to be lasing. Further use of the words ... more details
A. Laser is an Indian politician and incumbent member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Periyakulam State Assembly Constituency Periyakulam constituency . He represents the Communist Party of India Marxist party. ref cite web title List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 url http www.assembly.tn.gov.in member list.pdf publisher Govt. of Tamil Nadu ref References Reflist CPIndiaMarxist politician stub Persondata NAME Laser, A. ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Indian politician DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Laser, A. Category Tamil Nadu MLAs Category Communist Party of India Marxist politicians from Tamil Nadu Category Communist Party of India Marxist politicians Category Living people Category Year of birth missing living people ... more details
wiktionarypar far selfref For Wikipedia s featured article review process, see Wikipedia Featured article review . Far or FAR may refer to TOCright Organizations Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias Argentina , a guerrilla group in Argentina Forces Arm es Rwandaises, the Rwandan Armed Forces Forces Arm es Royales , the Moroccan Army Fund for Armenian Relief Rebel Armed Forces Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes Rebel Armed Forces , the first guerilla organization in Guatemala FAR Rabat , a Moroccan football club FAR Tracteurs FAR , a French truck manufacturer http forum.alpinerenault.com FAR , acronym of Forum Alpine Renault, fully dedicated to all Alpine and Renault Sport cars fans Science, technology, and medicine Farinfrared astronomy Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer , a space based telescope False accept rate in biometrics Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC First Assessment Report 1990 The First Assessment Report of the IPCC Final Analytical Report Architecture and planning Floor Area Ratio Floor Space Index , a measurement of building density Transportation Fargo Amtrak station , North Dakota s Amtrak station code FAR Federal Aviation Regulations Hector International Airport in Fargo, North Dakota IATA airport code Television, film, and music Far band , rock band from California Far album , the fifth studio album from musician Regina Spektor Computers FAR Manager , a Win32 Norton Commander clone Far pointer , in computer science Government Federal Acquisition Regulations Federal Aviation Regulations ... Far East , or South and Southeast Asia Far Eastern Republic Far Eastern Federal District See also Distance Fars disambiguation Near disambiguation disambig ca Far desambiguaci da Far de FAR es Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias desambiguaci n eo FAR fr Far ko FAR it FAR nl FAR pt FAR ja FAR pl Far ru tr Far ... more details
vibrational structure. The farinfrared, approximately 400 10 wavenumber cm sup 1 sup ... of femtosecond infraredlaser pulses. In this experiment, first a set of pump pulses ... issue 25 ref See also col begin col 3 Absorption spectroscopy Applied spectroscopy Farinfrared ...For a table of IR spectroscopy data infrared spectroscopy correlation table Infrared spectroscopy IR spectroscopy is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum ... is a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectrometer . The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is usually divided into three regions the near , mid and farinfrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The higher energy near IR, approximately ... mathematics harmonic vibrations. The mid infrared, approximately 4000 400 cm sup 1 sup 2.5 ... based on the relative molecular or electromagnetic properties. Theory Infrared spectroscopy exploits ... results in an unexpected shift in energy and intensity of the bands. Practical IR spectroscopy The infrared spectrum of a sample is recorded by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. When ... of very complex mixtures. Spectra issues with infrared fluorescence are rare. Sample ... of the interest. A simple glass tube with length of 5 to 10 cm equipped with infrared windows ... the infrared light is guided with mirrors to travel through the gas. White s cells are available ... to the infrared light and do not introduce any lines onto the spectra. Solid samples can ... spectrometer. A beam of infrared light is produced, passed through an interferometer not shown , and then split ... of the light source drifts over time. To take the infrared spectrum of a sample, it is necessary ... for example, what light source is used, what infrared detector is used, etc. . The reference measurement ... is not perfectly reliable if the infrared lamp is a bit brighter during the reference measurement ... more details
