for uses and theory of fluorescence Fluorescence in the life sciences Image FISH 13 21.jpg thumb A fluorophore labeled human cell . A fluorophore or fluorochrome, similarly to a chromophore is a fluorescence fluorescent chemical compound that can re emit light upon light excitation. Fluorophores typically contain several combined aromatic groups, or plane or cyclic molecules with several bonds. Fluorophores are sometimes used alone, as a tracer in fluids, as a dye for stain staining of certain structures, as a substrate of enzyme s, or as a probe or indicator when its fluorescence is affected by environment such as polarity, ions,... . But more generally it is covalent bond covalently bonded to a macromolecule , serving as a marker or dye, or tag, or reporter for affine or bioactive reagents antibodies, peptides, nucleic acids . Fluorophores are notably used to stain tissues, cells, or materials in a variety of analytical methods, i.e. Fluorescence microscope fluorescent imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy spectroscopy . Fluorescein , by its amine reactive isothiocyanate derivative Fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC , has been one of the most popularized fluorophore. From antibody ... Springer year 2006 pages 954 isbn 978 0387312781 ref Fluorescence The fluorophore absorbs light energy ... emission depend on both the fluorophore structure and its chemical environment as the molecule in its ... i.e. A E 485nm 517nm are typically referred to define the fluorophore, but the whole spectrum ... 1 sup link the quantity of absorbed light, at a give wavelenght, to the concentration of fluorophore ... during which the fluorophore mol cule stay in an excited sate before returning to its base state. Cette ... . But other parameters should be considered, as the polarity of the fluorophore molecule, the fluorophore ..., Fluorophore which fluorescence depends on environment, i.e. Fura 2 indicator for Calcium ..., 100 100,000 atoms The size of the fluorophore might steric effects steric ally hinder the tagged ... more details
orphan date April 2012 Fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis or FACE is a biochemical technology suited for detecting complex mixtures of high molecular weight N glycans. ref name Harish cite journal last Harish first P. M. Kumar date July 23, 1999 title Use of Fluorophore Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis FACE in the Elucidation of N Linked Oligosaccharide Structures journal Methods in Biotechnology volume 10 pages 221 234 url http www.springerprotocols.com Abstract doi 10.1007 978 1 59259 261 6 18 doi 10.1007 978 1 59259 261 6 18 ref A specialized form of this technique is the DSA FACE, which is an acronym for DNA sequencer assisted flurophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. DSA FACE has higher resolution and sensitivity than classical FACE. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Fluorophore Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis Category Molecular biology techniques Category Molecular biology ... more details
Refimprove article date June 2010 Fluorescent labelling is the process of covalently attaching a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid . This is generally accomplished using a reactive derivative of the fluorophore that selectively binds to a functional group contained in the target molecule. The most commonly labelled molecules are antibodies, proteins, amino acids and peptides which are then used as specific probes for detection of a particular target. ref http pharmaxchange.info press 2011 01 fluorescent labeling of biomolecules with organic probes Presentation on Fluorescent labelling of biomolecules with organic probes PharmaXChange.info ref Detection Fluorescent labels are generally used for detection of a protein or other labeled molecule via a fluorescence microscope , flow cytometer or some other fluorescence reading instrument. These can be useful in localization of a target within a cell, flow cytometry FACS analysis, western blot assays, and other immunoanalytical methods. Labelling techniques Fluorescent labelling is accomplished using a chemically reactive derivative of a fluorophore. Common reactive groups include Isothiocyanate derivatives such as Fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC and TRITC derivatives of fluorescein and rhodamine are reactive towards primary amines to form a thioureido linkage between the compound of interest and the dye. Succinimidyl esters such as NHS fluorescein are reactive towards amino groups to form an amido bond. Maleimide activated fluorophores such as fluorescein 5 maleimide readily react with sulfhydryl ... with hydroxy groups to allow the preparation of fluorophore labelled oligonucleotide s. Reaction ... between a fluorophore and a labelled molecule. Following a fluorescent labelling reaction, it is often necessary to remove any nonreacted fluorophore from the labelled target molecule. This is often accomplished by size exclusion chromatography , taking advantage of the size difference between fluorophore ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In molecular biology and biotechnology , a fluorescent tag is a part of a molecule that researchers have attached chemically to aid in detection of the molecule to which it has been attached. The tag is some kind of fluorescent molecule also known as fluorophore . Ethidium bromide , Fluorescein and Green fluorescent protein are common tags. See also Molecular tagging velocimetry Spectrophotometer for Nucleic Acid Measurements DEFAULTSORT Fluorescent Tag Category Molecular biology Biochem stub ... more details
between the observed fluorescence intensity physics intensity and the distance of the fluorophore ... an emitted photon per unit time, math P em math . Both probabilities are a function of the fluorophore height above the silicon surface, so the observed intensity will also be a function of the fluorophore height. The simplest arrangement to consider is a fluorophore embedded in silicon dioxide ... n 0 math . The fluorophore is excited by light of wavelength math lambda ex math and emits light ... dipole of excitation of the fluorophore. math P ex math is proportional to the squared projection ... e ex mid 2 math br The local electric field, math F in math , at the fluorophore is affected by interference ... be combined to give the probability of exciting the fluorophore per unit time math P ex math . br Many ... math gamma in math of the excitation light The angle of transition dipole math theta ex math of the fluorophore ... of a FLIC intensity plot showing the relative fluorescence intensity measured versus the distance of the fluorophore ... angle of the fluorophore dipoles. The polar coordinate system azimuthal angle math phi ex ... math I lambda ex math and the extinction coefficient of the fluorophore math epsilon lambda ex math ... and the distance of the fluorophore above the reflective surface. The fact that it is not an equality ... describes the relative fluorescence intensity measured versus the fluorophore height. The fluorophore ... depends on the sample being measured. For a sample with fluorophore height in the range of 10 ... and would produce the greatest contrast between fluorophore heights. Oxide thickness above a few hundred ... thicknesses is compared to the predicted ratio to calculate the fluorophore height above the oxide ... with the theoretical model allowing the distance of the fluorophore above the oxide surface math d textit f math to be a free parameter. The FLIC curves shift to the left as the distance of the fluorophore ... more details
NBD can refer to Banking National Bank of Dubai National Bank of Detroit National Bank of Dominica Logistics Next Business Day Computing Network Based Defense The network block device of Linux Science The fluorophore Nitro benzoxadiazole Nucleotide binding domain Neurobiological brain disorder Other uses NBD Biblion, Dutch company for libraries, schools and bookshops Negative binomial distribution New business development Slang acronym for Never Back Down from the movie, Never Back Down An acronym for no big deal . An acronym used in Louisiana for not a bad bay disambig it NBD ... more details
the fluorescence emitted by the fluorophore when excited by the cycler s light source via F rster ... pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11013345 ref As long as the fluorophore and the quencher are in proximity ... of the probe releases the fluorophore from it and breaks the close proximity to the quencher, thus relieving the quenching effect and allowing fluorescence of the fluorophore. Hence, fluorescence detected in the real time PCR thermal cycler is directly proportional to the fluorophore released and the amount ... more details
