Chembox ImageFile TCPO.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName Bis 2,4,6 trichlorophenyl oxalate OtherNames Bis 2,4,6 trichlorophenyl ethanedioate Oxalic acid, bis 2,4,6 trichlorophenyl ester Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 1165 91 9 PubChem 160567 ChemSpiderID 141097 SMILES O C C OC1 C Cl C C Cl C C1Cl O OC2 C Cl C C Cl C C2Cl InChI InChI 1 C14H4Cl6O4 c15 5 1 7 17 11 8 18 2 5 23 13 21 14 22 24 12 9 19 3 6 16 4 10 12 20 h1 4H Section2 Chembox Properties C 14 H 4 Cl 6 O 4 Appearance White crystalline powder Density 1.698 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPtCL 188 MeltingPtCL 192 BoilingPtC 500.9 Solubility 0.01962 mg L Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt convert 190.6 C F Autoignition TCPO , or bis 2,4,6 trichlorophenyl oxalate, is the main chemical in glow stick s. Uses TCPO is one of the major ingredients in glow stick glow sticks . When combined with a fluorescent dye like 9,10 Bis phenylethynyl anthracene 9,10 bis phenylethynyl anthracene , a solvent such as diethyl phthalate , and a weak base usually sodium acetate or sodium salicylate , and hydrogen peroxide , the mixture will start a chemiluminescence chemiluminescent reaction to glow a fluorescent green color. ref http sites.google.com site nurdrage chemistry experiments how to make a glow stick with real chemicals How to Make a Glow Stick with Real Chemicals ref Red, yellow and blue colors can be made by replacing the 9,10 bis phenylethynyl anthracene with Rhodamine B, Rubrene and 9,10 diphenylanthracene respectively. In a glowstick a Fluorophore fluorescent dye converts much of the light energy produced into the visible spectrum producing a brighter glow. Preparation TCPO can be prepared from a solution of 2,4,6 Trichlorophenol 2,4,6 trichlorophenol in a solution of dry toluene by reaction with oxalyl chloride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine . This method produces crude TCPO with a by product of triethylamine hydrochloride. References reflist Category Organochlorides Category Oxalates fa f ... more details
File Fp rhodamine.svg thumb 200px right Fluorophosphonate rhodamine FP Rhodamine activity based probe for profiling of the serine hydrolase superfamily. In this probe the fluorophosphonate is the reactive group RG as it binds irreversibly to the active site serine nucleophile of serine hydrolase s and the tag is rhodamine , a fluorophore for in SDS PAGE gel visualization. Image Gel abpp eg.png frame left In SDS PAGE gel ABPP using probes with different fluorophores in the same lane to simultaneously profile differences in enzyme activities Activity based proteomics , or activity based protein profiling ABPP is a functional proteomics proteomic technology that uses specially designed chemical probes that react with mechanistically related classes of enzymes. ref Berger AB, et al. Activity based protein profiling applications to biomarker discovery, in vivo imaging and drug discovery. American Journal of Pharmacogenomics 2004 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?CMD search&DB pubmed Article ref The basic unit of ABPP is the probe which typically consists of two elements a reactive group RG and a tag. Additionally, some probes may contain a binding group which enhances selectivity. The reactive group usually contains an electrophile that gets covalent bond covalently linked to a nucleophile nucleophilic residue in the active site of an active enzyme . An enzyme that is inhibited by enzyme inhibitor s or post translational modification s will not react with an activity based probe. The tag may be either a reporter such as a fluorophore or an affinity label such as biotin or an alkyne or azide for use with the Huisgen 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition also known as click chemistry . ref Speers AE, et al. Activity Based Protein Profiling in Vivo Using a Copper I Cataqlyzed Azide Alkyne 3 2 Cycloaddition Journal of the American Chemical Society 2003 http www.scripps.edu cb cravatt pdf Speersetal2003.pdf Article ref A major advantage of ABPP is the ability to monitor the ava ... more details
