Distributed Applications are software systems running on two or more computer s in a computer network . Introduction Where classic software systems of the past century were mostly based on Client server model s and Client centric application development, both ultimately run on one single computer, be it the client computer or the server. br With the introduction of Intelligent agent s, Web API s and Web 2.0 and the emergence of Cloud computing more and more multiple machine approaches emerge, where many systems on several locations can take care of Load balancing computing by re distribution of specific tasks, or where each of these machines serves a specific purpose or task. Examples Distributed Applications can include Distributed system s using general purpose and specialized Application Programming Interface s Real time systems for data input by people Like HelpDesk software and Client Service Software taking care of appointments and updates on Client Data Hardware systems like the Internet of Things With independent components capable of processing specific tasks while communicating to other parts via a network Render and computation farms To render 3D images and do calculations on large datasets and process complex data in general See also Observer pattern Push technology Pull technology Multitier architecture Internet of Things Cloud computing Category Distributed computing architecture ar es Aplicaci n distribuida ... more details
In computing, a distributed cache is an extension of the traditional concept of cache computing cache used in a single Locale computer hardware locale . A distributed cache may span multiple servers so that it can grow in size and in transactional capacity. It is mainly used to store application data residing in database and web session computer science session data. The idea of distributed caching ref cite journal last Paul first S coauthors Z Fei date 2001 02 01 title Distributed caching with centralized control journal Computer Communications volume 24 issue 2 pages 256 268 doi 10.1016 S0140 3664 00 00322 4 accessdate 2009 11 18 ref has become feasible now because Random access memory main memory has become very cheap and Network interface controller network cards have become very fast, with 1Gbit now standard everywhere and 10Gbit gaining traction. Also,a distributed cache works well on lower cost machines usually employed for web server web servers as opposed to Database server database servers which require expensive hardware. ref cite magazine last Khan first Iqbal title Distributed Caching On The Path To Scalability magazine MSDN issue July 2009 url http msdn.microsoft.com en us magazine dd942840.aspx accessdate 2012 3 30 ref Some distributed cache products are Infinispan , AppFabric Caching Service , NCache product NCache , Oracle Coherence , IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale , Memcached and Ehcache . See also Cache algorithms Cache coherence Cache oblivious algorithm Cache stampede Cache language model Database cache Cache manifest in HTML5 Further reading http www.unilim.fr sci wiki media cali cpumemory.pdf What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory by Ulrich Drepper http msdn.microsoft.com en us library dd129907.aspx Caching in the Distributed Environment References Reflist Category Cache computing ... more details
Wiktionary fibre fiberFiber or Fibre may mean or refer to Fiber , a long strand of material. Dietary fiber Myofiber Optical fiberFiber computer science Fiber mathematics Fibre medical Fiber crop Fiber wire Disambiguation ar ca Fibra es Fibra fa it Fiber ja no Fiber andre betydninger sv Fiber zh ... more details
A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare ... . They are related to Optical amplifier Doped fibre amplifiers doped fiber amplifiers , which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber Nonlinear Optics nonlinearities , such as Raman scattering ... media for a fiber laser. Advantages and applications File CCC CL 920.jpg thumb alt Fiber Laser Cincinnati CL 920 Fiber Laser The advantages of fiber lasers over other types include Light is already coupled into a flexible fiber The fact that the light is already in a fiber allows it to be easily delivered ... and polymers. High output power Fiber lasers can have active regions several kilometers long, and so ... because of the fiber s high surface area to volume ratio, which allows efficient cooling. High optical quality The fiber s waveguide waveguiding properties reduce or eliminate thermal distortion of the optical ... Fiber lasers are compact compared to solid state laser rod or gas laser s of comparable power, because the fiber can be bent and coiled to save space. Reliability Fiber lasers exhibit high vibrational stability, extended lifetime, and maintenance free turnkey operation. Fiber laser can also refer to the machine tool that includes the fiber resonator. Applications of fiber lasers include laser ablation ... S. last Popov chapter 7 Fiber laser overview and medical applications title Tunable Laser Applications ... construction Unlike most other types of lasers, the laser cavity in fiber lasers is constructed monolithically by fusion splicing different types of fiberFiber Bragg Grating fiber Bragg gratings ... mode operation of ultra narrow Distributed feedback laser distributed feedback lasers DFB where a phase shifted Bragg grating overlap the gain medium. Fiber lasers are laser pumping pumped by semiconductor laser diode s or by other fiber lasers. Double clad fibers Image RectaDFC.png 100px thumb leftt Double clad fiber Main Double clad fiber Many high power fiber lasers are based on double ... more details
