the main articles at Essential fattyacid and Eicosanoid . The actions of the Omega 3 fattyacid &omega 3 Omega 3 and Omega 6 fattyacid &omega 6 Omega 6 essential fatty acids EFAs are best characterized by their interactions they cannot be understood separately. Arachidonic acid AA is a 20 carbon 6 conditionally essential fattyacid. ref name Cunnane cite journal author Cunnane SC title Problems with essential fatty acids time for a new paradigm? journal Progress in Lipid Research volume 42 ... derives from dietary linoleic acid another essential fattyacid, 18 2 6 , which comes both from ... fatty acids form cascades that parallel and compete with the arachidonic acid cascade. Eicosapentaenoic ... contain phospholipid fat . Each phospholipid molecule contains two fattyacid s. Some of these fatty ... br Essential FattyAcid rowspan 2 Abbr rowspan 2 Formula br font size 2 carbons double bonds font ... this fat, releasing AA as a Fattyacid free fattyacid . AA can then be oxygenated and then further ... Image EFA to Eicosanoids.svg 480px right thumb Figure 2 Essential fattyacid production and metabolism ... Brain fattyacid levels linked to depression year 25 May 2005 accessdate February 10, 2006 url http ... linolenic acid on plasma n 6 fatty acids and prostaglandin biosynthesis after burn and endotoxin ... cite journal author Johnson MM title Dietary supplementation with gamma linolenic acid alters fatty ... to release AA from neuron cell membranes as a free fattyacid. During its short lifespan, free AA ... acid HPETE , then to the first leuokotriene, LTA. See also Essential fattyacid Omega 3 fattyacid Omega 6 fattyacid Eicosanoid Docosanoid References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Essential FattyAcid Interactions Category Fatty acids Category Eicosanoids Category Docosanoids Category ... It sits at the head of the arachidonic acid cascade &ndash more than twenty different signals biology ... title Arachidonic Acid url http www.acnp.org g4 GN401000059 Default.htm year 2000 accessdate ... more details
enzyme Name Polyenoic fattyacid isomerase EC number 5.3.3.13 CAS number IUBMB EC number 5 3 3 13 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a polyenoic fattyacid isomerase EC number 5.3.3.13 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z icosapentaenoate math rightleftharpoons math 5Z,7E,9E,14Z,17Z icosapentaenoate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z icosapentaenoate , and one product chemistry product , 5Z,7E,9E,14Z,17Z icosapentaenoate . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductase s transposing C C bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z icosapentaenoate Delta8,11 Delta7,9 isomerase trans double bond forming . Other names in common use include PFI , eicosapentaenoate cis Delta5,8,11,14,17 eicosapentaenoate , cis Delta5 trans Delta7,9 cis Delta14,17 isomerase , 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z eicosapentaenoate Delta8,11 Delta7,8 isomerase , incorrect , 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z eicosapentaenoate Delta8,11 Delta7,9 isomerase , and trans double bond forming . References reflist 1 cite journal author Wise ML, Hamberg M, William H. Gerwick Gerwick WH date 1994 title Biosynthesis of conjugated triene containing fatty acids by a novel isomerase from the red marine alga Ptilota filicina journal Biochemistry. volume 33 pages 15223&ndash 32 pmid 7803384 doi 10.1021 bi00255a002 issue 51 cite journal author Wise ML, Soderstrom K, Murray TF, William H. Gerwick Gerwick WH date 1996 title Synthesis and cannabinoid receptor binding activity of conjugated triene anandamide, a novel eicosanoid journal Experientia. volume 52 pages 88&ndash 92 pmid 8575565 doi 10.1007 BF01922423 issue 1 cite journal author Wise ML, Rossi J, William H. Gerwick Gerwick WH date 1997 title Characterization of the substrate binding site of polyenoic fattyacid isomerase ... JG, Yuan L, William H. Gerwick Gerwick WH date 2002 title Polyenoic fattyacid isomerase from the marine ... more details
enzyme Name long chain fattyacid CoA ligase EC number 6.2.1.3 CAS number 9013 18 7 IUBMB EC number 6 ... is formed fattyacid acyl CoA molecule. ref name Qiao 2004 cite journal author Qiao S, Tuohimaa P title Vitamin D3 inhibits fattyacid synthase expression by stimulating the expression of long chain fattyacid CoA ligase 3 in prostate cancer cells journal FEBS Lett. volume 577 issue 3 ... acyl CoA synthetase catalyzes the activation of a long fattyacid chain to a fatty acyl CoA, requiring .... In step one, Adenosine triphosphate ATP and a long chain fattyacid enter the enzyme s active site . Within the active site the negatively charged oxygen on the fattyacid attacks the alpha phosphate on ATP, forming an ATP long chain fattyacid intermediate. Step 1, Figure 3 In the second step, Pyrophosphate PPi leaves, resulting in an AMP long chain fattyacid molecule within the enzyme s active ... which consists of AMP long chain fattyacid Coenzyme A. Step 3, Figure 3 At the end of this mechanism ... chain fatty acids through an acyl substitution. In an ATP dependent reaction, the fattyacid carboxylate ... chain fattyacid. Trp444, Lys435 and Lys439 are the important residues Fattyacid binding tunnel Bulkier long chain fatty acids are bound by a fattyacid binding tunnel that is located in the N terminal ... pathway known as the dead and branch. The indole ring of Trp234 closes the fattyacid binding ... is connected to an ATP path that is a hydrophobic channel in the fattyacid binding tunnel. ref name Hisanaga 2004 The fattyacid enters through the center path extending from the interface of the dimer ... the fattyacid binding tunnel to helix h. ref name Hisanaga 2004 The bottom of the dead end branch ... CoAs A long term and short term regulation controls fattyacid synthesis. ref name Qiao 2004 Long term fattyacid synthesis regulation is dependent on the rate of acetyl CoA carboxylase ACC synthesis, the rate limiting enzyme and first enzyme of the fattyacid synthesis, and fattyacid synthase FAS ... more details
A very long chain fattyacid VLCFA is a fattyacid with aliphatic tails longer than 22 carbons sup Needs citation, considered C20 or longer in plants sup . Unlike most fatty acids, VLCFAs are too long to be metabolized in the mitochondria , and must be metabolized in peroxisome s. Certain peroxisomal disorders, such as adrenoleukodystrophy , can be associated with an accumulation of VLCFAs. See also ACADVL SLC27A2 SLC27A5 chemistry stub Fatty acids Peroxisomal metabolism intermediates Category Fatty acids it Acidi grassi a catena molto lunga tr ok uzun zincirli ya asidi ... more details
enzyme Name R 2 hydroxy fattyacid dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.98 CAS number 37250 32 1 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 98 GO code 0047049 image width caption In enzymology , a R 2 hydroxy fattyacid dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.98 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction R 2 hydroxystearate NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math 2 oxostearate NADH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are Stearic acid R 2 hydroxystearate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are Stearic acid 2 oxostearate , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This reaction is important in fattyacid metabolism . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is R 2 hydroxystearate NAD oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include D 2 hydroxy fattyacid dehydrogenase , and 2 hydroxy fattyacid oxidase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Levis GM date 1970 title 2 Hydroxy fattyacid oxidases of rat kidney journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 38 pages 470&ndash 7 pmid 5443694 doi 10.1016 0006 291X 70 90737 0 issue 3 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it R 2 idrossi acido grasso deidrogenasi ja R 2 ... more details
enzyme Name branched chain fattyacid kinase EC number 2.7.2.14 CAS number 84177 54 8 IUBMB EC number 2 7 2 14 GO code 0047758 image width caption In enzymology , a branched chain fattyacid kinase EC number 2.7.2.14 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP 2 methylpropanoate math rightleftharpoons math ADP 2 methylpropanoyl phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and 2 methylpropanoate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and 2 methylpropanoyl phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a carboxy group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP branched chain fattyacid 1 phosphotransferase . This enzyme is also called isobutyrate kinase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Harwood CS, Canale Parola E date 1982 title Properties of acetate kinase isozymes and a branched chain fattyacid kinase from a spirochete journal J. Bacteriol. volume 152 pages 246&ndash 54 pmid 6288660 issue 1 pmc 221398 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol FadR C Name FadR C terminal domain image PDB 1h9t EBI.jpg width caption fadr, fatty acid responsive transcription factor from e. coli in complex with fadb operator Pfam PF07840 Pfam clan CL0388 InterPro IPR008920 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1h9g TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the fatty acid metabolism regulator protein FadR , is a bacterial transcription factor . Bacteria regulate Cell membrane membrane fluidity by manipulating the relative levels of Saturated fatty acid saturated and unsaturated fatty acid s within the phospholipid s of their membrane bilayers. In Escherichia coli , the transcription factor, FadR, functions as a switch that co ordinately Regulation of gene expression regulates the machinery required for fatty acid beta oxidation and the gene expression expression of a