characteristics of the fluorophore used to label the specimen. ref name Spring In this manner, the distribution of a single fluorophore color is imaged at a time. Multi color images of several ... actin fibres in mammal ian cells. There are many fluorescent reported molecules, called fluorophore ... of interest A fluorophore can be directly conjugated to the primary antibody. Alternatively a secondary antibody , conjugated to a fluorophore, which binds specifically to the first antibody can ... anti mouse antibody derivatised with a fluorophore could be used to label microtubules in a cell .... DNA is stained blue, a protein called INCENP is green, and the microtubule s are red. Each fluorophore ... more details
dual labeled with sup 111 sup In and an NIR fluorophore was used to image v 3 integrin positive melanoma ..., 20April MI 2009 00011 MI 2009 00011.pdf Download PDF ref li li An NIR fluorophore has been conjugated ... cgi content abstract 169 4 1415 Download PDF ref li li An NIR fluorophore was compared to Cy5.5 ... with an NIR fluorophore and used as a bone imaging agent to detect osteoblastic activity in a living ..., Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 1148 2001 . ref li li An NIR fluorophore labeled GPI, a potent inhibitor of PSMA ... albumin labeled with an NIR fluorophore as a tracking agent for mapping of sentinel lymph nodes. ref ... Imaging 4, 172 2005 . ref li li 2 Deoxy D glucose labeled with an NIR fluorophore. ref Kovar, J ... more details
labeled using an enzyme or fluorophore . The primary antibody can be labeled using a small molecule which interacts with a high affinity binding partner that can be linked to an enzyme or fluorophore ... be probed for using a broader species specific secondary antibody that is labeled using an enzyme, or fluorophore ... more details
using a DNA intercalating fluorophore such as SYBR green , EvaGreen or fluorophore labelled ... a fluorophore and the other, a suitable quencher fluorescence quencher can be used to determine ... more details
ampoule of fluorophore removed 3 all three under UV illumination showing fluorophore fluorescence and plastic ... Spectral emission of chemiluminescence green line of mixed fluorophore and peroxide, which was removed from an orange glow stick, fluorescence of liquid fluorophore in glass ampoule only before mixing ... when the second fluorophore would degrade in solution or be attacked by the chemicals. The emission spectrum of the first fluorophore and the absorption spectrum of the second one have to largely ... more details
is a fluorophore and to the other end a fluorescence quencher. Because of the stem loop structure of the probe, the fluorophore is in close proximity to the quencher, thus preventing the molecule ... change permits the fluorophore and quencher to be free of their tight proximity due to the hairpin ... stay in its natural hairpin state and no fluorescence will be observed, as the fluorophore ... can be used to identify the genotype of an individual. If only the first probe s fluorophore wavelength ..., a quencher molecule is attached to the 3 end and a fluorophore is attached to the 5 end of the allele specific probe. If cleavage occurs, the fluorophore will be separated from the quencher molecule ... or two allele specific probes that hybridize to the SNP polymorphic site. The probes will have a fluorophore ..., the quencher will remain in close proximity to the fluorophore, eliminating the fluorophore ... in the separation of the fluorophore from the quencher molecule, generating a detectable signal ... more details
and cosmetical compounds. FRET imaging Since the fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore ... of the fluorophore. ref Wolfgang Becker, Axel Bergmann. Lifetime Imaging Techniques for Optical ... more details