mm is a typical range for infrared astronomy , farinfrared astronomy , to submillimetre astronomy ...File WyomingInfraRedObservatory.jpg thumb right 200px Wyoming Infrared Observatory File SOFIA with open telescope doors.jpg thumb right 200px SOFIA is an infrared telescope in an aircraft, allowing high altitude observations An infrared telescope is a telescope that uses infrared light to detect celestial bodies. Infrared light is one of several types of radiation present in the electromagnetic spectrum ... visible light optical , as well as infrared telescopes. Discoveries Leading to the Invention of the Infrared Telescope In 1800, William Herschel discovered infrared radiation. In 1878, Samuel Pierpoint ... detect incredibly small changes in temperature in the infrared spectrum. In the 1950s, scientists used lead sulfide detectors to detect the infrared radiation from space. These detectors were cooled with liquid nitrogen . Between 1959 and 1961, Harold Johnson created near infrared photometer s which ... bolometer. This invention, cooled by liquid helium , led the way for current infrared telescope development. http www.ipac.caltech.edu Outreach Edu Timeline timeline2.html The three different types of infrared ... types of telescopes contain an infrared camera that must be cooled to hundreds of degrees below zero as well as a special solid state infrared detector. http coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu cosmic classroom ask astronomer faq obs.shtml Ground based telescopes were the first type of infrared telescopes ... have limitations because water vapor in the Earth s atmosphere absorbs infrared radiation. Ground based infrared telescopes tend to be placed on high mountains and in very dry climates to improve visibility. In the 1960s, scientists used balloons to lift infrared telescopes to higher altitudes. With balloons, they were able to reach about 25 miles up. In 1967, infrared telescopes were placed ... borne infrared telescopes. A more recent air borne infrared telescope to reach the stratosphere was NASA ... more details
1990s http www.tempsensornews.com News of infrared and thermal imaging products & services with dedicated RSS newsfeeds See also Infrared camera Thermography ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry Sakuma Hattori equation List of laser articles DEFAULTSORT Infrared Thermometer Category Thermometers ...Cleanup date June 2011 unreferenced date December 2008 Infrared thermometers infer temperature using a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called blackbody radiation emitted by the object of measurement. They are sometimes called laser thermometers if a laser is used to help aim the thermometer .... By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissivity , the object s temperature ... of the two possibilities. The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared .... As such, the infrared thermometer is useful for measuring temperature under circumstances ... a significant temperature gradient on the object s surface. Infrared thermometers can be used ... varieties of infrared temperature sensing devices available today, including configurations designed ... to the surface, if the allowed measurement error is acceptable. The most common infrared thermometers are the Spot Infrared Thermometer or Infrared Pyrometer , which measures the temperature at a spot ..., although not strictly thermometers, includes Infrared Scanning Systems scan a larger area, typically ... exiting an oven, fabric and paper, or continuous piles of material along a conveyor belt. Infrared Thermal Imaging Cameras or Thermographic camera Infrared Cameras are essentially infrared radiation .... A photographic camera using infrared film and suitable lens, etc., is also called an infrared camera .... Image Infrared thermometer.JPG An IR thermometer in use in industry gallery External links Commons category Thermography http www.irinfo.org IRINFO.ORG The Definitive Online Resource for Infrared Thermography ... Introduction to Infrared Thermometers Omega http www.irapps.com Applications of Infrared Thermometers ... more details