key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis . This single repressor controls the transcription biology transcription of the whole fad regulon. ref name pmid11279025 cite journal author Xu Y, Heath RJ, Li Z, Rock CO, White SW title The FadR.DNA complex. Transcriptional control of fatty acid metabolism in Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue 20 pages 17373 9 year 2001 month May pmid 11279025 doi 10.1074 jbc.M100195200 url ref Binding of fadR is specifically inhibited by long chain fatty acyl CoA compounds. The crystal structure of FadR reveals a two protein domain domain protein dimer dimeric molecule where the N terminal Winged helix transcription factors winged helix domain binds DNA , and the C terminal domain binds acyl CoA. ref name pmid11279025 The binding of acyl CoA to the C terminal domain results in a conformational change that affects the DNA binding affinity of the N terminal domain. ref name pmid11013219 cite journal author van Aalten DM, DiRusso CC, Knudsen J, Wierenga RK title Crystal structure of FadR, a fatty acid responsive transcription factor with a novel acyl coenzyme A binding fold journal EMBO J ... more details
PBB geneid 2170 Heart type fattyacid binding protein hFABP also known as mammary derived growth inhibitor ... FABP3 fattyacid binding protein 3, muscle and heart mammary derived growth inhibitor url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... Heart type FattyAcid Binding Protein H FABP is a small cytoplasmic protein 15 kDa released from cardiac ... AH, Glatz JF, Van Nieuwenhoven FA, Van der Vusse GJ title Release of heart fattyacid binding protein ... other distinct FABPs that have been identified, H FABP is involved in active fattyacid metabolism ... See FABP3 for biochemical details. The intracellular fattyacid binding proteins fattyacid ... to participate in the uptake, intracellular metabolism and or transport of Fattyacid Long and short long chain fattyacid s. They may also be responsible in the modulation of cell growth and proliferation. Fattyacid binding protein 3 gene contains four exons and its function is to arrest growth ... K title Serum and urinary human heart fattyacid binding protein in acute myocardial infarction ... H, Veerkamp JH, Ono T, Suzuki T title Immunohistochemical distribution of heart type fattyacid binding ... Vusse GJ, Reneman RS title Release of fattyacid binding protein from isolated rat heart subjected ... C, Armstrong G, Prigent F, Brown M title Role of heart type fattyacid binding protein in early ... WT, Glatz JF title Fattyacid binding proteins as plasma markers of tissue injury journal Clin. Chim ... Visser MP, van der Vusse GJ title Fattyacid binding protein as a plasma marker for the estimation ... infarct size from plasma myoglobin or fattyacid binding protein. Influence of renal function ... of myoglobin over fattyacid binding protein journal Circulation volume 92 issue 10 pages 2848 54 ... the potential value of heart fattyacid binding protein journal QJM volume 97 issue 4 pages 187 ... type fattyacid binding protein diagnostic assays and clinical applications journal Clin. Chem. volume ... title Point of care test of heart type fattyacid binding protein for the diagnosis of early acute myocardial ... more details
PBB geneid 2865 Free fattyacid receptor 3 FFA3 is a G protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the FFAR3 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FFAR3 free fattyacid receptor 3 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 2865 accessdate ref ref name pmid9344866 cite journal author Sawzdargo M, George SR, Nguyen T, Xu S, Kolakowski LF, O Dowd BF title A cluster of four novel human G protein coupled receptor genes occurring in close proximity to CD22 gene on chromosome 19q13.1 journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 239 issue 2 pages 543 7 year 1997 month October pmid 9344866 doi 10.1006 bbrc.1997.7513 url issn ref See also Free fattyacid receptor References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Brown AJ, Jupe S, Briscoe CP title A family of fattyacid binding receptors. journal DNA Cell Biol. volume 24 issue 1 pages 54 61 year 2005 pmid 15684720 doi 10.1089 dna.2005.24.54 cite journal author Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. title Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 99 issue 26 pages 16899 903 year 2003 pmid 12477932 doi 10.1073 pnas.242603899 pmc 139241 cite journal author Brown AJ, Goldsworthy SM, Barnes AA, et al. title The Orphan G protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 278 issue 13 pages 11312 9 year 2003 pmid 12496283 doi 10.1074 jbc.M211609200 cite journal author Le Poul E, Loison C, Struyf S, et al. title Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation. journal ... cite journal author Xiong Y, Miyamoto N, Shibata K, et al. title Short chain fatty acids stimulate ... cite journal author Yonezawa T, Kobayashi Y, Obara Y title Short chain fatty acids induce acute phosphorylation ... more details
