SCOTUSCase Litigants FeistPublications, Inc.v. RuralTelephoneService Co. ArgueDate January 9 ArgueYear 1991 DecideDate March 27 DecideYear 1991 FullName FeistPublications, Incorporated v. RuralTelephoneService Company, Incorporated USVol 499 USPage 340 Citation 111 S. Ct. 1282 113 L. Ed. 2d 358 ... Article One of the United States Constitution U.S. Const. art. I FeistPublications, Inc., v. RuralTelephoneService Co. , 499 U.S. 340 1991 , ref cite web url http caselaw.lp.findlaw.com scripts getcase.pl?court US&vol 499&invol 340 title The Feistv. Rural Decision ref commonly called Feistv. Rural , is an important Supreme Court of the United States United States Supreme Court case establishing ... of Works of Information after Feistv. RuralTelephone journal Columbia Law Review volume 92 .... In the case appealed, Feist had copied information from Rural s telephone directory telephone ... and that therefore no infringement existed. Background RuralTelephoneService Company ... as a condition of their monopoly franchise. FeistPublications, Inc. specialized in compiling telephone ...?court US&vol 499&invol 340 Text of the decision from FindLaw.com DEFAULTSORT FeistPublicationsV. RuralTelephoneService Category United States Supreme Court cases Category United States copyright case law Category 1991 in United States case law Category Yellow Pages es Feist contra Rural zh ... Rural s denial of a license to Feist, Feist copied some 4000 entries from Rural s directory. Because Rural had placed a small number of Fictitious entry phony entries to detect copying, Feist ... used to describe it are see idea expression divide and Publications International v Meredith Corp. 1996 . ref Publications International v Meredith Corp. , 88 F.3d 473 United States Court ... found Feist to have undermined the reasoning in West v. Mead. West s citation claims were challenged ... case of Tele Direct Publications Inc. v. American Business Information Inc. 1997 76 C.P.R. 3d 296 F.C.A. ... more details
Wiktionarypar feistFeist may refer to Feist dog , a specific class of small hunting dogs, though not a recognized pedigree FeistPublications, a United States telephone directory publisher acquired by Yellow Book directory Yellow Book in 2004 FeistPublicationsv. RuralTelephoneService commonly Feistv. Rural , a 1991 United States Supreme Court copyright case List of Sonic the Hedgehog comic book characters FeistFeist , a Sonic the Hedgehog comic book series character. People Feist singer , Leslie Feist born 1976 , Canadian musician Felix E. Feist 1910 1965 , American film maker, father of Raymond Leo Feist 1869 1930 , publisher of popular American music Margot Honecker n e Feist born 1927 , German politician Mathias Feist , German software programmer Rainer Feist , Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe in NATO Raymond E. Feist born 1945 , American fantasy author Sigmund Feist 1865 1943 , German historical linguist surname Feist, Feyst Category German words and phrases Category German language surnames Category Jewish surnames surname stub Germany hist stub disambig de Feist fr Feist nl Feist no Feist pl Feist ru sq Feist kthjellim sk Feist sv Feist ... more details
ServicePublications was established in 1995 by Clive M. Law , an author and historian as well as former officer of the Governor General s Foot Guards . The company is devoted to the publication of books and periodicals regarding Canadian military subjects. The company sells books from other publishers as well as producing its own series of books. Book Series In addition to one off titles by various authors, SP also releases titles as part of their own series of books, including the following Weapons of War Inexpensive pamphlets highlighting military vehicles and weapons in Canadian use UpClose Detailed, scholarly examinations of uniforms, weapons, equipment and insignia employed by the Canadian Army through history. These titles are designed to give collectors, researchers and museum curators in depth information on a single topic. The books are written largely form primary, archival sources with extensive use of contemporary photographs. Modern studio photographs also augments the text. There are eight titles in the UpClose series Distinguishing Patches Formation Patches of the Canadian Army, 1916 1996 by Clive M. Law. Documents the history of the design, approval and use of sleeve worn formation patches of the Canadian Army. 1996, ISBN 0 9699845 2 9 Tin Lids Canadian Combat Helmets by Roger V. Lucy. A detailed history of the acquisition and use of steel and later, kevlar helmets in the Canadian Army. ISBN 0 9699845 3 7 Khaki Uniforms of the CEF , by Clive M. Law, Examines both the uniquely Canadian uniforms as well as the standard British issues of the Great War. 1997, ISBN 0 9699845 4 5 A Question of Confidence The Ross Rifle in the Trenches by Col. A.F. Duguid, Edited by Clive M. Law This is an edited version of the Ross history written between the wars by the Canadian Army s Official Historian. Dressed to Kill by Michael A. Dorosh. Is an in depth examination of the Battle Dress, Service Dress and Khaki Drill uniforms issued to Canadian Other Ranks in World War ... more details