wavelengths. The farinfrared extends to submillimeter wavelengths, which are observed by telescopes ... in the mid infrared and farinfrared regions of the spectrum. To achieve higher angular resolution ...File Carina Nebula in infrared light captured by the Hubble Space Telescope .jpg thumb 300px Carina Nebula in infrared light captured by the Hubble Space Telescope Hubble s Wide Field Camera 3. Infrared astronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics that studies astronomical object s visible in infrared IR radiation. The wavelength of infrared light ranges from 0.75 to 300 micrometers. Infrared ... radiation submillimeter waves. Infrared astronomy began in the 1830s, a few decades after the discovery of infrared light by William Herschel in 1800. Early progress was limited, and it was not until ... and Moon were detected in infrared light. After a number of discoveries were made in the 1950s and 1960s ... wavelength range, and modern infrared astronomy was established. Infrared and optical astronomy are often ... effective over a wavelength range that includes both visible and infrared light. Both fields also use ... are different. Infrared light is absorption electromagnetic radiation absorb ed at many wavelengths by water vapor in the Earth s atmosphere , so most infrared telescopes are at high elevations in dry places, above as much of the atmosphere as possible. There are also infrared observatories in space ... with open telescope doors.jpg thumb right 200px SOFIA is an infrared telescope in an aircraft, shown here in a 2009 test The discovery of infrared radiation is attributed to William Herschel, who performed ... at infrared wavelengths was due to the spectral index of the prism rather than properties of the Sun ... bio.html title Herschel Discovers Infrared Light accessdate 2010 04 09 ref Efforts were made starting in the 1830s and continuing through the 19th century to detect infrared radiation from other astronomical ... . Ernest Fox Nichols used a modified Crookes radiometer in an attempt to detect infrared radiation ... more details
Infrared Countermeasure MUSIC that will similarly use active laser s instead of flare countermeasure ... An infrared countermeasure IRCM is a device designed to protect aircraft from infrared homing heat seeking missiles by confusing the missiles infrared guidance system so that they will miss their target ..., more portable, and more reliable, but the basic principle is the same. Infrared missile seeker technology see also Infrared homing Infrared missile seekers of the first generation typically used a spinning reticle with a pattern on it that modulates infrared energy before it falls on a detector ... is the same. By modulating the signal, the steering logic can tell where the infrared source ... 144 modulated IRCM jammer. Infrared seekers are designed to track a strong source of infrared radiation ... of infrared radiation with a higher intensity than the target. When this modulated radiation is seen ... lock. Once an infrared seeker breaks lock they typically have a field of view of 1 2 degrees , they rarely ... seeker to lock onto a new infrared source that is rapidly moving away from the true target. The modulated ... source of radiation DIRCM . ref http www.dtic.mil srch doc?collection t3&id ADA364021 The Infrared ... of standard IRCM systems is that they broadcast a bright source of infrared. If the modulation ... , or Directional Infrared Countermeasures, avoid this potential drawback by mounting the energy source ... Defeating advanced tracking systems requires a higher level of DIRCM power. Issues of Laser Safety ... laser defense system for chinook helicopters ?ref news science title1 Soldier deploys to Iraq to help field laser defense system for Chinook helicopters ref Department of the Navy Large Aircraft Countermeasures DoN LAIRCM by Northrop Grumman provides infrared threat protection for U.S. Marine Corps ... 196013 Northrop Grumman to Provide Infrared Missile Warning Systems and Processors to the U.S. Navy for Heavy Lift Helicopter Fleets ref BAE Systems AN ALQ 212 advanced threat infrared countermeasures ... more details
vs. Infrared 900nm LP Aerial Photography of Old Hickory Lake , Tennessee . Taken from a passenger airplane within seconds apart using SONY H 9 Digital camera. In infrared photography , the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the visible spectrum spectrum used is referred to as near infrared to distinguish it from farinfrared, which is the domain of thermal ... in wavelength to visible light and farinfrared is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, farinfrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter ... the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness. Most apochromat ic APO lenses do not have an Infrared ... range less far into infrared. These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative ... Top tree photographed in the near infrared range. Bottom same tree in the Visible spectrum ... Infrared image of the Mississippi River crossed by a bridge and a dam, between red foliage on left .... Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared passing filter is used this lets infrared ... thus looks black or deep red . Infrared filter may refer either to such a filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths. When these band pass filter filters are used together with infrared sensitive film or sensors, very interesting in camera effect s can be obtained false ... in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood , and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared. The other attributes of infrared ..., result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds ... a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black. History Until the early 20th century, infrared ... of Photography accessdate 2006 11 28 ref The first infrared photographs as distinct from spectrographs ... of this event in 2010. ref cite journal journal The RPS Journal title 100 Years of Infrared author ... more details