orphan date September 2010 Advert article date July 2009 Fiber Twig is a matching puzzle game created by PuzzleLab and distributed by famous game publishers such as iWin , Big Fish Games , Gamehouse and Reflexive Arcade . The mission is to find the missing pieces and recreate the enchanting designs of a fairy tale garden guarded by fantastic creatures. Connect cute little twigs to restore the original pattern, which was destroyed by the hurricane, and get a beautiful picture at the end of the level. The twigs pass by at the bottom part of the screen, slowly accumulating. Choose any and attach it to the one that s already on the playing field, then continue connecting twigs with each other until the top of the screen is reached up. The premise of the game is simple all elements on the field should be connected, otherwise you won t move up. Fiber Twig is packed with bonuses and enticing elements which stir player s imagination and make the process of playing quite absorbing. Besides, there s a set of magic tools that help the player to create the twigs of the desired shape or to get rid of the unnecessary ones. The setting is also a delight to the eye and players will certainly enjoy connecting twigs in the miraculous garden. Fiber Twig 2 Fiber Twig 2 is a sequel based on the original Fiber Twig . This is the same game, except for the addition of new characters, bonuses and options. As before, the mission is to connect cute little twigs to restore the original pattern, which has been destroyed by the hurricane, and help the lovely inhabitants of the fairy kingdom. The most amazing new feature is that players can now choose a helpmate and upgrade his skills in the course of the game. Additionally, Fiber Twig 2 allows the player to learn quite astonishing facts about the fairy characters inhabiting the game levels. Category Arcade games ... more details
role Fiber diffraction data led to several important advances in the development of structural ... data from the polypropylene fiber The three dimensional sketch demonstrates that in the example ...POV lead date October 2011 Fiber diffraction is a subarea of scattering , an area in which molecular structure is determined from scattering data usually of X rays, electrons or neutrons . In fiber diffraction the scattering pattern does not change, as the sample is rotated about a unique axis the fiber ... made macromolecule s, respectively. In crystallography fiber symmetry is an aggravation regarding the determination of crystal structure, because reflexions are smeared and may overlap in the fiber diffraction pattern. Materials science considers fiber symmetry a simplification, because almost the complete ... fiber diffraction. Image FibDiffSketch.png thumb 300px right Ideal fiber diffraction pattern of a semi ... by dark color. The fiber axis is vertical The ideal fiber pattern exhibits 4 quadrant symmetry . In the ideal pattern the fiber axis is called the meridian , the perpendicular direction is called equator . In case of fiber symmetry, many more reflexions than in single crystal diffraction show up in the 2D pattern. In fiber patterns these reflexions clearly appear arranged along lines layer lines running almost parallel to the equator. Thus, in fiber diffraction the layer line concept ... share l i . Reflexions on the meridian are 00l reflexions. In crystallography artificial fiber diffraction ... ideal fiber patterns are obtained in experiments. They only show mirror symmetry about the meridian. The reason is that the fiber axis and the incident beam X rays, electrons, neutrons cannot be perfectly ... reasoning and presented an approximative equation for the fiber tilt angle . Analysis starts by mapping the distorted 2D pattern on the representative plane of the fiber. This is the plane that contains ... fiber tilt, unwarps the detector image, and corrects the scattering intensity. The correct equation ... more details
Fiber type may refer to Fiber disambiguation Fiber Axon Physiology Axon Skeletal muscle disambiguation Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Google Fiber is a project to build an experimental broadband internet network infrastructure using fiber ... http gigaom.com 2010 02 11 google fiber network cost title How Much Will Google s Fiber Network Cost ... kck http www.google.com fiber kansascityks index.html Google Fiber KCK ref On May 17, 2011, Google ... USD . ref name gigaom feb 11 Google Fiber will be provided at a competitive price to the citizens of Kansas City. ref http www.google.com appserve fiberrfi public faq Google Fiber FAQ ref Technical specifications Google Fiber will provide connections at around 1 gigabit per second , which is about ... States is only about 4 Data rate units megabits per second . ref name Lame and Costly cite news url ... Google Fiber community. Kansas City, Missouri Seventeen days after the initial announcement ... however, in mid December, Google pushed back the announcement date of the selected Google Fiber ... 