The Georgia RuralTelephone Museum GRTM is a Telephone and telephone memorabilia museum located in Leslie, Georgia , United States . Housed in a renovated 1910 s cotton warehouse, the GRTM is, according to 2007 s Georgia Curiosities , one of the world s largest phone museums. ref name Schemmel2007 cite book last Schemmel first William title Georgia Curiosities Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff url http books.google.com books?id UxvjJqyzL1cC&pg PA78 accessdate 26 June 2010 date 1 January 2007 publisher Globe Pequot isbn 9780762741106 page 78 ref According to the museum itself, the size of its collection of telephones is unparalleled. ref name Fodor s2007 cite book author Fodor s authorlink Fodor s title Fodor s the Carolinas & Georgia url http books.google.com books?id Rbdi mxRBwgC&pg PA395 accessdate 26 June 2010 date 13 February 2007 publisher Random House, Inc. isbn 9781400017416 page 395 ref Located at 135 North Bailey Avenue, Leslie, Georgia, ref Schemmel 2007 , p. 79. ref the GRTM is a not for profit organization. It was founded in 1995 by Tommy C. Smith. ref name Schemmel2007 ref name Petersen2002 cite book last Petersen first Julie K. title The telecommunications illustrated dictionary url http books.google.com books?id b2mMzS0hCkAC&pg PA401 accessdate 26 June 2010 date 29 May 2002 publisher CRC Press isbn 9780849311734 page 401 ref As of 2007, the museum featured 2,000 artifacts on exhibit, dating back to the 1880s. ref name Schemmel2007 References reflist External links http www.grtm.org Official website coord missing Georgia U.S. state Category Leslie, Georgia Category Museums in Sumter County, Georgia Category Telephone museums Category Telecommunications museums in the United States Category History museums in Georgia U.S. state Georgia ... more details
The Joint Publications Research Service JPRS was a United States government defense funded organization that was absorbed into the Foreign Broadcast Information Service FBIS but its funding and personnel did not transfer. For all practical purposes it ceased its massive operations 80,000 reports since 1957 in 1970, and gradually wound down to virtually nothing under FBIS by 1997. Both FBIS and JPRS are notable representatives of the value of Open Source Intelligence or OSINT, but also examples of how poorly funded such endeavors can be when the emphasis remains on secrecy and technology instead of openness. According to FBIS, access to current and past JPRS reports is possible via World News Connection . In 2011, Readex , a division of NewsBank, announced its plans to create a digital edition entitled Joint Publications Research Service JPRS Reports, 1957 1994. External links http hcl.harvard.edu research guides jprs Harvard Library Overview of JPRS Category Open source intelligence US gov stub ... more details
No footnotes date December 2008 Plain old telephoneservice POTS is the voice grade telephoneservice that remains the basic form of residential and small business service connection to the telephone network in many parts of the world. The name is a retronym , and is a reflection of the telephoneservice ... telephoneservice providers attempt to achieve dial tone availability more than High availability 99.999 of the time the telephone is taken off hook . This is an often cited benchmark in marketing ... Local telephoneservice Category 1 cable Twisted pair 25 pair color code Foreign exchange office FXO Foreign exchange station FXS Network interface device Telecommunications Category Telephone services bg de Plain old telephoneservice es POTS fr Plain Old TelephoneService it POTS lmo POTS nl POTS ja Plain Old TelephoneService pms POTS pl Plain Old TelephoneService ru POTS sv Plain old telephoneservice zh ... s and VoIP . POTS has been available almost since the introduction of the public telephone system ... Tone dialing, electronic telephone exchange s and fiber optic communication into the public switched telephone network PSTN . The system was originally known as the Post Office TelephoneService System in many countries. The term was dropped as telephone services were removed from the control ... call ing assistance a standards compliant analog telephone interface including BORSCHT functions ... powered by 48 Volt V direct current DC and backed up by a large bank of batteries connected in series ... of service during most commercial power outages. The subscriber loop typically carries a load of about ... after computerization of telephone exchanges during the 1970s and 1980s. The services include ... loop presented to the customer for connection to telephone equipment is practically unchanged and remains ... telephone network Managed Facility Voice Network RJ11, RJ14, RJ25 RJ11 the type of telephone jack ... more details
The Ontario TelephoneService Commission OTSC was a quasi judicial regulatory agency which regulated independent telephone companies that is, those other than Bell Canada in Ontario, Canada Ontario , Canada . It reported to the provincial legislature through the minister of transportation and communications. It served as the regulator for the independent companies until April 26, 1994, when a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada in the case T l phone Guevremont Inc. v. Quebec R gie des t l communications , 1994 1 S.C.R. 878 transferred Canada s provincially regulated telephone companies to federal jurisdiction, meaning that they would be regulated by the Canadian Radio television and Telecommunications Commission . References Grindlay, Thomas. A History of the Independent Telephone Industry in Ontario . 1975. Category Ontario government departments and agencies Category Communications in Ontario Category Communications authorities ... more details