infrared for the range between 1400 nm and 3000 nm Farinfrared or dark emitters for everything above 3000 nm. File Carbon heater.jpg thumb right A household infrared electric heater Elements Infrared heaters use either a fuel to heat an emitter, or an electrically heated Electrical filament filament as the emitting body. An infrared lamp will protect the filament with a heat ... maximum power densities of up to 60 kW m medium wave and 150 kW m CIR . Farinfrared emitters FIR are typically used in the so called low temperature farinfrared sauna s. These constitute ..., farinfrared emitters use low watt ceramic plates that remain cold, while still emitting farinfrared ... oxygen bond to radiate farinfrared rays. Citation needed date November 2010 Quartz glass heating ... high quality, long wave farinfrared heat, but the problem is they do not produce a big amount of it. For this reason ... should be moderated. ref http www.goaskalice.columbia.edu 0753.html ref Farinfrared This heating ... radiation. Because the heating elements are at a relatively low temperature, farinfrared heaters ... chemical sensitivity in Europe. Because farinfrared technology does not heat the air of the room directly, and infrared rays are directional, only the person who is receiving directly the farinfrared rays will feel warm in the room. Therefore, in the case of farinfrared space heater s, it is extremely important to make a study of the room and place the farinfrared panels directed to the places ... and show a strong reflectivity in the medium and farinfrared. This makes a careful selection of the right ...An infrared heater is a body with a higher temperature which transfers energy to a body with a lower ... of the infrared radiation ranges from 780 nm to 1 mm. The relationship between ... the two bodies is needed for the energy transfer. One classification of infrared heaters is by the wavelength bands of infrared emission. Short wave or near infrared for the range from 780 nm ... more details
problems, such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome . Only if the sauna uses farinfrared technology, the sauna ... humid hot air saunas. This is because farinfrared rays do not heat the air inside the sauna, but they still heat the body. However, most infrared saunas in the market do not use the expensive farinfrared panels, which can be touched because they remain always cold, but much cheaper low and medium infrared heaters, which remain very hot when used and also heat the air of the sauna. Energy expenditure and weight loss Some infrared sauna proponents claim that the sauna is an effective method for considerably ...refimprove date October 2009 File Infraszauna 001.jpg thumb The interior of an infrared sauna. An infrared sauna uses Infrared heater infrared heaters to emit infrared thermal radiation radiant heat which is absorbed directly into the human body, unlike traditional sauna s which heat the body indirectly via air or steam. Health benefit claims A study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis showed a reduction in pain, stiffness and fatigue during infrared sauna therapy, but this could have been due only to chance i.e. not the sauna as these did not reach statistical significance. ref cite journal author Oosterveld FG, Rasker JJ, Floors M, et al. title Infrared sauna in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. A pilot study showed good tolerance, short term improvement of pain and stiffness, and a trend towards long term beneficial effects journal Clin. Rheumatol. volume 28 issue 1 pages 29 34 year 2009 month January pmid 18685882 doi 10.1007 s10067 008 0977 y ref Another benefit claim is that since saunas increase perspiration, they purportedly liberate undisclosed toxins. Saunas have been recommended for this ostensible reason to people who are told they have high levels of toxicity in their body, although the supposed, offending toxins ... Infrared Sauna Category Bathing Category Light therapy cs Infrasauna de Infrarotw rmekabine ... more details