Refimprove date July 2009 Image Chlamydophila psittaci FA stain.jpg thumb 240px Direct FA stained mouse brain impression smear reveals the presence of the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci . 400X. A direct fluorescent antibody DFA or dFA also known as Direct immunofluorescence ref name isbn0 7216 8233 2 cite book author Pober, Jordan S. Abbas, Abul K. Lichtman, Andrew H. title Cellular and molecular immunology publisher Saunders location Philadelphia year 2000 pages isbn 0 7216 8233 2 oclc doi accessdate ref is an antibody that has been tagged in a direct fluorescent antibody test . Its name derives from the fact that it directly tests the presence of an antigen with the Immunolabeling tagged antibody , unlike western blotting , which uses an Indirect antibody indirect method of detection, where the primary antibody binds the target antigen, with a secondary antibody directed against the primary, and a tag attached to the secondary antibody. Commercial DFA testing kits are available, which contain Immunofluorescence fluorescently labelled antibodies , designed to specifically target unique antigens present in the bacteria or virus, but not present in mammals Eukaryotes . This technique can be used to quickly determine if a subject has a specific viral or bacterial infection. In the case of respiratory viruses, many of which have similar broad symptoms, detection can be carried out using nasal wash samples from the subject with the suspected infection. Although shedding cells in the respiratory tract can be obtained, it is often in low numbers, and so an alternative method can be adopted where compatible cell culture can be exposed to infected nasal wash samples, so if the virus is present it can be grown up to a larger quantity, which can then give a clearer positive or negative reading. As with all types of fluorescence microscopy , the correct Absorption band absorption wavelength needs to be determined in order to excite the fluorophore tag attached to the antibody, a ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An optode or optrode is an optical sensor device that optically measures a specific substance usually with the aid of a chemical transducer . Construction An optode requires three components to function a chemical that responds to an analyte , a polymer to immobilise the chemical transducer and instrumentation Optical fiber optical fibre , Light light source , detector and other electronics . Optodes usually have the polymer matrix coated onto the tip of an optical fibre, but in the case of evanescent wave optodes the polymer is coated on a section of fibre that has been unsheathed. Operation Optodes can apply various optical measurement schemes such as Reflection physics reflection , absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption , evanescent wave, luminescence fluorescence and phosphorescence s , chemiluminescence , surface plasmon resonance . By far the most popular methodology is luminescence. Luminescence in solution obeys the linear Stern Volmer relationship . Fluorescence of a molecule is Quenching fluorescence quenched by specific analytes, e.g., ruthenium complexes are quenched by oxygen. When a fluorophore is immobilised within a polymer matrix a myriad of micro environments are created. The micro environments reflect varying diffusion co efficients for the analyte. This leads to a Nonlinearity non linear relationship between the fluorescence and the quencher analyte . This relationship is modelled in various ways, the most popular model is the two site model created by James Demas University of Virginia . The signal fluorescence to oxygen ratio is not linear, and an optode is most sensitive at low oxygen concentration, i.e., the sensitivity decreases as oxygen concentration increases. The optode sensors can however work in the whole region 0 100 oxygen saturation in water, and the calibration is done the same way as with the Clark electrode Clark type sensor . No oxygen is consumed and hence the sensor is stirring insensit ... more details
Image Photobleaching.ogg right thumb 150px Photobleaching The movie shows photobleaching of a fluorosphere. The movie is accelerated, the whole process happened during 4 minutes. Photobleaching is the photochemical destruction of a fluorophore . In microscopy , photobleaching may complicate the observation of fluorescent molecules, since they will eventually be destroyed by the light exposure necessary to stimulate them into fluorescing. This is especially problematic in time lapse microscopy. However, photobleaching may also be used prior to applying the primarily antibody linked fluorescent molecules, in an attempt to quench autofluorescence . This can help to improve signal to noise ratio . Photobleaching may also be exploited to study the motion and or diffusion of molecules, for example via the Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching FRAP or Fluorescence loss in photobleaching FLIP techniques. Loss of activity caused by photobleaching can be controlled by reducing the intensity or time span of light exposure, by increasing the concentration of fluorophores, by reducing the frequency and thus the photon energy of the input light, or by employing more robust fluorophores that are less prone to bleaching e.g. Alexa fluor Alexa Fluor s or DyLight Fluor s . To a reasonable approximation, a given molecule will be destroyed after a constant exposure intensity of emission X emission time X number of cycles because, in a constant environment, each absorption emission cycle has an equal probability of causing photobleaching. Lifetime Depending on the material, dyes can produce different photon numbers and therefore have different lifetimes at e.g. 10 sup 5 sup photons s Green fluorescent protein 10 sup 4 sup 10 sup 5 sup 0.1 1 s Typical organic dye 10 sup 5 sup 10 sup 6 sup 1 10 s CdSe ZnS Quantum dot 10 sup 8 sup 1000 s This use of the term lifetime is not to be confused with the lifetime measured by fluorescence lifetime imaging . See also Ozone depletion External l ... more details
. Mol. Cell 9, 789 798 2002 . ref Fluorescent labeling Fluorophore activation occurs through ... with the successful reconstitution of the YFP fluorophore from protein fragments that had ... include fluorophore fragments linked to non interacting proteins, as the presence of these fusions ... partners over 7 nm apart, so long as the linkers binding the fluorophore fragment to the protein ... real time detection of protein interactions. The delay for chemical reactions to generate fluorophore ... of the fluorescent fragments may prevent fluorophore reconstitution through steric effects Types of steric ... oxygen for fluorophore formation, BiFC cannot be used in obligate anaerobe s, which cannot survive ..., 47 53 2008 . ref Exact interaction relationship unknown Because fluorophore reconstitution can occur ... bridge method, as the fluorophore and other interacting proteins form a bridge between the protein ... chromophore or fluorophore if the chromophores are fluorescent to a nearby electron acceptor acceptor ..., usually ensured when designing and constructing the fluorophore protein linkage fusion, then the energy transfer from the excited donor fluorophore will result in a change in the fluorescent intensities ... name fifteen Reversible fluorophore interaction More complex interaction dynamics can be detected .... In contrast, reconstitution of the BiFC fluorophore is possible at a distance of over 7nm and only requires that the link between the fluorophore fragment and the protein of interest be sufficiently ... fluorescence when the acceptor fluorophore is excited. Therefore, numerous controls must be performed ... more details
Ahmet Y ld z born in 1979 in Sakarya, Turkey is a Turkey Turkish professor of Physics and Molecular Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley . He has contributed significantly to the understanding of how motor proteins walk along their filaments. He received a B.S. in physics from the Bo azi i University , Istanbul, in 2001, followed by a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign , and a postdoctoral position at UCSF . In 2003 Yildiz received the Foresight Distinguished Student Award for his study of the motion of the molecular motor myosin V . According to the Foresight Institute The Distinguished Student Award recognizes the college graduate or undergraduate student whose work is deemed most notable in advancing the development and understanding of molecular nanotechnology . The award was presented during the Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology, October 10 12, 2003, in San Francisco. The Foresight Institute Distinguished Student Award was created in 1997, and is awarded annually. Yildiz was awarded the 2005 GE & Science journal Science Prize for Young Life Scientists. Yildiz currently teaches lower division physics at University of California, Berkeley . External links No footnotes date April 2009 http www.nanotech now.com Foresight release 10152003.htm Foresight Award notice http www.physics.uiuc.edu People Faculty Selvin PSCV.html CV of Y ld z s Graduate advisor, listing several