unreferenced date May 2011 Local telephoneservice is the provision of telecommunications network s and services within a limited geographic region. globalize USA date December 2010 Traditionally, local telephoneservice was provided by small companies based in given cities and towns as opposed to larger, national or international companies. Telephone call s outside of the local area provided for by these companies were patched through long distance calling long distance networks that were, until de regulation, operation mainly by AT&T . Some providers of local services were regional Bell operating companies , but not all local telephone companies were a regional Bell operating company or tied to one at the local level, especially after de regulation of 1996. After de regulation, these regional ... Search DEFAULTSORT Local TelephoneService Category Telephone services ru ... type of corporate structure. Many communities in the United States had Independent telephone company local telephone companies and in rural areas, up until around the early 1980s perhaps later in some cases party line telephony party lines were commonplace. The local telephone company was responsible ... had rotary telephone s that were leased prior to the 1980s. Customers in some instances ended up ... up to encourage this situation. Local telephone companies also provided Private branch exchange ... telecommunications services. Local telephone companies more recently become involved in providing Internet by DSL and dial up services. Local local loop telephone wires terminate at the central office telephone exchange , a structure containing the hardware needed to switch calls among telephone ... and especially cell phones have reduced the need for local telephone services while Digital subscriber line Internet service and other serivices give local companies new roles in the telecommunications industry. See also Access network TelephoneTelephone exchange Regional Bell operating company ... more details
unsourced article date November 2008 A postal, telegraph, and telephoneservice or PTT is a government government agency agency responsible for mail postal mail , telegraph , and telephone services. Such monopoly monopolies existed in many countries, though not in North America or Japan . Many PTTs have been partially or completely privatization privatized in recent years. In some of those privatizations, the PTT was renamed completely, whereas in others, the name of the privatized corporation has been only slightly modified, such as PT Telkom in Indonesia . Monopoly service In countries that had a PTT unit of government, typically the vast majority of forms of distribution of information fell under the auspices of the PTT, whether that be the delivery of printed publications and individual letters in the postal mail, the transmission of telephonic audio, or the transmission of telegraphic on off signals, and in some countries, the radio broadcasting broadcast of one way audio radio and television audio video television signals . In many countries with a current or former PTT, the PTT also was responsible for the manufacture and standardization of telephone equipment. Often the presence of a single PTT in a country implied a single monolithic approach to the distribution of information in that country, which as an advantage permitted efficient deployment of a single national standard for each topic instead of on going debate about competing ideas, but which as a disadvantage typically .... Mixed service In North America, instead of a PTT there was the private monopoly Bell System in telecommunications and a separate federally run US Postal Service Canada Post for mail delivery. Portugal ..., Telefones e Tel grafos , a public company, as the owner of the telephone system in the rest of the country ... WpmzcqmgMbAC&dq universal service and rate restructuring in telecommunications&printsec frontcover&source ... PPP1,M1 Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications , Organisation for Economic ... more details