Infrared may mean The infrared range of light. Infrared spectroscopy subset of spectroscopy Infrared record label , a UK based record label. Infra Red song , a song by the band Placebo band Placebo . Disambig ... more details
Infrared Mammography is a specific form of breast thermography. The term was trademarked in 2011 by Infrared Medical Solutions and refers to the methods and standards used by Dr. Philip Hoekstra to perform breast thermography. Category Infrared imaging ... more details
Infrared lamps are electrical devices which emit infrared radiation. Infrared lamps have many uses, but are most commonly used in communication and heating . Less common uses include illumination for use with night vision device s. Heating main Infrared heater Radiant heating Infrared heating uses infrared lamps, commonly called heat lamps to transmit infrared radiation to the body that is being heated. When large bodies or bodies with a large surface area need to be heated, infrared lamps are often used in banks. Infrared heat lamps are commonly incandescent bulbs which are able to produce infrared radiation. Infrared lamps have many industrial applications including curing coatings and preparing plastic for forming, commercial applications such as cooking and browning food, and personal applications such as providing heat especially in bathrooms and for pets . Communication Image Blue infrared light.jpg thumb 300px right Infrared light from the LED of a remote control as seen by a digital camera. IR data transmission is also employed in short range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistant s. These devices usually conform to standards published by Infrared Data Association IrDA , the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light emitting diode s LEDs to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic Lens optics lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulation modulated , i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data . The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric Current electricity current . It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful ... not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote control s to command appliances. See also Infrared Applications Infrared communications applications Category ... more details
Infrared cirrus are filamentary structures seen in infrared light. The name is given because the structure looks cloud like in appearance. First detected by the IRAS Infrared Astronomy Satellite at wavelengths of 60 and 100 micrometres. See also Cosmic infrared background radiation External links http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0507587 Molecular Hydrogen in Infrared Cirrus , Kristen Gillmon, J. Michael Shull, 2006 Abstract http arxiv.org pdf astro ph 0507587 PDF Paper http www.sofia.usra.edu Science science cases dowell v2.pdf The Physics of Infrared Cirrus , C. Darren Dowell, Roger H. Hildebrand, Alex Lazarian, Michael W. Werner, Ellen Zweibel DEFAULTSORT Infrared Cirrus Category Interstellar media astronomy stub de Infrarot Cirrus fr Cirrus infrarouge zh ... more details
Infobox prepared food name Farfar image caption Farfar country India course Snack main ingredient Potato starch , sago variations Tapioca and or wheat flour Farfar is an Indian cuisine Indian snack food composed primarily of potato starch and tinted sago . They may also contain tapioca and wheat flour . ref cite web url http www.miltopexports.com far far.htm title Miltop FarFar publisher Miltop Exports date accessdate 2012 01 22 ref Farfar puff up instantly when deep frying deep fried , and they are either eaten as a snack or served like a papadum to accompany a meal. ref name bladholm cite book last Bladholm first Linda title The Indian Grocery Store Demystified year 2000 publisher Renaissance Books location New York isbn 1 58063 143 6 pages 53 url http books.google.com books?id nCCEmAIo7HAC&pg PA53&lpg PA53&dq 22far far 22 sago&source bl&ots vTaRGeAUWn&sig eN8Jr31hbiPEpOZLj86f8EXNhJA&hl en&sa X&ei mKAdT9qEBozcggezqvnhBg&ved 0CCgQ6AEwAQ v onepage&q&f false edition 1st ed. ref They come in a variety of colors and shapes such as stars, hollow tubes, and flat squares. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Farfar Category Indian cuisine Category Vegetarian cuisine Category Deep fried foods Category Potato dishes Category Snack foods ... more details