PBB geneid 2867 Free fattyacid receptor 2 FFA2 is a G protein coupled receptor encoded by the FFAR2 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FFAR2 free fattyacid receptor 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 2867 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text See also Free fattyacid receptor References reflist External links cite web url http www.iuphar db.org GPCR ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID 2979 title Free FattyAcid Receptors FFA2 accessdate author authorlink coauthors date format work IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels publisher International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology pages language archiveurl archivedate quote Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Brown AJ, Jupe S, Briscoe CP title A family of fattyacid binding receptors. journal DNA Cell Biol. volume 24 issue 1 pages 54 61 year 2005 pmid 15684720 doi 10.1089 dna.2005.24.54 cite journal author Sawzdargo M, George SR, Nguyen T, et al. title A cluster of four novel human G protein coupled receptor genes occurring in close proximity to CD22 gene on chromosome 19q13.1. journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 239 issue 2 pages 543 7 year 1997 pmid 9344866 doi 10.1006 bbrc.1997.7513 cite journal author Senga T, Iwamoto S, Yoshida T, et al. title LSSIG is a novel murine leukocyte specific GPCR that is induced by the activation of STAT3. journal Blood volume 101 issue 3 pages ..., Kotarsky K, Owman C, Olde B title Identification of a free fattyacid receptor, FFA2R, expressed on leukocytes and activated by short chain fatty acids. journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume ... chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation. journal J. Biol. Chem ... author Yonezawa T, Kobayashi Y, Obara Y title Short chain fatty acids induce acute phosphorylation ... more details
PBB geneid 2864 Free fattyacid receptor 1 , FFA1 is a G protein coupled receptor encoded by the human gene FFAR1 . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FFAR1 free fattyacid receptor 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 2864 accessdate ref It is strongly expressed in the cells of the pancreas , but also, to a lesser extent, the uterus and brain. ref name unigene cite web title UniGene EST profile FFAR1 free fattyacid receptor 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov UniGene ESTProfileViewer.cgi?uglist Hs.248127 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text See also Free fattyacid receptor References reflist External links cite web url http www.iuphar db.org GPCR ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID 2977 title Free FattyAcid Receptors FFA1 accessdate author authorlink coauthors date format work IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels publisher International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology pages language archiveurl archivedate quote Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Brown AJ, Jupe S, Briscoe CP title A family of fattyacid binding receptors. journal DNA Cell Biol. volume 24 issue 1 pages 54 61 year 2005 pmid 15684720 doi 10.1089 dna.2005.24.54 cite journal ... bound fattyacid receptor in the pancreas and islet cell tumours in humans evidence for GPR40 ... G, Bahar K, et al. title Regulation of the gene encoding GPR40, a fattyacid receptor expressed ... no update protein box yes update summary yes update citations yes DEFAULTSORT Free FattyAcid ... receptor GPR40 is activated by medium and long chain fatty acids. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 278 ... K, Nilsson NE, Flodgren E, et al. title A human cell surface receptor activated by free fatty ... Y, Harada M, et al. title Free fatty acids regulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells through ... more details
wiktionary degradationDegradation may refer to Biodegradation , the processes by which organic substances are broken down by living organisms Cashiering or degradation ceremony, a ritual performed when cleric is deprived of office or a knight is stripped of the honour Chemical decomposition , the degradation of chemical compounds Corruption philosophical concept Defamation Degradation a song by the Violent Femmes, from Add It Up 1981 1993 Degradation telecommunications , the loss of quality of an electronic signal Elegant degradation , in engineering, the gradual failing of a machine Environmental degradation , in ecology, damage to the ecosystem and loss of biodiversity Graceful degradation, in a fault tolerant system Degradation geology disambiguation ca Degradaci cs Degradace de Degradation et Degradatsioon fr D gradation id Degradasi it Degradazione pl Degradacja sk Degrad cia ... more details