Mobile TelephoneService IMTS is a 0G pre cellular Very High Frequency VHF Ultra High Frequency UHF radio system that links to the Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN . IMTS was the radiotelephone equivalent of land dial phone service. It was introduced in 1964 as a replacement to Mobile TelephoneService or MTS and improved on most MTS systems by offering direct dial rather than connections ... telephone system includes three frequency bands, VHF Low 35 44 MHz, 9 channels , VHF High 152 158 MHz, 11 channels , and UHF 454 460 MHz, 12 channels . See Improved Mobile TelephoneService ... paging, so after a few years, the predominant provider of mobile telephoneservice was the Bell System companies. A given provider might have offered service on one, two, or all three bands, although IMTS was never offered on low band only MTS, but Whidbey Telephone in Washington State had a custom ... as many as 7 or 8 channels while rural stations had as few as one or two channels. Each telephone connection ... Mobile TelephoneService. The low band Z prefixed channels were always operated in the MTS, or manual ... wishing to have mobile telephoneservice. These potential subscribers were literally waiting ... Service , the earliest car telephoneservice provided by the Bell System, later replaced by IMTS technology ... U.S. company near the Canadian border was known to offer IMTS service. Also Schuykill Mobile Phone ... license.jsp?licKey 7187 ULS License Paging and Radiotelephone License WRV255 WIKSTROM TELEPHONE COMPANY, INC Bot generated title ref Northwestel was known to offer Mobile TelephoneService MTS service in northern Canada, but has been withdrawing service from some areas. ref http www.crtc.gc.ca ... Hz seize tones would be sent to allow the base station to service another call. Mobiles would originate ... handsets with power outputs of 0.6 watts. Mobile installations normally consisted of a head unit or the telephone ... much like a landline, or hardwired, telephone. Unlike cellular handsets, these units passed through ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 The Mobile TelephoneService MTS is a pre cellular network cellular Very high frequency VHF radio system that links to the Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN . MTS was the radiotelephone equivalent of land dial phone service. As of 2005 , only rural and wilderness areas were still using the system. The Mobile TelephoneService was one of the earliest mobile telephone ... TelephoneService IMTS . Channels MTS uses 25 VHF radio channels in the United States and Canada . The channels are identified by pairs of letters taken from positions on a North America n telephone ... parts of rural North America, having been replaced in most areas by cellular service in the 1980s or later. The service territory of Northwestel has only eliminated ten MTS locations since 2003 ... these, and single points such as an individual telephone in a rural area, using a six digit combination ... States Category Telecommunications in Canada ca Mobile TelephoneService es Mobile Telephone ... switched telephone network land line the call would be routed to a mobile operator, who would route .... This service originated with the Bell System , and was first used in St. Louis, Missouri St. Louis ... channels across 3 bands See IMTS frequencies . This service was used at least into the 1980s in large ... 23 152.825 158.085 align center 12 JW 24 152.840 158.999 Frequency problems and elimination of the service ... signal. The service uses technology that has been manufacturer discontinued for more than three decades ... service resolved this congestion problem very effectively, especially since cellular frequencies, typically ..., but obsolescence. Because the equipment is no longer manufactured, companies still using the service ... Lake region, the Mackenzie River and the Mackenzie Delta. As noted above, cellular service is too costly ... diesel generators, using barged in fuel. Operation All calls were placed by a suitably equipped telephone ... MTS services due to the reasons above they could not meet the service demand except by switching ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Cleanup date April 2007 RoughTranslation Catalan Telephoneservice in Catalonia ... public telephoneservice serving the whole region, the Catalonian government, or Commonwealth of Catalonia ... all telephone services. 1886 The take over of phone service by private companies is authorized due to lack of interest on the part of the Spanish government. 20 April 1896 An intercity telephone line ... is founded. 1913 The Companyia Telef nica del Vall s begins telephone services. 1914 Prat de la Riba becomes leader of the Commonwealth of Catalonia . The Commonwealth Plans to Supply TelephoneService ... telephoneservice to all parts of Catalonia. 9 September 1915 A royal decree authorizes the Commonwealth ... part of the Spanish National Telephone Company. 1928 Telephoneservice is instituted between Spain ... control of the telephoneservice begins. Entry of Spain to the European Union and Deregulation of the Telephone ... network operators, leading to improvements in telephoneservice. See also History of Catalonia History ..., SA Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT History Of TelephoneService In Catalonia Category ... it to private industry to create the infrastructure for telephone communications. The companies created only those lines which they thought would be profitable. There were two telephone companies in Catalonia ... by telephone. After Spanish prime minister and dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera abolished the Commonwealth, work on the Catalan intercity telephone network was interrupted. It would not be completed for many ... December 1877 The first telephone trials in the Iberian peninsula take place, between two lecture halls in the College of Industry, Barcelona. 26 December 1877 The first long distance telephone conference ... in intercity telephone communications. 20 June 1896 By royal decree, the use of Catalan in intercity telephone and telegram communications is authorized, lifting the restrictions imposed by the previous ... Foundation of the Telephone Department of the Commonwealth of Catalonia, headed by Esteban Terradas ... more details