1,100 applications. ref name Google Fiber for Communities cite web url http www.google.com appserve fiberrfi title Google Fiber for Communities publisher Google ref ref cite news last Medin first ... Fiber publisher Google date 2010 12 15 ref ref cite news last Anderson first Nate url http arstechnica.com tech policy news 2010 12 google delays its 1gbps fiber announcement.ars title Google delays its 1Gbps fiber announcement publisher Arstechnica date 2010 12 15 ref The request form was simple, ref http www.google.com appserve fiberrfi Google Fiber for Communities ref and, some have argued, too ... epicenter 2010 03 al franken jokes but google fiber is no laughing matter title Al Franken Jokes, But Google Fiber Is No Laughing Matter publisher Wired Magazine date March 11, 2010 ref This led ... proclaimed that every Birth order first born child will be named either Google Fiber or Googlette Fiber. ref name Silver wired cite news last Silver first Curtis url http www.wired.com geekdad 2010 ... City Pitches for Google s New Fiber Optic Service publisher PC Magazine date March 7, 2010 first ... more details
data X is processed subsequently through functions F, G, H, etc. the result is H G F X , then this can be expressed as a distributed memory problem where the data is transmitted first to the node that performs ... versus distributed memory versus distributed shared memory The advantage of distributed shared memory is that it offers a unified address space in which all data can be found. The advantage of distributed ... data distribution. The advantage of distributed shared memory is that it is easier to design a machine that scales with the algorithm Distributed shared memory hides the mechanism of communication it does not hide the latency of communication. See also Memory virtualization Distributed cache Parallel ...Unreferenced date August 2009 Image Distributed Memory.jpeg right 300px thumb An illustration of a distributed memory system of three computers In computer science , distributed memory refers to a Multiprocessing ... own private Computer memory memory . Computational tasks can only operate on local data, and if remote data is required, the computational task must communicate with one or more remote processors. In contrast ... do not have to be aware where data resides, except that there may be performance penalties, and that race conditions are to be avoided. Architecture In a distributed memory system there is typically ... distributed memory machines The key issue in programming distributed memory systems is how to distribute the data over the memories. Depending on the problem solved, the data can be distributed statically, or it can be moved through the nodes. Data can be moved on demand, or data can be pushed ... that computes H. This is also known as systolic computation . Data can be kept statically in nodes .... An example of this is simulation where data is modeled using a grid, and each node simulates a small part of the larger grid. On every iteration, nodes inform all neighboring nodes of the new edge data. Distributed shared memory Similarly, in distributed shared memory each node of a cluster has access ... more details
in a certain topological group , known as the structure group , acting on the fiber F . Formal definition A fiber bundle consists of the data E , B , , F , where E , B , and F are topological spaces ...distinguish2 an optical fiber bundle File Roundhairbrush.JPG thumb A cylindrical hairbrush showing the intuition behind the term fiber bundle . This hairbrush is like a fiber bundle in which the base space ... topology , a fiber bundle or, in British English , fibre bundle is intuitively a space ... structure. Specifically, the similarity between the fiber bundle E and a product space B F is defined ... as part of the structure of the bundle. The space E is known as the total space of the fiber bundle, B as the base space , and F the fiber . In the trivial case, E is just B F , and the map is just ... of non trivial fiber bundles, that is, bundles twisted in the large, include the M bius strip and Klein bottle , as well as nontrivial covering space s. Fiber bundles such as the tangent bundle of a manifold ... as bundle maps , and the set of fiber bundles forms a category theory category with respect to such mappings ... a section fiber bundle section of E . Fiber bundles can be generalized in a number of ways, the most ... below. The space B is called the base space of the bundle, E the total space , and F the fiber ... is and is called the fiber over p . Every fiber bundle E B is an open map , since projections of products are open maps. Therefore B carries the quotient topology determined by the map . A fiber ... with a short exact sequence , indicates which space is the fiber, total space and base space, as well as the map from total to base space. A smooth fiber bundle is a fiber bundle in the category mathematics ... E B be the projection onto the first factor. Then E is a fiber bundle of F over B . Here E is not just locally a product but globally one. Any such fiber bundle is called a trivial bundle . Any fiber bundle over a contractible CW complex is trivial. M bius strip File Moebius Surface 1 Display ... more details