enzyme Name long chain fattyacid luciferin component ligase EC number 6.2.1.19 CAS number 82657 98 5 IUBMB EC number 6 2 1 19 GO code 0047474 image width caption In enzymology , a long chain fattyacid luciferin component ligase EC number 6.2.1.19 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP an acid protein math rightleftharpoons math AMP diphosphate an acyl protein thioester The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , acid , and protein , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine monophosphate AMP , diphosphate , and acyl protein thioester . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, specifically those forming carbon sulfur bonds as acid thiol ligases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is long chain fattyacid protein ligase AMP forming . This enzyme is also called acyl protein synthetase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Riendeau D, Rodriguez A, Meighen E date 1982 title Resolution of the fattyacid reductase from Photobacterium phosphoreum into acyl protein synthetase and acyl CoA reductase activities. Evidence for an enzyme complex journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 257 pages 6908&ndash 15 pmid 7085612 issue 12 cite journal author Wall L and Meighen EA date 1986 title Subunit structure of the fattyacid reductase complex from Photobacterium phosphoreum journal Biochemistry volume 25 pages 4315&ndash 4321 doi 10.1021 bi00363a021 ligase stub Category EC 6.2.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name long chain fattyacid acyl carrier protein ligase EC number 6.2.1.20 CAS number 77322 37 3 IUBMB EC number 6 2 1 20 GO code 0008922 image width caption In enzymology , a long chain fattyacid acyl carrier protein ligase EC number 6.2.1.20 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP an acid acyl carrier protein math rightleftharpoons math AMP diphosphate acyl acyl carrier protein The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , acid , and acyl carrier protein , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine monophosphate AMP , diphosphate , and acyl acyl carrier protein . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, specifically those forming carbon sulfur bonds as acid thiol ligases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is long chain fattyacid acyl carrier protein ligase AMP forming . Other names in common use include acyl acyl carrier protein synthetase , acyl acyl carrier protein synthetase , acyl ACP synthetase , acyl acyl carrier protein synthetase , stearoyl ACP synthetase , and acyl acyl carrier protein synthetase . This enzyme participates in fattyacid metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Ray TK, Cronan JE Jr date 1976 title Activation of long chain fatty acids with acyl carrier protein demonstration of a new enzyme, acyl acyl carrier protein synthetase, in Escherichia coli journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 73 pages 4374&ndash 8 pmid 794875 doi 10.1073 pnas.73.12.4374 issue 12 pmc 431460 ligase stub Category EC 6.2.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
wiktionary Faty may refer to Medicine and science Fattyacid , in biochemistry, a carboxylic acid. Fattyacid metabolism , catabolic processes. Fatty alcohol , aliphatic alcohols derived from natural fats and oils. Fatty degeneration , the deposit of fat globules in a tissue. Fatty liver , a medical condition. Fatty streak , the earliest stages of atheroma. Other uses A derogatory term for someone who is obese Fatty Bear , a fictional teddy bear from game developer Humongous Fatty Finn , an Australian film Fatty Koo , an American band Fatty McButterpants , an episode of The King of Queens I, Fatty , a novel by Jerry Stah Roscoe Arbuckle , a comedian also known as Fatty Arbuckle Fredegar Bolger , also called Fatty a character in J. R. R. Tolkien s The Lord of the Rings Fatty Lumpkin , a pony from The Lord of the Rings Slang term for an oversized cannabis or hashish joint cannabis or blunt A character in The Bash Street Kids in the UK s The Beano comic Fatty Fudge , a character in Minnie the Minx in the UK s The Beano comic You re the One for Me, Fatty , a song by Morrissey The nickname of Frederick Algernon Trotteville, one of the central characters in Enid Blyton s The Five Find Outers Five Find Outers series of mystery novels. See also Fat disambiguation disambiguation fi Fatty ... more details
The Weerman degradation is an organic reaction in carbohydrate chemistry in which an aldonamide derived from an aldonic acid is degraded by sodium hypochlorite , forming a new sugar with one less carbon. The reaction is named after R.A. Weerman ref R. A. Weerman, Rec. Trav. Chim., 37, 16 1917 . ref The reaction mechanism is that of the related Hofmann degradation . One study demonstrated the direct oxidation of glucose to arabinose by the same sodium hypochlorite, skipping the aldonic acid and aldoamide steps. ref cite doi 10.1021 ja01528a042 ref References Reflist See also Curtius rearrangement Hofmann degradation Ruff Fenton degradation Wohl degradation Category Rearrangement reactions Category Carbohydrates Category Degradation reactions Category Name reactions zh Weerman ... more details