Refimprove date August 2007 In U.S. telecommunication s, a Wide Area TelephoneService WATS is a long distance calling long distance service offering for customer dial type telecommunications between a given customer user station and stations within specified geographic rate areas employing a single telephone line between the customer user location and the serving central office . Each access line may be arranged for either outward OUT WATS or inward IN WATS service, or both. ref FS1037C ref Offerings for fixed rate inter Local access and transport area LATA and intra LATA services are measured by zones and hours. In Outbound WATS the country is defined by Bands 0 through 5. Band zero is intrastate calling and bands 1 through 5 are interstate calls that are progressively further from the originating number. Historically the higher band number carries a higher price per month or per minute. These lines can be used for outbound long distance only not local. With long distance rates at historic lows, using regular business lines, OUTWATS service became obsolete late in the 20th century. With inward WATS , subscribers are issued a toll free telephone number , typically beginning with a designated toll free area code . INWATS service was introduced by AT&T Corporation AT&T in 1967 to reduce time spent by operators processing toll collect call s for businesses. The first inward WATS area code issued was 800, with 888, 877, and 866 area codes being planned and implemented in the 1990s, The 855 code was implemented in late 2010, and 844, 833 and 822 reserved for future expansion. Telephone users within a designated area may call an inward WATS telephone number without having to pay a toll charge the recipient pays for the calls at a flat rate or other predetermined rate. Growth of inward WATS exploded in the 1980s as technology allowed companies to build business with nationwide ... number s. Inward WATS service is available with Automatic Number Identification ANI , which could ... more details
refimprove date January 2009 The Telephone Preference Service TPS is a United Kingdom UK opt out telephone list that is intended to prevent telemarketing calls to those who do not wish to receive them. The list is administered on behalf of Ofcom by the British direct marketing industry, who also run the Mailing Preference Service and Fax Preference Service . In 2005, the BBC reported that there were 10.5 million numbers registered. ref Citation date 2 November 2005 title Fines may rise for silent calls publisher BBC url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi business 4395624.stm accessdate 2009 01 30 ref The TPS should not be confused with the Government Telephone Preference Scheme which refers exclusively to the system used by the General Post Office since 1952 and later BT Group BT to keep selected telephones operating during wartime when access to the telephone system by the general public would be denied. History Residential users have been able to register on the list since May 1999 under the Telecommunications Data Protection and Privacy Regulations 1999. The list has statutory force under the Privacy and Electronic Communications EC Directive Regulations 2003 . From 25 June 2004 corporate subscribers were also allowed to register on the list under Privacy and Electronic Communications EC Directive Amendment Regulations 2004 Exemptions Companies can still contact their own customers regardless of TPS to offer new products and services so long as the customer has already notified you that they do not object to receiving such calls http www.ico.gov.uk upload documents library data protection practical application calling existing customers on the tps.pdf . Genuine market research from companies like Ipsos MORI and RCU Ltd RCU are also allowed and calls from overseas made by overseas companies on their own account cannot be controlled by registering with the TPS. Individuals and businesses ... for prosecutions. See also Robinson list Canadian Do Not Call List New Zealand Name Removal Service ... more details
of Fawcett Comics and the cancellation of all of its superhero related publications ... like hero Wonder Man Fox Publications Wonder Man , and filed against Fawcett the following ... on June 19, 2005. Detailed summary of the cases and rulings related to National Comics Publicationsv. Fawcett Publishing . ref Appeal National appealed the decision in 1951 to the United States ... court ruled for National Periodicals, Fawcett Publications settled out of court in late 1953. Fawcett ... v. Fawcett is still an often referenced case in the areas of copyright law and plagiarism because ... more details