one source date December 2010 Fluorescence anisotropy is the phenomenon where the light emitted by a fluorophore has unequal intensities along different axes of Polarization waves polarization . Early pioneers in the field include Aleksander Jablonski , Gregorio Weber ref Weber, G., 1953. Rotational Brownian motion and polarization of the fluorescence of solutions. Adv. Protein Chem. 8 415 459 ref , and Andreas Albrecht. ref Albrecht, A., 1961. Polarizations and assignments of transitions the method of photoselection. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 6 84 108. ref . The principles of fluorescence polarization and some applications of the method are presented in Lakowicz s book. ref Lakowicz, J.R., 2006. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 3rd ed., Springer. Chapter 10 12 deal with fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. ref Principle some one please add an advanced treatment transition moments, quantum effects, blah in a separate sub section without affecting the simpler description coming first In fluorescence, a molecule absorbs a photon and gets excited to a higher energy state. After a short delay the average represented as the fluorescence lifetime math tau math , it comes down to a lower state by losing some of the energy as heat and emitting the rest of the energy as another photon. The excited state excitation and de excitation involve the redistribution of electrons about the molecule. Hence, excitation by a photon can occur only if the electric field of the light is oriented in a particular ... by embedding the fluorophore in a frozen polyol . When the fluorophores can freely change their orientation ... on how quickly the fluorophore orientation gets scrambled the rotational lifetime math phi math compared ... and kinetics of reactions that cause a change in the rotational time of the molecules. If the fluorophore ... tightly to a large protein. If the fluorophore is attached to the larger protein in a binding ... binding partners. If the fluorophore is bound to a relatively large molecule like a protein or an RNA ... more details
fluorophore , a fluorescent dye which can be a small molecule, protein or quantum dot . Several techniques exist to exploit additional properties of fluorophore s, such as F rster resonance energy ... The principle behind fluorescence is that the fluorophore fluorescent moiety contains electrons ... coefficient is the amount of light that can be absorbed by a fluorophore. Both the quantum yield and extinction coefficient are specific for each fluorophore and multiplied together calculates the brightness ... Reactive dyes Main fluorophore Fluorophores can be attached to proteins via specific functional ... chemistry ref . br A third class of small molecule fluorophore is that of the transition metal ... a fluorophore cofactor, and hence can only be used in vitro these are often found in plants and algae ... quencher or another fluorophore, which has an excitation spectrum which overlaps with the emission ... title A flaky but useful fluorophore year 2005 last1 Evanko first1 Daniel journal Nature Methods volume ... dipole moment when excited. When a fluorophore is excited, it generally has a larger dipole moment sub E sub than in the ground state sub G sub . Absorption of a photon by a fluorophore takes a few ... the fluorophore reorient 10 100 ps due to the change in polarity in the excited singlet state this process ... of the fluorophore is lowered longer wavelength , hence fluorophores that have a large change in dipole ..., in biochemistry environment sensitive fluorphore and solvatochromic fluorophore are used interchangeably ... is accomplished by labeling an antibody with a fluorophore and allowing the antibody to find ... a quantitative, 3D view of the sample. See also Fluorophore Fluorescent microscopy Fluorescent glucose ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A luminophore is an atom or atomic grouping in a chemical compound that manifests luminescence . There exist organic and inorganic luminophores. It should be stressed that the correct, textbook terminology is luminophore , not lumophore , although the latter term has been frequently but erroneously used in the chemical literature. Luminophores can be divided into two subcategories fluorophore s and phosphor s. The difference between luminophores belonging to these two subcategories is derived from the nature of the excited state responsible for the emission of photon s. Some luminophores, however, cannot be classified as being exclusively fluorophore s or phosphors and exist in the gray area in between. Such cases include transition metal complexes such as ruthenium tris 2,2 bipyridine whose luminescence comes from an excited nominally triplet metal to ligand charge transfer MLCT state, but which is not a true triplet state in the strict sense of the definition and colloidal quantum dots , whose emissive state does not have either a purely singlet or triplet spin. Most luminophores consist of Conjugated system conjugated pi systems or transition metal complexes. There exist purely inorganic luminophores, such as zinc sulfide doped with rare earth metal ions, rare earth metal oxysulfides doped with other rare earth metal ions, yttrium oxide doped with rare earth metal ions, zinc orthosilicate doped with manganese ions, etc. Luminophores can be observed in action in fluorescent lights, TV screens, computer monitor screens, organic light emitting diode s and bioluminescence . Category Luminescence Category Chemical compounds be be x old cs Luminofor de Luminophor et Luminofoor fr Luminophore kk lt Liuminiforas pl Luminofor ru sk Luminofor uk ... more details