The term infrared signature is used by Military science defense scientists and the military to describe the appearance of objects to infrared sensors . An infrared signature depends on many factors, including ... estimation of solid angle subtended by complex well resolved surfaces for infrared detection ..., Gaitonde, U.N., & Marathe A.G. 2001 Numerical studies of infrared signature levels of complete aircraft ..., & Rao, G.A. 2009 Study of sunshine, skyshine, and earthshine for aircraft infrared detection, Journal ... infrared signatures , AIAA Journal of Aircraft , v. 42 4 , pp. 1046 1054. ref and the waveband of the detecting sensor. As such there is no all encompassing definition of infrared signature nor any trivial means of measuring it. For example the infrared signature of a truck viewed against a field will vary significantly with changing weather, time of day and engine loading. Infrared stealth is an area of stealth technology aimed at reducing infrared signatures. ref Mahulikar, S.P., Sonawane, H.R., & Rao, G.A. 2007 Infrared signature studies of aerospace vehicles , Progress in Aerospace Sciences , v. 43 7 8 , pp. 218 245. ref This reduces a platform s susceptibility to infrared guided weapons and infrared surveillance sensors, ref Rao, G.A., & Mahulikar, S.P. 2005 New criterion for aircraft susceptibility to infrared homing missiles , Aerospace Science & Technology , v. 9 8 , pp. 701 712. ref and thus increases the platform s overall survivability. Infrared stealth is particularly ..., S.P., Rao, G.A., Sane, S.K., & Marathe, A.G. 2005 Aircraft plume infrared signature in nonafterburning ..., S.K. 2008 Infrared signature suppression of helicopter engine duct based on conceal and camouflage ... soldiers. A military aim in studying infrared signatures is to understand the likely infrared signature of threats and develop the equipment required to detect them and to reduce the infrared ... with sensors to detect the exhaust plumes of incoming anti ship missile s while also having an infrared ... more details
Infobox settlement name Far other name native name settlement type Village image skyline imagesize image caption pushpin map Saudi Arabia pushpin label position right pushpin map caption Location in Saudi Arabia coordinates display inline,title coordinates region SA subdivision type List of sovereign states Country subdivision name flag Saudi Arabia subdivision type1 Provinces of Saudi Arabia Province subdivision name1 Al Madinah Province subdivision type2 subdivision name2 subdivision type3 subdivision name3 subdivision type4 subdivision name4 leader title leader name established title established date area total km2 population as of population footnotes population total population density km2 timezone East Africa Time EAT utc offset 3 timezone DST East Africa Time EAT utc offset DST 3 latd 23 latm 49 lats latNS N longd 38 longm 52 longs longEW E elevation footnotes elevation m elevation ft website footnotes Far is a village in Al Madinah Province , in western Saudi Arabia . ref National Geospatial Intelligence Agency . GeoNames database entry. http geonames.nga.mil ggmagaz search Accessed 12 May 2011. ref References Reflist Al Madinah Province Category Populated places in Al Madinah Province SaudiArabia geo stub ... more details
Infobox Settlement See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage Basic info name Far an other name native name for cities whose native name is not in English nickname settlement type images and maps image skyline imagesize image caption pushpin map Yemen pushpin label position bottom pushpin mapsize 300 pushpin map caption Location in Yemen Location subdivision type Country subdivision name flag Yemen subdivision type1 Governorates of Egypt Governorate subdivision name1 Abyan Governorate Abyan subdivision type2 subdivision name2 Politics government footnotes government type leader title leader name established title Settled established date Area area magnitude unit pref Imperial Enter Imperial, if Imperial metric is desired area footnotes area total km2 ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion area land km2 See table Template Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion Population population as of population footnotes population note population total population density km2 population density sq mi population metro population density metro km2 population density metro sq mi General information timezone Yemen Standard Time utc offset 3 timezone DST utc offset DST latd latm lats latNS N longd longm longs longEW E elevation footnotes elevation m elevation ft website footnotes Far an is a village in south western Yemen . It is located in the Abyan Governorate . External links http www.tageo.com index e ym v 01.htm?Abyan Towns and villages in the Abyan Governorate Abyan geo stub Abyan Governorate coord missing Yemen Category Populated places in Abyan Governorate ... more details