SCOTUSCase Litigants NLRB v. Hearst Publications ArgueDateA February 8 ArgueDateB 9 ArgueYear 1944 DecideDate April 24 DecideYear 1944 FullName National Labor Relations Board v. Hearst Publications, Inc USVol 322 USPage 111 Citation 64 S. Ct. 851 88 L. Ed. 1170 1944 U.S. LEXIS 1201 8 Lab. Cas. CCH P51,179 14 L.R.R.M. 614 Prior Court of Appeals refused to enforce the NLRB s orders, 136 F.2d 608 reversed . Subsequent Holding Reviewing courts have limited review over administrative agencies interpretation of terms in their organic statutes. The NLRB s finding that the newsboys were employees was subject to deference. SCOTUS 1943 1945 Majority Rutledge JoinMajority Stone, Black, Frankfurter, Douglas, Murphy, Jackson Concurrence Reed Dissent Roberts JoinDissent LawsApplied National Labor Relations Act NLRB v. Hearst Publications , ussc 322 111 1944 was an administrative law case heard before the Supreme Court of the United States United States Supreme Court . The case concerned the meaning of the term employees in the National Labor Relations Act . Background Hearst Corporation Hearst Publications , the publishers of four daily Los Angeles newspapers, refused to bargain collectively with their newsboy s. The newsboys filed petitions with the National Labor Relations Board for certification as a local union. The NLRB found that the newsboys were full time employees within the meaning of the National Labor Relations Act and ordered Hearst to cease violating the Act and bargain with the newsboys. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit refused to enforce the order, reasoning ... . ref NLRB v. Hearst Publications , 322 U.S. 111, 113 15 1944 ref Decision of the Court Wiley B. Rutledge ... wikisource National Labor Relations Board v. Hearst Publications caselaw source case NLRB v. Hearst Publications , 322 U.S. 111 1944 findlaw http laws.findlaw.com us 322 111.html justia http supreme.justia.com us 322 111 case.html US Administrative law DEFAULTSORT Nlrb V. Hearst Publications Category ... more details
Rural Radiotelephone Service RRTS provides basic, analog communications service between locations deemed so remote that traditional wireline service or service by other means is not feasible. ref name FCC cite web url http www.fcc.gov encyclopedia rural radiotelephone service title Rural Radiotelephone Service work FCC Encyclopedia publisher Federal Communications Commission accessdate 2012 04 24 ref RRTS uses channelized radio to provide basic exchange telephone radio service between a fixed subscriber location and a remote central office , private line service between a two fixed locations or interconnection between two or more central offices. RRTS does not enable mobile communications. Licensing In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission issues initial Rural Radiotelephone Service licenses on a site by site basis. Once a license is issued, the licensee can sell or lease the license to another party. The FCC service rules for Rural Radiotelephone are located in 47 C.F.R. Part 22 Subpart F. ref name FCC Technical information In the United States, the ULS radio service code and description for Rural Radiotelephone licenses is CR Rural Radiotelephone. The licensed spectrum is divided in 44 channels of 20 kHz each. ref name FCC References Reflist CodeFedReg 47 22 subpart F FS1037C Category Telecommunications terms Telecommunications telecomm term stub es Servicio de radio rural ... more details
are Rural Business Cooperative Service and the Rural Housing Service that are part of the USDA s USDA Rural Development Rural Development Bureau . The three agencies are headed by administrators, who each report to the Under Secretary of Agriculture for Rural Development the RUS administrator is the only ... cite web title Rural Utilities Service work USDA Rural Development url http www.usda.gov rus accessdate ...Image REA lineman.jpg thumbnail right 240px An REA lineman at work in Hayti, Missouri in 1942. The Rural Utilities Service RUS is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture USDA , one of the United ... charged with providing public utilities electricity , telephone , water , sanitary sewer sewer to rural areas in the United States via public private partnership s. The agency s acronym is an allusion to the Latin word rus countryside , the etymological source of the word rural Citation needed ... other agencies that are not part of the USDA, the Federal Financing Bank FFB and the former RuralTelephone Bank RTB , which was dissolved in 2006. These banks provide the funds for many of the loan .... History File 20111110 OC AMW 0030 Flickr USDAgov.jpg thumb right RUS traces its roots to the Rural ..., 1935, with the primary goal of promoting rural electrification . ref http www.coop litigation.com default.aspx ... electricity to rural areas due to the unwillingness of power companies to serve farmsteads. Private ... private enterprise , despite many of these utilities having refused to extend their lines to rural areas, claiming lack of profitability. Private power companies set rural rates four times as high as city .... In 1939, 288,000 households had their electricity provided by rural electric cooperatives .... Published by Random House, 1986 ref In 1949, the REA became authorized to provide loans to ruraltelephone cooperatives. ref http www.ntca.org index.php?view article&id 51 history of rural telecommunications&option com content&Itemid 279 History of Rural Telecommunications, National Telecommunications ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Rural Infrastructure Service Commons RISC is a strategy for rural development in India proposed in 2002 by Vinod Khosla and Atanu Dey . RISC proposes the establishment of rural hubs with established infrastructure and fee based user services that would be sustained by patronage from surrounding villages, accessible by bicycle. Each hub would provide economic opportunities for India s rural population and the potential to seed a larger urban center. Category International development Category Rural development in India India stub ... more details