A multiphoton fluorescence microscope MFM is a specialized optical microscope . Description The MFM uses pulsed long wavelength light to excite fluorophore s within the specimen being observed. The fluorophore absorbs the energy from two long wavelength photons which must arrive simultaneously in order to excite an electron into a higher energy state, from which it can decay, emitting a fluorescence signal. It differs from traditional fluorescence microscopy in which the excitation wavelength is shorter than the emission wavelength, as the summed energies of two long wavelength exciting photons will produce an emission wavelength shorter than the excitation wavelength. Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy has similarities to confocal laser scanning microscopy . Both use focused laser beams scanned in a raster pattern to generate images, and both have an optical sectioning effect. Unlike confocal microscopes, multiphoton microscopes do not contain pinhole apertures, which give confocal microscopes their optical sectioning quality. The optical sectioning produced by multiphoton microscopes is a result of the point spread function formed where the pulsed laser beams coincide. The multiphoton point spread function is typically dumbbell shaped longer in the x y plane , compared to the upright rugby ball shaped point spread function of confocal microscopes. The longer wavelength, low energy typically infra red excitation lasers of multiphoton microscopes are well suited to use in imaging live cells as they cause less damage than short wavelength lasers, so cells may be observed for longer periods with fewer toxic effects. Many researchers are currently working toward better and higher resolution multiphoton imaging developments. See also Two photon excitation microscopy References reflist External links Molecular Expressions http microscopy.fsu.edu primer techniques fluorescence multiphoton multiphotonhome.html introduction to multiphoton microscopy Optical microscopy Cate ... more details
Essay like date February 2008 A dark quencher is a substance that absorbs excitation energy from a fluorophore and dissipates the energy as heat while a typical fluorescent Quenching fluorescence quencher re emits much of this energy as light ref Osterman, H., The Next Step in Near Infrared Fluorescence IRDye QC 1 Dark Quencher, 2009 Review Article. http biosupport.licor.com docs QC 1DarkQuencher v5.pdf Download PDF ref . Dark quenchers are used in molecular biology in conjunction with fluorophores. When the two are close together, such as in a molecule or protein, the fluorophore s emission is suppressed. This effect can be used to study molecular geometry and motion. An example of its use is in Taqman or invader assay, SNP genotyping methods. For instance, a hairpin loop with a fluorophore and quencher at the base of the stem is used. An unlabeled SNP specific PCR primer one of many with a specific 5 tail binds to the sequence to be probed, and the taq polymerase extends the sequence that will have a specific 5 end dependent on the SNP insensitive to polymorphisms upstream of the SNP in question . In the next run a primer molecular biology primer , complementary to that tail, with a hairpin loop is extended. In the next run the elongation of the complementary strand will linearise the hairpin separating the fluorophore and quencher . An alternative to using quenchers is to use F rster resonance energy transfer FRET where the combination of two dyes gives a signal ref Peng, X., Chen, H., Draney, D.R., Volcheck, W.M., A Non fluorescent, Broad Range Quencher Dye for FRET Assays, Analytical Biochemistry, 2009 Vol. 388 , pp. 220 228. http biosupport.licor.com docs NonfluorQuencherDyePaper09.pdf Download PDF ref . Mode of function Dark quenchers are dyes with no native fluorescence . Until the last few years, quenchers have typically been a second fluorescent dye, for example, fluorescein as the reporter and rhodamine as the quencher FAM TAM probes . However, quencher fluorescence ... more details