Refimprove date April 2008 Merge to Telephone tapping date May 2011 Fiber tapping is a method to extract signal from an optical fibre without breaking the connection. Tapping of optical fibre allows diverting some of the signal being transmitted in the core of the fibre into another fibre or a detector. Fibre to the home FTTH systems use splitters to allow many users to share one backbone fibre connecting to a central office , cutting the cost of each connection to the home. Test equipment can simply put a bend in the fibre and extract sufficient light to identify a fibre or determine if a signal is present. Similar techniques can be used to surreptitiously tap fibre for surveillance, although this is rarely done since all electronic equipment used in telecommunications is required to allow access to any phone line for wiretap tapping by legal authorization. Tapping the fibre means that all signals from every communications source being routed through the fibre are presented and must be sorted for relevant data, an immense task when thousands of sources of data or voice may be present. According to reports, tapping fibre was used by the US government for surveillance following the September 11, 2001 attacks and a nuclear submarine , the USS Jimmy Carter SSN 23 Jimmy Carter , was modified to allow tapping undersea cable s. Citation needed date April 2008 How to detect fiber tapping One way to detect fiber tapping is by noting increased attenuation added at the point of tapping. There are, however, tappers which allow tapping without significant added attenuation. In either case .... Counter measures One counter measure is encryption of data. ref http www.convergedigest.com ... tapping but does make the stolen data unintelligible to the thief. References reflist National Communications ... tib 00 7.pdf All Optical Networks pdf , includes a tutorial on how to tap fiber and detect it. Category Espionage techniques Category Optical fiber Category Fiber optics Category Telecommunications ... more details
Dietary fiber , dietary fibre , or sometimes roughage or ruffage is the indigestible portion of plant foods having two main components soluble Prebiotic nutrition prebiotic , viscous fiber that is readily ... fiber that is metabolically inert, absorbing water as it moves through the digestive system , easing ..., fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids Macronutrients 2005 , Chapter 7 Dietary, Functional and Total fiber. publisher US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library ... Eastwood Soluble fiber absorbs water to become a gelatinous, viscous substance and is fermentation biochemistry fermented by bacteria in the digestive tract. Insoluble fiber has bulking action and is not fermented ... benefits of dietary fiber journal Nutr Rev volume 67 issue 4 pages 188 205 year 2009 pmid 19335713 doi 10.1111 j.1753 4887.2009.00189.x ref Lignin , a major dietary insoluble fiber source, may alter the fate and metabolism of soluble fibers. ref name USDA IOM Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non ... functional fibers as isolated fiber sources that may be included in the diet. ref name USDA IOM The term fiber is something of a misnomer , since many types of so called dietary fiber are not actually fibrous. Food sources of dietary fiber are often divided according to whether they provide predominantly soluble or insoluble fiber. Plant foods contain both types of fiber in varying degrees, according to the plant s characteristics. Advantages of consuming fiber are the production of healthful compounds during the fermentation of soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber s ability via its passive ... tract . Disadvantages of a diet high in fiber is the potential for significant intestinal gas production and bloating. Constipation can occur if insufficient fluid is consumed with a high fiber diet. History of definition Originally, fiber was defined to be the components of plants that resist ... . ref name Anderson Sources of fiber Dietary fiber is found in plants. While all plants contain some ... more details
Other uses Strip disambiguation Strip Stripping is the act of removing the protective polymer coating around optical fiber in preparation for fusion splicing . The splicing process begins by preparing both fiber ends for fusion, which requires that all protective coating is removed or stripped from the ends of each fiber. Fiber optical stripping is usually carried out by a special stripping and preparation unit that uses hot sulphuric acid or a controlled flow of hot air to remove the coating . There are also mechanical tools used for stripping fiber which are similar to copper wire strippers. Fiber optical stripping and preparation equipment used in fusion splicing is commercially available through a small number of specialized companies, which usually also designs machines used for recoating fiber optical recoating . References Yablon, Andrew D. 2005 , Optical Fiber Fusion Splicing , Berlin Springer. See also Fusion splicing Recoating Optical communication Optical fiber Cleave fiber Fiber optic communications Category Fiber optics ... more details