The Rural Development Service RDS was formerly part of the Politics of the United Kingdom UK Government s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Defra . It ceased to exist on 1 October 2006 following the creation of Natural England . History RDS was created in 2001, when the Farming and Rural Conservation Agency merged with the then Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food s regional service centres. The RDS was charged with the implementation of the England Rural Development Programme ERDP , as well as a range of other rural services, placing the agency at the forefront of change in rural areas. The RDS employed 1,500 staff, working with rural partners and local people to improve the environment, promote the conservation of wildlife and biodiversity and develop stronger rural economies and communities. Following a review by Christopher Haskins, Baron Haskins of Skidby , enacted in the Natural Environment and Rural Communities 2006 ref http www.defra.gov.uk rural ruraldelivery bill Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 ref in March 2006, the agri environment element of the RDS was integrated with English Nature and most of the Countryside Agency on 1 October 2006 to form Natural England . Smaller elements of the RDS went to the State Veterinary Service and the Regional Development Agency in each English region. External links http www.defra.gov.uk rds Rural Development Service References references Category Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom Category Economy of England Category Environment of England Category Agriculture in England Category Organizations disestablished in 2006 Category Rural community development Category 2001 establishments in England Category Government agencies established in 2001 ... more details
The Rural Business Cooperative Service abbreviated as RBS is one of three agencies within USDA Rural Development along with the Rural Housing Service and Rural Utilities Service responsible for administering various economic development programs to rural communities in the United States and its territories ... Federal Government budget process. References reflist External links cite web title Rural Business Cooperative Service work USDA Rural Development url http www.rurdev.usda.gov rbs accessdate ... Rural Development, Business & Cooperative Programs . The mission of the RBS is to enhance the quality of life for rural Americans by providing leadership in building competitive businesses including sustainable ... financial resources and providing technical assistance to businesses and cooperatives located in rural ... resources to create jobs and stimulate rural economic activity. In addition to supporting rural business, economic, and cooperative development, the Agency has become increasingly involved in renewable energy and value added agriculture since the enactment of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 2002 Farm Bill . Organization The Rural Business Cooperative Service is headed by an Administrator who reports directly to the Undersecretary for Rural Development, who in turn ... development assistance role. Rural Cooperatives . 1 July 2001. ref Typically there is a Business & Cooperative Program section associated with each USDA Rural Development State Office. These State ... banks receive a Federal loan guarantee. The guarantee is designed to support and incentivize rural business lending and to support rural job creation and retention. The primary program in this category ... to intermediary economic development groups who will in turn assist private rural business development ... of private rural business development. Grants to private rural businesses & agricultural producers ... 50 75 are typically required. The RBS also publishes the bimonthly Rural Cooperatives magazine. Nearly ... more details
The Rural Housing Service RHS is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture USDA . Located within the Department s USDA Rural Development Rural Development mission area, RHS operates a broad range of programs to provide homeownership options to individuals housing rehabilitation and preservation funding rental assistance to tenants of RHS funded multi family housing complexes farm labor housing help to developers of multi family housing projects, like assisted housing for the elderly and disabled, or apartment buildings and community facilities, such as libraries , child care centers, school s, municipal buildings, and firefighting equipment to Native Americans in the United States Indian groups, nonprofit organizations, communities and local governments. RHS administers direct loan s, loan guarantees and