uses a single antibody that is chemically linked to a fluorophore . The antibody recognizes the target molecule and binds to it, and the fluorophore it carries can be detected via microscopy ... conjugation of the antibody to the fluorophore. This reduces the number of steps in the staining ..., which carries the fluorophore, recognises the primary antibody and binds to it. Multiple secondary ... of fluorophore molecules per antigen. ref name Frit This protocol is more complex and time ... antibody. This saves the cost of modifying the primary antibodies to directly carry a fluorophore ... more details
The quantum yield of a radiation induced process is the number of times that a defined event occurs per photon absorbed by the system. The event may represent a chemical reaction, for example the decomposition of a reactant molecule center math Phi frac rm molecules decomposed rm photons absorbed math center Quantum Yield can also be defined for other events, such as fluorescence emission of photons in which case the quantum yield is defined by the equation center math Phi frac rm photons emitted rm photons absorbed math center Here, quantum yield is essentially the emission efficiency of a given fluorophore in this case. Example Quantum yield is used in modeling photosynthesis Skillman 2008 center math Phi frac rm mu mol CO 2 fixed rm mu mol photons absorbed math center See also Quantum efficiency Quantum Efficiency References reflist Skillman, J.B. 2008. Quantum yield variation across the three pathways of photosynthesis not yet out of the dark. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59 7 1647 1661 doi 10.1093 jxb ern029 DEFAULTSORT Quantum Yield Category Radiation Category Spectroscopy Category Photochemistry it Resa quantica uk ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Image NBD TMA.png frame right NBD TMA NBD TMA 2 4 nitro compound nitro 2,1,3 azole benzoxadiazol 7 yl amine amino ethyl trimethylammonium is a small 139 Unified atomic mass unit u , positively charged 1 fluorescent dye. It was also known as EAM 1 N,N,N, Trimethyl 2 7 nitro 2,1,3 benzoxadiazol 4 yl amino ethanaminium iodide when it was briefly supplied by Macrocyclics Company as an iodide complex. NBD TMA has an excitation maximum at 458 nanometre nm and an emission maximum at 530 nm. It also has a smaller local excitation maximum around 343 nm. The molar extinction coefficient is about 13,000 cm sup 1 sup M sup 1 sup and its overall effective fluorescence is about 1 that of fluorescein . It is only mildly sensitive to halide ion collision quenching. NBD TMA was designed as a probe for monitoring kidney renal transport of organic ion cation s. As a small, positively charged fluorophore , it has also seen use as a tracer for measuring gap junction coupling in cases of cation selective connexin channels. Further reading PMID 10864014 PMID 15869481 Category Dyes ... more details
throughput manner. One problem is that fluorescent labeled ligands have to bear a bulky fluorophore that may cause it to hinder the ligand binding. Therefore, the fluorophore used, the length of the linker ... s fluorophore transfers its energy to the fluorophore of an antibody raised against the receptor. Other ... more details
Pentafluorophenyl PFP esters are chemical compounds widely used in attaching fluorophore s such as fluorescein ref cite book author Hanai, T. Hatano, H. title Advances in Liquid Chromatography 35 Years of Column Liquid Chromatography publisher World Scientific Publication Co. year 1996 isbn 978 9810219062 ref or hapten s ref cite journal author Deck, M. B. Sj lin, P. Unanue, E. R. Kihlberg, J. title MHC Restricted, Glycopeptide Specific T Cells Show Specificity for Both Carbohydrate and Peptide Residues journal The Journal of Immunology year 1999 volume 162 issue 8 pages 4740 4744 pmid 10202015 url http www.jimmunol.org content 162 8 4740.full.pdf format pdf ref to primary amines in biomolecules. They also are particularly valuable in laboratory peptide synthesis . Pentafluorophenyl esters produce amide bonds as effectively as N Hydroxysuccinimide succinimidyl esters and various similar agents do, but PFP esters are particularly useful because they are less susceptible to spontaneous hydrolysis during conjugation reactions. ref cite web author Katz, J. url http evans.harvard.edu pdf smnr 1999 2000 katz jeff.pdf format pdf title Advances in Peptide Coupling publisher Harvard University date 1998 12 15 ref References Reflist Category Esters Category Organofluorides Category Reagents for organic chemistry ... more details