in farinfrared spectral lines between about 16 and 28 m. Clouds are excellent emitters of infrared radiation. Window radiation from cloud tops arises at altitudes where the air temperature ... potential, defined only by one factor, the wavelength. The importance of the infrared atmospheric ... 3 21 1 26. ref Nowadays, accurate line by line computations are possible, and careful studies of the infrared atmospheric window have been published. Kinetics of the infrared atmospheric window The infrared ... spectral window. Mechanisms in the infrared atmospheric window The infrared absorptions of the principal .... 1972 . The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. 1. Calibrated thermal emission spectra. Journal ... CA, ISBN 9780495555735. ref . Importance for life Without the infrared atmospheric window, the Earth ... of the infrared atmospheric window has become threatened by the development of highly unreactive ... tutorial irwindows.html IR Atmospheric Window DEFAULTSORT Infrared Window Category Atmosphere Atmospheric ... more details
Infrared vision can be defined as the capability of biological or artificial systems to detect infrared ... in this context since infrared emissions from a body are directly related to their temperature hotter objects emit more energy in the infrared spectrum than colder ones. The human body, as well as many ... environment. Since hotter objects emit more infrared energy than colder ones, it is relatively easy to identify them with an infrared detector , day or night. Hence, the term night vision is also used sometimes misused in the place of infrared vision , since one of the original purposes in developing ... . ref However, night vision concerns the ability to see in the dark although not necessarily in the infrared ... HowStuffWorks . ref light intensifiers or infrared vision. The former technology uses a photocathode to convert light in the visible or near infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum to electrons, amplify the signal and transform it back to photons. Infrared vision on the other hand, uses an infrared detector working at mid or long wavelengths invisible to the human eye to capture the heat emitted by an object. The infrared spectrum Image Infrared spectrum.gif thumb right 400px The infrared bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. The entire electromagnetic spectrum highlighting the infrared ... from one author to another, ref Hudson R. D. 1969, Infrared System Engineering , John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA. ref ref Piotrowski J. and Rogalski A. 2004, Uncooled Long Wavelength Infrared Photon Detectors , Infrared Phys. Technol., 46 115 131. ref ,. ref Rogalski A. and Chrzanowski K. 2002, Infrared .... 2004, Infrared Imaging and Open Heart Surgery, from InfraredThermography.com by Advanced Infrared ... of the atmospheric transmittance windows, i.e. the wavelengths regions in which infrared radiation is better transmitted through the atmosphere, the detector materials used to build the infrared sensors and the main applications. In this way, the Near Infrared NIR band is mostly used in fiber ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some film scanner s and flatbed scanner s to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished image scanning scan . It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible colour channels red, green, and blue . This infrared channel can be used to automatically remove the appearance of dust and scratches in the visible channels and replace them by inpainting . Approaches Scanners use three different techniques for doing this Nikon film scanners ... infrared light source. At each scan position, the scanner uses an RGB linear array to scan the film in RGB and RGB Infrared. This is as fast as the Nikon approach, since only one physical pass over ..., an RGB light source and an infrared light source. These scanners make two passes over the film once for RGB and once for infrared. This is slower than the Nikon or Minolta approach, since two passes ... quality. Applicability The three color dyes in modern color film emulsions respond equally to infrared light, so the infrared image looks relatively opaque compared to the RGB image. Any dust spots or scratches appear as dark spots in infrared, making it easy to find and correct for these dust spots. Kodachrome film dyes are more sensitive to infrared than Ektachrome film dyes, making it more ... s ref http www.silverfast.com highlights isrd en.html ref , claim to use infrared cleaning to find dust spots even when scanning Kodachrome. Infrared cleaning doesn t work at all with silver halide ... particles respond equally in visible light and infrared light . History IBM originally developed and patented infrared cleaning, and subsequently licensed this patent to Applied Science Fiction ASF . Canon has a patent cross licensing agreement with IBM and was able to use the IBM s infrared cleaning ... developed infrared cleaning algorithms which are completely different from IBM s patented ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