title Secure Distributed Human Computation booktitle Financial cryptography and data security ...Image Pgdp logo.png right Official logo for Distributed Proofreaders Image Distributed Proofreaders proofreading interface.png right 360px Screenshot of the proofreading interface on Distributed Proofreaders. Distributed Proofreaders commonly abbreviated as DP or PGDP is a web based project that supports ... drafts of e texts for errors. History Distributed Proofreaders was founded by Charles Franks ... Penguin isbn 0 14 311613 4 url http books.google.com books?id 7eRPKIvEo9gC&pg PT109 ref Distributed Proofreaders became an official Project Gutenberg site in 2002. On 8 November 2002, Distributed Proofreaders ... cite web url http www.boingboing.net 2002 11 12 distributed proofrea.html title Distributed Proofreading ... and quality of e text production. Distributed Proofreaders posted their 5,000th text to Project ... more than half of works in Project Gutenberg, as of 2012 01 lc on . On 31 July 2006, the Distributed Proofreaders Foundation was formed to provide Distributed Proofreaders with its own legal entity ... correction process, akin to distributed computing . Each page is proofread and formatted several times ... coordinators and participants. Related Projects DP Europe In January 2004, Distributed Proofreaders ... 4, 2010 title Distributed Proofreaders, producteur des livres du Projet Gutenberg, a 10 ans language French work Actualitt url http www.actualitte.com dossiers 1197 ebooks projet gutenberg distributed ... before they can be proofread and eventually published at DP. DP Canada On 1 December 2007, Distributed ... Distributed Proofreaders site, it is a separate entity. All of its projects are posted to Project ... may be preserved in Canada, whereas in other parts of the world those works may not be distributed ... ebooks 38468 etext 38468 10,000th E book On 9 March 2007, Distributed Proofreaders announced ... as a group release of bilingual books ref http blog.pgdp.net 2011 04 09 distributed proofreaders ... more details
notability date October 2011 Unreferenced date November 2007 Distributed Networking is a distributed computing network system, said to be distributed when the computer programming and the data to be worked on are spread out over more than one computer, usually over a network. Prior to low cost computer power on the desktop, computing was centralized. Although such centers still exist, distribution networking applications and data operate more efficiently over a mix of desktop workstations, local area network servers, regional servers, Web servers, and other servers. A popular trend has been client server computing which is simply the view that a client computer can provide certain capabilities for a user and request others from other computers that provide services for the clients. The World Wide Web Web s Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an example of this idea. Enterprises that have grown in scale over the years and those that are continuing to grow are finding it extremely challenging to manage their distributed network in the traditional client server computing model. The recent developments in the field of cloud computing has opened up new possibilities. Cloud based networking vendors have started to sprout offering solutions for enterprise distributed networking needs. Whether it turns out to revolutionize the distributed networking space or turns out to be another fad remains to be seen. See also Distributeddata store Distributed file system Cloud based networking Cloud computing , a more general concept whose current implementations are often dependent on data center s rather than a distributed network compu network stub Category File sharing networks Category Distributeddata storage ja ... more details
Wikify date January 2012 Distributed Storage is software for files and directories synchronization locally and between many remote computers connected via LAN or Internet. Also it provides web access to shared files without uploading to file hosting. Features Private Direct access synchronization with another computer. Unlimited amount of data and directories to synchronize. Cross platform Windows and Linux Computers . Automatic processing. Read only storage. File Data masking masks & filters . Fast Web Sharing without uploading files to server. References cite web url http www.geardownload.com system distributed storage.html title Distributed Storage page on GearDownload.com accessdate 2010 03 14 date 2010 03 14 publisher GearDownload.com cite web url http ceph.newdream.net title Ceph Distributed Network Storage and File System accessdate 2012 04 09 date 2012 publisher ceph.newdream.net cite web url http www.gluster.org about title Gluster Distributed File System accessdate 2012 04 09 date 2011 publisher Gluster.org Reflist Category Backup software storage software stub es Almacenamiento distribuido ... more details