lowercase title mCherry is a fluorophore a fluorescent molecule used in biotechnology as a tracer to follow the flow of fluids, as a marker when tagged to molecules and cells components. Other prominent fluorophores include Green fluorescent protein Green Fluorescent Protein . mCherry is sometimes preferred to other fluorophores due to its colour, as well as its photostability compared to other monomeric fluorophores. It has been cited in over 200 articles so far. ref cite web title mCherry Fluorescent Protein url http www.clontech.com US Products Fluorescent Proteins and Reporters Fluorescent Proteins by Name mCherry Fluorescent Protein ref Properties mCherry is a monomeric fluorescent construct which absorbs at 587 nm and emits at 610 nm. It is resistant to photobleaching and is stable. It matures quickly, with a t sub 0.5 sub of 15 minutes, allowing it to be visualised soon after transcription. ref cite journal doi 10.1038 nbt1037 title Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. Red fluorescent protein year 2004 last1 Shaner first1 Nathan C last2 Campbell first2 Robert E last3 Steinbach first3 Paul A last4 Giepmans first4 Ben N G last5 Palmer first5 Amy E last6 Tsien first6 Roger Y journal Nature Biotechnology volume 22 issue 12 pages 1567 72 pmid 15558047 ref References Reflist Organic chem stub Category Fluorescent dyes ... more details
refimprove date November 2006 FTA Abs is a treponemal test for syphilis . Using antibodies specific for the Treponema pallidum species, such tests are more specific than non treponemal testing such as VDRL . In addition, FTA Abs turns positive earlier and remains positive longer than VDRL. Other treponemes, such as T. pertenue , may also produce a positive FTA Abs. FTA Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Abs absorption should always be followed to confirm a positive Rapid plasma reagin RPR and or VDRL test for syphilis. The ABS suffix refers particularly to a processing step used to remove nonspecific antispirochetal antibodies present in normal serum. Procedure The antigen for the FTA Abs test is whole bacteria. The bacteria cannot be cultured on laboratory media, so the organisms used are a lyophilized suspension of T. pallidum extracted from rabbit testicular tissue. This is spread over and fixed to a slide. Patient serum is mixed with an absorbent the ABS part of the test containing an extract of a non pathogenic treponeme, Treponema phagedenis biotype Rieter. The purpose of the absorbent is to remove anti treponemal antibodies that are not specific for the syphilis bacteria. The pre adsorbed patient serum is then added to the slide if the patient has been infected by syphilis, their antibodies will bind to the bacteria. Fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC a fluorophore labeled anti treponeme antibody and TRITC another fluorophore labeled anti human antibodies are added as secondary antibodies. The spirochete location is identified using the FITC staining and the TRITC staining identifies whether the patient has anti T. pallidum antibodies binding to the same spirochete . Utility This test is not useful for following therapy, because it does not wane with successful treatment of the disease, and will continue to be positive for the life of the patient after primary exposure. ref cite journal last Singh first Ameeta E. coauthors Barbara Romanowski date 1 April 1999 title ... more details
excitation can also excite a fluorophore in one quantum event. Each photon carries approximately ... to excite the two photon fluorescence lies in the 700&ndash 1000 nm infrared range. If the fluorophore ... state. The fluorophore will then emit a single photon with a wavelength that depends on the type of fluorophore used typically in the visible spectrum . Because two photons are absorbed during the excitation of the fluorophore, the probability for fluorescent emission from the fluorophores ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Nick translation or Head Translation was developed in 1977 by Rigby and Paul Berg. It is a fluorescent tag tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in Fluorescent in situ hybridization or blot biology blotting techniques. This process is called nick translation because the DNA to be processed is treated with DNase to produce single stranded nicks. This is followed by replacement in nicked sites by DNA polymerase I , which elongates the Directionality molecular biology 3.E2.80.B2 end 3 hydroxyl terminus , removing nucleotides by 5 3 exonuclease activity, replacing them with dNTPs. To radioactively label a DNA fragment for use as a probe in blotting procedures, one of the incorporated nucleotides provided in the reaction is radiolabeled in the alpha phosphate position. Similarly, a fluorophore can be attached instead for fluorescent labelling, or an antigen for immunodetection. When DNA polymerase I eventually detaches from the DNA, it leaves another nick in the phosphate backbone. The nick has translated some distance