papers of which Y ld z is a co author http www.innovations report.com print print en01.php3?id 33011&ctyp 1 Molecular motor Myosin VI moves hand over hand , researchers say by James E. Kloeppel accessed 13 January 2003 Myosin VI is a molecular motor that walks backwards on filaments of actin. http www.sciencemag.org cgi content short 300 5628 2061 Myosin V Walks Hand Over Hand Single Fluorophore Imaging with 1.5 nm Localization by Ahmet Yildiz, Joseph N. Forkey, Sean A. McKinney, Taekjip Ha, Yale E. Goldman, and Paul R. Selvin in Science 27 June ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443358219 ImageFile 9,10 bis phenylethynyl anthracene.svg ImageSize 250px ImageName Skeletal formula ImageFile1 9,10 Bis phenylethynyl anthracene 3D balls.png ImageSize1 250px ImageName1 Ball and stick model IUPACName 9,10 Bis 2 phenylethynyl anthracene OtherNames 9,10 Bis phenylethynyl anthracene, BPEA Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 C30H18 c1 3 11 23 12 4 1 19 21 29 25 15 7 9 17 27 25 30 28 18 10 8 16 26 28 29 22 20 24 13 5 2 6 14 24 h1 18H InChIKey ZHBOFZNNPZNWGB UHFFFAOYAU StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C30H18 c1 3 11 23 12 4 1 19 21 29 25 15 7 9 17 27 25 30 28 18 10 8 16 26 28 29 22 20 24 13 5 2 6 14 24 h1 18H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey ZHBOFZNNPZNWGB UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 10075 85 1 EINECS 233 210 8 PubChem 82338 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 51675 SMILES C Cc1ccccc1 c4c2ccccc2c C Cc3ccccc3 c5ccccc45 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 74309 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 30 sub H sub 18 sub MolarMass 378.473 g mol Appearance Orange needle crystals Density MeltingPt 252 258 C BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards Irritant Xi FlashPt Autoignition RPhrases R36 37 38 SPhrases S26 S36 S37 39 S45 S28 A 9,10 Bis phenylethynyl anthracene BPEA is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula is C sub 30 sub H sub 18 sub . It displays strong fluorescence and is used as a chemiluminescent fluorophore with high quantum efficiency . It is used in lightstick s as a fluorophor producing ghostly green light. It is also used as a dopant for organic semiconductor s in Organic light emitting diode OLEDs . The emission wavelength can be lowered by substituting the anthracene core by halogen s or alkyl s. 2 ethyl and 1,2 dimethyl substituted BPEAs are also in use. 1 chloro 9,10 bis phenylethynyl anthracene emits yellow green light, used in 30 minute high intensity Cyalume sticks 2 chloro 9,10 bis phenylethynyl anthracene emits gre ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Ostreococcus image image width 250px image caption Transmission electron micrograph of an O. tauri cell domain Eukaryota regnum Plant ae divisio Chlorophyta classis Prasinophyceae ordo Mamiellales familia Mamiellaceae genus Ostreococcus genus authority C. Courties & M. J. Chr tiennot Dinet 1995 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Ostreococcus tauri O. tauri Ostreococcus lucimarinus O. lucimarinus Ostreococcus is a genus of unicellular coccus coccoid or spherically shaped green algae green alga belonging to the class Prasinophyceae . It includes prominent members of the global picoplankton community, which plays a central role in the oceanic carbon cycle . History The first member of the genus, Ostreococcus tauri O. tauri , was discovered in 1994 in an investigation of the picoplankton in the Thau lagoon by Courties and Chretiennot Dinet using flow cytometry ref name Courties 94 . Unicellular photosynthetic organisms are generally amenable to study using flow cytometry because of the autofluorescence provided by chlorophyll and other fluorophore s used by the cells for the harvesting and control of sunlight, which allows such pigments to be studied without any staining of the cells. The different pigments present can be distinguished and identified on a cell by cell basis using flow cytometry, allowing researchers to deduce the different species present in the sample and help classify any new species found ref name Davey 96 . O. tauri was immediately placed in the class Prasinophyceae based on the presence of characteristic chlorophyll pigments and Chlorophyceae related carotenoids ref name Courties 94 as well as cell ultrastructure, and its position was later confirmed by analysis of its 18S rDNA ref name Courties 98 . Other members of the genus have since been found in many oceanic regions. Anatomy The genus contains the smallest known free living eukaryote eukaryotic species, with an average size of 0.8 m. ref name Courties 94 The ultr ... more details