A cleave in an optical fiber is a deliberate, controlled break, intended to create a perfectly flat endface, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fiber. Since there are no crystalline planes in glass , this process is not cleavage crystal cleavage in the crystallography crystallographic sense of the word, although the techniques used and the finished result are quite similar. A cleave is made by first introducing a microscopic fracture nick into the fiber with a special tool, called a cleaving tool , which has a sharp blade of some hardness hard material, such as diamond , sapphire , or tungsten carbide . If proper Tension mechanics tension is applied to the fiber as the nick is made ... cleave is required for a successful splice of an optical fiber, whether by Fusion splicing fusion or Mechanical splice mechanical means. Also, some types of fiber optic connector s do not employ abrasives and polishers. Instead, they use some type of cleaving technique to trim the fiber to its proper length, and produce a smooth, flat perpendicular endface. High precision optical fiber cleavers ... Teknologi AB , which usually also supplies other fusion splicing accessories such as recoating fiber optic recoaters and stripping fiber stripping and preparation equipment. Tools Pen shaped scribe ... the fiber is scribed perpendicular to its length. The fiber is then pulled, which breaks at the scribe. This tool requires an experienced operator to produce good cleaves. Mechanical cleavers clamp the fiber in the correct position before a diamond wheel or blade scribes the fiber. Then, a force is applied and the fiber gives a nice break at the scribe. Mechanical cleavers give nicer and more repeatable cleaves. Multifiber cleavers are used for ribbon fiber cables. References Federal Standard 1037C See also Fusion splicing Stripping fiber Recoating Optical communication Optical fiberFiber optic communications External links Category Fiber optics optics stub ... more details
Fibre sidebar Fiber crops are field crops grown for their fiber s, which are traditionally used to make paper , ref cite web url http www.paperonweb.com articles.htm title Multiple references to non wood fibers for paper accessdate 2007 10 19 last Goyal first Hari coauthors date work publisher PaperOnWeb ... begun exploring further use of these fibers in composite materials . Fiber crops are generally harvestable ... before being harvested for wood pulp fiber. In specific circumstances, fiber crops can be superior to wood pulp fiber in terms of technical performance, Environmental degradation environmental impact ... crops accessdate 2007 10 03 ref There are a number of issues regarding the use of fiber crops to make ... to Wood Fiber in Paper accessdate 2007 10 03 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070708092411 http .... Considering that many pulp mills require several thousand tonnes of fiber source per day, storage of the fiber source can be a major issue. Botanically, the fibers harvested from many of these plants are bast fiber s the fibers come from the phloem tissue of the plant. The other fiber crop fibers are seed padding, leaf fiber, or other parts of the plant. Fiber crops Bast fiber s Stem skin fibers Jute widely used, cheapest fiber after cotton Flax produces linen Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp The Dogbane used by native Americans. Hemp A soft, strong fiber, edible seeds. Tricahostigma octandrum ... of the plant stem is also used for fiber. Edible leaves. Nettle s Ramie A nettle , stronger than cotton ... manila rope from leaves Bamboo fiber Sansevieria trifasciata Bowstring Hemp , An old use of a common decorative agave, also Sansevieria roxburghiana , Sansevieria hyacinthoides Cotton Coir fiber from the coconut shell Esparto Henequen An agave, useful fiber, but not as high quality as sisal Kapok ... An agave Fiber dimensions class wikitable Source of pulp Fiber length, mm Fiber diameter, m Softwood ... Plant Fibers Accessed 2010 11 23 DEFAULTSORT Fiber Crop Category Fiber plants bg ... more details
, the database , the rendering or the user interface . Examples of distributed systems are web based GIS, Mobile GIS , Corporate GIS and GRID computing . Etymology The term Distributed GIS was coined ... data. OGC In terms of interoperability, the use of communication standards in Distributed GIS ... Interface br OGSA Open Grid Services Architecture br SDI Spatial Data Infrastructure br SRS Spatial ...Cleanup date November 2007 Distributed GIS concerns itself with GIS GI Systems that do not have all of the system ... based distributed GIS. 1n 1994, he designed and implemented the World Wide Earthquake Locator, which ... PARC mapping system based in California, USA , managed by an interface based in Edinburgh Scotland , which drew data in real time from the National Earthquake Information Center USGS in Colorado, USA ... Locator, an experiment in distributed internetworking, World Wide Earthquake Locator ref . Gittings ... http www.star.euclid.ed.ac.uk ipp cxpgge11084.htm . Distributed GIS Course ref in this subject ... relating to Distributed GIS, he set his students the task of creating one in 2007 as a class exercise ... Chan & Williamson 1997 . Corporate GIS consists of four technological elements which are data , Technical ... have access to shared, complete, accurate, high quality and up to date data. All the users ... useful if data is to be shared between governmental departments or organisations. However ... reliant upon wireless technologies to access remotely stored data. Mobile GIS may be based on toughened ..., manipulation and storage of data in remote locations. This has the advantage of real time updating of central databases, thus removing the need for storage of multiple copies of data and lessening data replication. Those that are reliant on real time data transfer are generally dependent ... GIS Enterprise GIS refers to a geographical information system that integrates geographic data ... users created and maintained data sets on their own desktop computers. Due to extensive interaction ... more details
network network of interconnected computers. Collections of data e.g. in a database can be distributed across multiple physical locations. A distributed database can reside on network servers on the Internet ... affecting one database system. Advantages Management of distributeddata with different levels ... also Distributeddata store Distributed database management system Routing protocol References Reflist ...refimprove date August 2010 Cleanup date June 2009 A distributed database is a database in which computer .... The duplication process is normally done at a set time after hours. This is to ensure that each distributed location has the same data. In the duplication process, changes to the master database only are allowed. This is to ensure that local data will not be overwritten. Both of the processes can keep the data current in all distributive locations. ref O Brien, J. & Marakas, G.M. 2008 Management Information Systems pp. 185 189 . New York, NY McGraw Hill Irwin ref Besides distributed database replication and fragmentation, there are many other distributed database design technologies. For example, local autonomy, synchronous and asynchronous distributed database technologies. These technologies ... of the data to be stored in the database, and hence the price the business is willing to spend on ensuring data security, consistency and integrity. Architecture A database user accesses the distributed database through Local applications applications which do not require data from other sites. Global applications applications which do require data from other sites. A distributed database does not share main memory or disks. Important considerations Care with a distributed database must be taken ... the data about them as they are the ones familiar with it. Protection of valuable data if there were ever a catastrophic event such as a fire, all of the data would not be in one place, but distributed in multiple locations. Improved performance data is located near the site of greatest demand, and the database ... more details
Group B fibers are nerve fibers which are moderately myelinated, which means less myelinated than A delta fiber group A fibers and more myelinated than C fiber s. Their conduction velocity is 3 to 14 m s. They are generally visceral sensory fibers and preganglionic autonomic fibers. Category Neuroanatomy neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Basalt fiber or fibre is a material made from extremely fine fiber s of basalt , which is composed of the mineral s plagioclase , pyroxene , and olivine . It is similar to Carbon fiber carbon fiber and Glass fiber fiberglass , having better physicomechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantly cheaper than carbon fiber. It is used as a Fireproofing fireproof textile in the aerospace and automotive industries and can also be used as a Composite material composite to produce products such as Tripod photography camera tripods . Manufacture Basalt fiber is made from a single material, crushed basalt, from a carefully chosen quarry source and unlike other materials such as glass fiber, essentially no materials are added. The basalt is simply washed and then sent to be melted down. ref http www.compositesworld.com articles basalt fibers alternative to glass ref The manufacture of basalt fiber requires the melting of the quarried basalt rock at about convert 1400 C F . The molten rock is then Extrusion extruded through small nozzles to produce continuous filaments of basalt fiber. There are three main manufacturing techniques, which are centrifugal blowing, centrifugal multiroll and die blowing. The fibers typically have a filament diameter of between 9 and 13 micrometre m which is far enough above the respiratory limit of 5 m to make basalt fiber a suitable replacement for asbestos . They also have a high elastic modulus , resulting in excellent specific strength specific tenacity three times that of steel . Verify source date March 2008 Properties class wikitable ... basalt fiber were made in the United States in 1923. These were further developed after World ... condense systems. Basalts from eruption up to a fiber. Moskow ITiG FEB RAS, 2010. 