Grant money grants . Direct loans are made and serviced by USDA staff loan guarantees are made to bank s or other private lenders, and grants are made directly to a person or organization. RHS works with other federal agencies, and a number of both nonprofit and private organizations nationally, in order to pool resources to help America s rural residents most effectively. The RHS National Office is located in Washington, D.C. , and is responsible for setting policy, developing regulations, and performing oversight. In the field, RHS operations are carried out through the USDA s state and local Rural Development offices and service centers, several of which are located ... for farm workers. This program is available in both rural and urban areas. External links cite web title Rural Housing Service work USDA Rural Development url http www.rurdev.usda.gov rhs accessdate ... to eligible applicants in rural areas, typically defined as open country or rural towns with no more 20,000 in population. An exception to the rural eligibility requirements is the Farm Labor ... Category Rural community development ... more details
to the cost of the service. Private express carriers thought inexpensive rural mail delivery would .... Today When date May 2011 , as in years past, the rural delivery service uses a network of rural ... , from the Library of Congress Category United States Postal Service Category Rural culture ... 350px Mail team leaving Circle City, Alaska Circle City for Ft. Gibson, Alaska , circa 1900. Rural delivery service refers to the delivery of mail in what are traditionally considered rural area s. In the United States, Rural Letter Carrier rural letter carrier s began service with the experiments with Rural Free Delivery in 1891. RFD was adopted generally in the United States in 1902, resulting ... to the present number of about 36,000. ref cite web title Rural Free Delivery url http www.usps.com postalhistory pdf RuralFreeDelivery.pdf publisher United States Postal Service accessdate April 17, 2011 author Historian United States Postal Service month May year 2007 quote On October 1, 1890, Congress ... as those having populations of from 300 to 5,000 people, and nearby rural districts.. ref History File Rural Free Delivery early vehicle.JPG thumb Rural Free Delivery vehicle. from Popular Mechanics , September 1905 . File Rural carrier in automobile at mailboxes, c.1910.jpg thumb Rural carrier in an early electric vehicle , circa 1910 Much support for the introduction of a nationwide rural mail delivery service came from the The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry , the nation ... histor notebook 011230.shtml title Rural Free Delivery work Morning Star date 2001 12 30 Albion ... may be the birthplace of Rural Free Delivery. Milton Trusler, a leading farmer in the county, began .... ref Formerly, residents of rural areas had to either travel to a distant post office to pick up ... in favor of Rural Free Delivery RFD , ref name morning as it was originally called, along with many thousands of Americans living in rural communities who wanted to send and receive mail inexpensively ... more details
Infobox Broadcast call letters Alaska Rural br Communications Service ARCS city station logo station slogan station branding ARCS analog various, see below digital other chs affiliations various network founded location Statewide Alaska , br outside Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau callsign meaning former callsigns former channel numbers owner Alaska Public Broadcasting licensee transmitters owned by the State of Alaska sister stations former affiliations effective radiated power HAAT class facility id coordinates homepage http www.arcstv.org ARCS The Alaska Rural Communications Service ARCS is a statewide network of low powered television stations, serving 235 communities throughout the The Bush Alaska Alaskan Bush areas. The network is based in Anchorage, Alaska and is operated by Alaska Public Broadcasting, a joint venture of Alaska Public Media and AlaskaOne . Programming is beamed via satellite to the rural transmitters owned by the Alaska state government. Programming on ARCS is a selection of programming from five broadcast networks NBC , CBS , American Broadcasting Company ABC , Fox Broadcasting Company Fox , MyNetworkTV and television syndication syndication , via the template Anchorage TV Anchorage stations plus Public Broadcasting Service PBS programming from AlaskaOne and KAKM . Anchorage stations provide their programming to ARCS free of charge with the condition that advertising is allowed to remain. There is currently no The CW Television Network CW programming available on ARCS. Even though much of ARCS s programming contains commercials, the operation of ARCS is partially funded by donations from its viewers, just like member stations of PBS. List of stations ARCS is seen on the following low powered television stations Expand list date August 2008 http www.fcc.gov fcc bin tvq?call K13SH K13SH Adak, Alaska Adak http www.fcc.gov fcc bin tvq?call K12NS K12NS Akiak, Alaska Akiak http www.fcc.gov fcc bin tvq?call K04LK K04LK Akutan, Alaska Akutan http www.fcc.gov ... more details
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