The Bergmann degradation is a series of chemical reaction s designed to remove a single amino acid from the carboxylic acid end of a peptide . ref Bergmann, M. Science 1934 , 79 , 439. ref ref Bergmann, M. Zervas, L. J. Biol. Chem. 1936 , 113 , 341. ref Image Bergmann Degradation Reaction Scheme.png center 600px The Bergmann degradation The acyl azide of a peptide 1 undergoes a Curtius rearrangement in the presence of benzyl alcohol 2 to give a Carboxybenzyl benzyl carbamate 3 . The Cbz group of intermediate 3 is removed by hydrogenolysis to give an unsubstituted amide 4 and an aldehyde 5 . References Reflist See also Curtius rearrangement Edman degradation reaction stub Category Organic redox reactions Category Rearrangement reactions Category Degradation reactions Category Name reactions ar es Degradaci n de Bergmann nl Bergmann degradatie zh Bergmann ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 File LogP200.jpg right 200px thumb Flow reaction system for automated forced degradation testing Forced degradation or accelerated degradation is a process whereby the natural degradation rate of a product or material is increased by the application of an additional stress. Introduction Forced degradation studies are used to identify reactions which may occur to degrade a processed product. Usually conducted before final formulation, forced degradation uses external stresses to rapidly screen material stabilities. Longer term storage tests are usually used to measure similar properties when final formulations are involved because of the stringent FDA regulations. These tests are generally more expensive because of the time involved than forced degradation which is therefore used for rapid selection and elimination tests. Common stresses There are a number of common stresses which are used to pH acid base Chemical processes are often catalysed by the presence of acids and bases. The exposure of materials to these can therefore accelerate degradation reactions. Temperature In accordance to Arrhenius equation arrhenius kinetics , increasing temperature increases the rate of any degradation process. Temperature is often used in conjunction with other stresses to increase reaction rates. Oxidation Concentration Light Methodologies Standard methodologies include Wet chemistry methods Flow chemistry Calorimetry HPLC Application Empty section date July 2010 See also Chemical decomposition Thermogravimetric analysis Total productive maintenance External links http www.syrris.com Degradation.aspx Flow chemistry degradation by Syrris Category Chemical engineering ... more details
other amino acid residues. Mechanism Image EdmanDegradation.png 600px center Edman Degradation with generic amino acid peptide chain. isothiocyanate Phenylisothiocyanate is reacted with an uncharged ... of over 99 efficiency per amino acid . An advantage of the Edman degradation is that it only uses 10 100 pico moles of peptide for the sequencing process. Edman degradation reaction is automated to speed up the process. ref cite journal author Niall HD title Automated Edman degradation the protein ...Edman degradation , developed by Pehr Edman , is a method of Protein sequencing sequencing amino acids in a peptide . ref Cite journal last Edman first P. year 1950 title Method for determination of the amino acid sequence in peptides journal Acta Chem. Scand. volume 4 pages 283 293 doi 10.3891 acta.chem.scand.04 0283 last2 H gfeldt first2 Erik last3 Sill n first3 Lars Gunnar last4 Kinell first4 Per Olof postscript Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it or change its value to . for the cite to end in a . , as necessary. inconsistent citations . ref In this method, the amino terminal residue chemistry .... Then, under acidic conditions, this derivative of the terminal amino acid is cleaved as a thiazolinone derivative. The thiazolinone amino acid is then selectively extracted into an organic solvent and treated with acid to form the more stable phenylthiohydantoin PTH amino acid derivative that can ... again to identify the next amino acid. A major drawback to this technique is that the peptides being ... the Edman degradation proceeds from the N terminus of the protein, it will not work if the N terminal amino acid has been chemically modified or if it is concealed within the body of the protein. It also .... N terminal residue sequencing resulting in five to ten amino acid may be sufficient to identify a Protein of Interest POI . See also Bergmann degradation Dansyl chloride References reflist Category ... Name reactions Category Chemical tests Category Degradation reactions reaction stub ca Degradaci ... more details