depending on the processivity of the polymerase. This nick could be sealed by DNA ligase , or its 3 hydroxyl group could serve as the template for further DNA polymerase I activity. Proprietary enzyme mixes are available commercially to perform all steps in the procedure in a single incubation. Nick translation could cause double stranded DNA breaks, if DNA polymerase I encounters another nick on the opposite strand, resulting in two shorter fragments. This does not influence the performance of the labelled probe in in situ hybridization. DEFAULTSORT Nick Translation Category Genetics Category Molecular biology Category Laboratory techniques Genetics stub ca Nick translation de Nick translation it Nick translation ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date January 2009 Chembox verifiedrevid 443865863 ImageFile IAEDANS.svg ImageSize 200px IUPACName 5 2 2 Iodo 1 oxoethyl amino ethylamino 1 naphthalenesulfonic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 82727 InChI 1 C14H15IN2O4S c15 9 14 18 17 8 7 16 12 5 1 4 11 10 12 3 2 6 13 11 22 19,20 21 h1 6,16H,7 9H2, H,17,18 H,19,20,21 InChIKey ZMERMCRYYFRELX UHFFFAOYAI StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C14H15IN2O4S c15 9 14 18 17 8 7 16 12 5 1 4 11 10 12 3 2 6 13 11 22 19,20 21 h1 6,16H,7 9H2, H,17,18 H,19,20,21 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey ZMERMCRYYFRELX UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 36930 63 9 PubChem 91621 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 58984 SMILES O S O O c1cccc2c1cccc2NCCNC O CI Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 14 sub H sub 15 sub IN sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub S MolarMass 434.25 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition IAEDANS is an organic fluorophore fluorescent molecule . It stands for 5 2 iodoacetyl amino ethyl amino naphthalene 1 sulfonic acid. It is widely used as a marker in fluorescence spectroscopy. 1,5 IAEDANS has a peak excitation wavelength of 336 nm and a peak emission wavelength of 490 nm. The extinction coefficient of the dye is 5700. It is soluble in dimethylformamide DMF or buffer above pH 6 and reacts primarily with thiol s. The absorption spectrum IAEDANS overlaps well with the emission spectrum of tryptophan , making it useful as an acceptor in FRET experiments. It can also be used as a resonance energy donor to fluorophores such as fluorescein , Alexa Fluor 488, Oregon Green, and BODIPY FL. DEFAULTSORT Iaedans Category Sulfonic acids Category Luminescence Category Organoiodides de IAEDANS fa ... more details
Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching , or FLIP , is a technique in fluorescence microscopy which can be used to examine the movement or diffusion of molecules inside cell biology cell s or cell membrane membrane s. Typically a cell membrane is labelled with a fluorescent fluorophore dye , and a specific area of the labeled membrane is photobleaching bleached using the beam from a confocal laser scanning microscope . The fluorescence intensity from that region of the membrane is measured over time. Motion of fluorescent molecules into and along the membrane slowly restores the fluorescence in the bleached region, while depleting the fluorescence in other regions by exchange of bleached for unbleached fluorophores . Measurement of the rate of this recovery provides an estimate of the lateral membrane fluidity. Changes in the size and shape of the bleached region can also indicate directional flow along the cell membrane. FLIP is also useful in verifying the continuity of membranous organelles e.g., the Golgi apparatus . A small circumscribed region of the organelle is continuously bleached. As fluorophores diffuse along the membrane into the illuminated spot, they are bleached eventually, the fluorescence of the entire organelle is depleted. It is closely related to another technique, Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching FRAP . The difference between FLIP and FRAP is that FLIP follows the path of the bleached fluorophores, while FRAP follows the recovery of the bleached region. ref name nature review cite journal last1 Lippincott Schwartzl first1 Jennifer last2 Snappl first2 Erik last3 Kenworthy first3 Anne title Studying protein dynamics in living cells journal Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology volume 2 pages 444 456 date June 2001 doi 10.1038 35073068 pmid 11389468 issue 6 ref References references See also Fluorescence microscope Category Microscopy Category Fluorescence Category Cell imaging Category Biochemistry methods Cell biology stub ... more details
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