400 p. External ... state scientific committee http www.basaltfm.com eng fiber info.html Basalt Continuous Fiber Information and Characteristics Information from the Basalt Fiber & Composite Materials Technology ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Fiber simulation is a branch of mechanics that deals with modeling the dynamics mechanics dynamics and rheology of particles of large aspect ratio, or fibers with the goal of predicting the properties of fiber suspensions and networks based on first principles . Simulation of fiber suspensions have applications in paper industry and also in Composite material composites , including composites made of carbon nanotubes . Many of the models used to simulate fibers were developed by researchers in the field of rheology . Rheologically speaking fiber suspensions are non Newtonian fluid s, and can display normal stress differences. Early fiber simulations employed particles which were rigid rods or prolate spheroids , whose equation of motion equations of motion have analytical solutions. More recent models are able to represent flexible fibers. The models rely heavily on continuum mechanics concepts and the numerical methods employed have some similarities to those employed in molecular dynamics , or in dynamics of multi body systems. The use of computers facilitates greatly the solution of fiber simulation problems. The complexity of the simulations arise from the system having a large number of degrees of freedom physics and chemistry degrees of freedom , and from the numerous possible interparticle interactions having place, such as friction , hydrodynamic interactions, and other kinds of interparticle forces such as colloidal forces that exert attractive or repulsive forces. DEFAULTSORT Fiber Simulation Category Materials science ... more details
M5 fiber polyhydroquinone diimidazopyridine is a high strength synthetic fiber first developed by Dr. Doetze Sikkema ref name cummins http web.mit.edu course 3 3.91 www slides cunniff.pdf ref and his team at the Dutch chemical firm Akzo Nobel. Currently, it is being produced by the United States Magellan Systems International LLC. Preparation M5 fiber is prepared by a Dehydration reaction condensation polymerization between tetraaminopyridine and dihydroxyterephthalic acid using diphosphorus pentoxide as a dehydrating agent. The polymer mixture is then heated and extruded to form brightly blue polymer fibers. The fibers are then washed extensively with water and base in order to remove the phosphoric acid generated by the hydration of diphosphorus pentoxide from the polymer. In order to remove the water from the fiber structure and enable the intermolecular hydrogen bonds to be created and thus greatly increase the strength of the polymer, the fiber is heated and exposed to controlled stress. This aligns the fibers in the optimal configuration. Properties M5 is stronger than Aramid Kevlar , Twaron and UHMWPE Dyneema , Spectra . M5 is more fire resistant than meta Aramid. It is the most fire resistant organic fiber yet developed. It is less brittle than carbon fiber and will yield when stretched. References references Category Synthetic fibers cs Vl kno M5 PIPD ... more details
CTF3 Cuben Fiber is a product marketed and developed by the Cuben Fiber and Cubic Tech Corporations as a high performance non woven fabric for applications such as yacht sails, airship hulls, kites and many designs that require extremely strong rip resistance and light areal weight. History The name Cuben Fiber was coined by the press in reference to America C2 B3 America pronounced America Cubed , the winner of the 1992 America s Cup . During the 1992 Cup, that yacht reportedly used sails made from precursors to the currently available commercial product. In late 2007, the Cuben Fiber Corporation was acquired by North Sails. North Sails says they will continue to supply the materials to competitors on an as available basis. Cubic Tech Corporation has the exclusive rights to develop and sell Cuben Fiber type laminates for all non sailing applications. Production Cuben Fiber is a laminated fabric constructed from Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE fiber monofilaments and polyester, PVF etc. films. Cuben fiber is sometimes confused with carbon fiber , one of the many fibers used as a reinforcement in some Cuben Fiber laminates. Cubic Tech Corporation s ultra high performance flexible laminates were re branded from Cuben Fiber to CTF3 TM in 2009. Cubic Tech Corp produces CTF3 with a wide variety of fibers such as Vectran, Carbon, Kevlar etc. Uses The material is used in yachting , performance sailing, windsurfing , inflatables, airship hulls, medical applications and increasingly in ultralight backpacking equipment, such as tents etc. Similar to sails made from traditional woven sail cloth, Cuben Fiber sails are constructed from panels that are bonded and sewn together, as opposed to 3DL sails that are laminated over a mold. The material is reportedly more durable ... Kevlar or Carbon Fiber . Limitations While the UHMWPE fiber has great breaking or ultimate strength ... of the Cuben Fiber is said to minimize this elongation. External links http www.cubenfiber.com ... more details
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