The Wohl degradation in carbohydrate chemistry is a chain contraction method for aldose s. ref citation last Wohl first A. authorlink Alfred Wohl title Abbau des Traubenzuckers journal Chem. Ber. year 1893 volume 26 issue 1 pages 730 744 doi 10.1002 cber.189302601150 . ref The classic example is the conversion of glucose to arabinose as shown below. The reaction is named after the chemist Alfred Wohl . Image WohlDegradation.png center 600px The Wohl degradation In one modification, ref OrgSynth first G za last Braun title D Arabinose prep CV3P0101 volume 20 pages 14 year 1940 collvol 3 collvolpages 101 . ref ref OrgSynth first1 H. T. last1 Clarke first2 S. M. last2 Nagy title Pentaacetyl d gluconitrile prep CV3P0690 volume 20 pages 74 year 1940 collvol 3 collvolpages 690 . ref glucose d glucose is converted to the glucose oxime by reaction with hydroxylamine and sodium methoxide . In the second step the pentaacetyl glycononitrile is formed by reaction with acetic anhydride in acetic acid with sodium acetate . In this reaction step the oxime is converted into the nitrile with simultaneous conversion of all the alcohol groups to acetate groups. In the final step sodium methoxide in methanol is added on which the nitrile group is split off as sodium cyanide with formation of a new formyl group. Ruff Fenton degradation In a variation the Ruff Fenton degradation Otto Ruff 1898, O. Fenton 1893 converts the aldose first to the alpha hydroxy carboxylic acid with bromine and calcium hydroxide and then to the shortened aldose by reaction with Iron III sulfate and hydrogen peroxide ref Organic syntheses based on name reactions , Volume 22 Alfred Hassner,C. Stumer ref See also Nef reaction References Reflist Category Carbohydrate chemistry Category Elimination reactions Category Degradation reactions Category Name reactions es Degradaci n de Wohl zh ... more details
unreferenced date January 2011 In 1898, Otto Ruff published his work on the transformation of D Glucose to D Arabinose later called the Ruff degradation. In this reaction, D Glucose is converted to D Arabinose . In this reaction, the terminal aldehyde group is converted to a Carboxylic acid carboxylic acid group, using selective oxidation of the aldehyde using Bromine Organic chemistry Bromine water and then converted to gluconate ion. Next, Fe OAc sub 3 sub with 30 of H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub is added. br br Thus COO ion will form CO2 and a stereo selective compound will form. And below CH2OH will convert to CHO group, thus forming D Arabinose. Chemistry stub Category Name reactions de Ruff Abbau zh ... more details
The Strecker degradation is a chemical reaction which converts an amino acid into an aldehyde by an imine intermediate. It is named after Adolph Strecker , a German chemist. The original observation by Strecker involved the use of alloxan as the oxidant ref cite journal title Notiz ber eine eigenth mliche Oxydation durch Alloxan pages 363&ndash 365 doi 10.1002 jlac.18621230312 first A last Strecker journal Annalen der Chemie volume 123 issue 2 year 1862 ref File Strecker Degradation.png 500px The reaction can take place using a variety of organic and inorganic reagents. ref cite journal title The Strecker Degradation of Amino Acids pages 261&ndash 277 doi 10.1021 cr60156a002 first Alexander last Schonberg coauthors Moubacher, Radwan journal Chem. Rev. volume 50 issue 2 year 1952 ref References reflist Category Organic reactions Category Name reactions Category Degradation reactions de Strecker Abbau fr D gradation de Strecker nl Strecker degradatie ja zh Strecker ... more details
File Karst following phosphate mining on Nauru.jpg thumb Serious land degradation in Nauru after the depletion of the phosphate cover through mining Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical ... upon the land. ref name rural cite book title Rural Land Degradation in Australia last Conacher first ... land degradation has upon agronomic productivity, the environment, and its effects on food ... Land degradation an overview booktitle Responses to Land Degradation. Proc. 2nd. International Conference on Land Degradation and Desertification publisher Oxford Press location New Delhi, India url http soils.usda.gov use worldsoils papers land degradation overview.html accessdate 2012 02 05 ref ... author Ian Sample format work The Guardian ref Measuring Land degradation is a broad term that can ... degradation and its impact on the environment around it A temporary or permanent decline in the productive ... land degradation is that what one group of people call degradation, others might view as a benefit ... Causes Image Cattle.jpg thumb Overgrazing by livestock can lead to land degradation Land degradation ... outcome of land degradation is a substantial reduction in the productivity of the land. ref cite ... of acid sulfate soil resulting in barren soil Alkaline soil Soil alkalinisation owing to irrigation ... factor in Afghanistan. Agricultural activities that can cause land degradation include shifting cultivation ... factor in Sri Lanka and the dominant one in Bangladesh. The role of population factors in land degradation ... soils. High population density is not always related to land degradation. Rather, it is the practices ... to the land and make it more productive than it is in its natural state. Severe land degradation ... to degradation. These two factors combine to explain the degree of vulnerability. ref name landguide Citation author Stockings, Mike Murnaghan, Niamh. title Land Degradation Guidelines for Field ..., Douglas Lewis, Lawrence. title Land Degradation Creation and Destruction year 2007 location Maryland ... more details
Polymer degradation is a change in the properties tensile strength , colour , shape, etc. of a polymer ... or chemical s such as acid s, alkali s and some salts . These changes are usually undesirable, such as cracking .... Degradation can be useful for recycling reusing the polymer waste to prevent or reduce environmental pollution . Degradation can also be induced deliberately to assist structure determination . Polymeric ... encountered in daily life. Each of these polymers has its own characteristic modes of degradation ... to hydrolysis and attack by strong acid s, while polycarbonate depolymerizes rapidly when exposed ... fuel pipe.jpg thumb 200px Close up of broken fuel pipe connector Photoinduced degradation main UV degradation Most polymers can be degraded by photolysis to give lower molecular weight molecules. Electromagnetic ... vacuum2010 X ray s and gamma ray s are usually involved in such reactions. Thermal degradation main Thermal degradation of polymers main Thermal depolymerization Chain growth polymerisation Chain growth ... monomers, oils, gases and water. The degradation takes place by class wikitable Thermolysis type ... monoxide , Carbon dioxide and hydrogen Chemical degradation main Chemically Assisted Degradation of Polymers ... molecules. The hydrolysis takes place in the presence of water containing an acid or a Base chemistry base as catalyst. Nylon Polyamide is sensitive to degradation by acids and polyamide mouldings ... the progressive growth of the crack from acid attack Ch to the final cusp C of polymer. The problem ... being most sensitive to degradation. Ozone cracks form in products under tension, but the critical ... Image Irspec1.jpg thumb right 200px IR spectrum showing carbonyl absorption due to oxidative degradation ... degradation by galvanic action was first citation needed date January 2011 described in the technical ... 200902037896192534 ref This was the discovery that plastics can corrode , i.e. polymer degradation may ... polyimide s, triazine s, and blends thereof. Degradation occurs in the form of dissolved resin ... more details
The Marker degradation is a three step chemical synthesis synthetic route in steroid chemistry developed by American chemist Russell Earl Marker in 1938 40. It is used for the production of cortisone and mammalian sex hormone s progesterone , estradiol , etc. from plant steroids, and established Mexico as a world center for steroid production in the years immediately after World War II . ref name landmark citation url http acswebcontent.acs.org landmarks marker marker.html title The Marker Degradation publisher American Chemical Society accessdate 2010 03 03 . ref The discovery of the Marker degradation allowed the production of substantial quantities of steroid hormones for the first time, and was fundamental in the development of the contraceptive pill and corticosteroid anti inflammatory drugs. In 1999, the American Chemical Society and the Sociedad Qu mica de M xico named the route as a National Historic Chemical Landmark. ref name landmark The first large scale application of the route ... degradation led to the development of a Fine chemicals fine chemical industry in Mexico which ... in what would become known as the Marker degradation. Sarsasapogenin was too expensive to be a commercial ... body, as in the industrial process developed after the discovery of the Marker degradation. ref The quantities ..., the Marker degradation relies heavily on kinetic control to degrade the sapogenin side chain ... books.google.com books?id iyzlMSPp EMC&pg PA281 v onepage&q &f false . ref File Marker degradation 1.png 500px The five. membered furan ring is then Oxidation oxidatively opened with chromic acid . This forms .... File Marker degradation 2.png 500px The ester is then hydrolyzed under strongly basic conditions ... a double bond. File Marker degradation 3.png 500px The resulting 3 hydroxypregna 5,16 dien 20 one ... One consequence of this split was that the Marker degradation was never patent ed. ref name ... Notes reflist group note References reflist 2 Category Degradation reactions Category Name reactions ... more details
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