Image BODIPY str.png thumb right 180px BODIPY core BODIPY , short for boron dipyrromethene , is a class of fluorescence fluorescent dyes. It is composed of dipyrromethene complexed with a disubstituted boron atom, typically a BF sub 2 sub unit. ref http probes.invitrogen.com handbook sections 0104.html BODIPY Dye Series ref The IUPAC name for the BODIPY core is 4,4 difluoro 4 bora 3a,4a diaza s indacene . Due to instability of the required unsubstituted dipyrromethene precursor, the unsubstituted BODIPY dye had not been prepared until 2009. Three independent groups reported different syntheses of the title compound. ref cite journal title Synthesis of the Core Compound of the BODIPY Dye Class 4,4 Difluoro 4 bora 3a,4a diaza s indacene author A. Schmitt, B. Hinkeldey, M. Wild, G. Jung doi 10.1007 s10895 008 0446 7 journal J. Fluoresc. year 2009 volume 19 pages 755 759 issue 4 ref ref cite journal title The synthesis and crystal structure of unsubstituted 4,4 difluoro 4 bora 3a,4a diaza s indacene BODIPY author K. Tram, H. Yan, H. A. Jenkins, S. Vassiliev, D. Bruce, doi 10.1016 j.dyepig.2009.03.001 journal Dyes and Pigments year 2009 volume 82 pages 392 395 issue 3 ref ref cite journal title The Smallest and One of the Brightest. Efficient Preparation and Optical Description of the Parent Borondipyrromethene System author I. J. Arroyo, R. Hu, G. Merino, B. Z. Tang, E. Pe a Cabrera doi 10.1021 jo901014w journal J. Org. Chem. volume 74 pages 5719 22 year 2009 pmid 19572588 issue 15 ref Properties BODIPY dyes are notable for their uniquely small Stokes shift , high, environment independent fluorescence quantum yield s, often approaching 100 even in water, sharp excitation and emission peaks contributing to overall brightness and high solubility in many organic solvents. The combination of these qualities makes BODIPY fluorophore an important tool in a variety of imaging applications. The position of the absorption and emission bands remain almost unchanged in solvents of ... more details
Orphan date July 2011 Young Tae Chang is a professor of Chemistry at the http www.nus.edu.sg National University of Singapore NUS . Young Tae Chang was born in Pusan , South Korea in 1968. He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry from POSTECH , working on the divergent synthesis of all regioisomers of myo inositol phosphates . He then engaged in postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Peter G. Schultz Prof. Peter G. Schultz . In 2000, He was appointed assistant professor at New York University NYU and promoted to associated professor in 2005. He pioneered diversity oriented synthesis of Fluorophore fluorescent compounds and high throughput screening high throughput discovery of organic imaging probes. ref cite journal last FINNEY first N title Combinatorial discovery of fluorophores and fluorescent probes journal Current Opinion in Chemical Biology volume 10 issue 3 pages 238 245 doi 10.1016 j.cbpa.2006.04.025 ref ref cite journal last Lee first Jun Seok coauthors Kim, Yun Kyung, Vendrell, Marc, Chang, Young Tae title Diversity oriented fluorescence library approach for the discovery of sensors and probes journal Molecular BioSystems volume 5 issue 5 pages 411 doi 10.1039 B821766C ref He joined the NUS Chemistry Department in 2007. Currently, he is a leader of http medchem.science.nus.edu.sg Medicinal Chemistry Program , and Lab of Bioimaging Probe Development LBPD at http www.sbic.a star.edu.sg Singapore Bioimaging Consortium SBIC . He is an editorial board member of http www.rsc.org publishing journals mb staff.asp Molecular Biosystems , Royal Society of Chemistry. He has received numerous awards including NSF Career award in 2005. References Reflist External links http ytchang.science.nus.edu.sg Chang lab, National University of Singapore http medchem.science.nus.edu.sg Medicinal Chemistry Program http www.rsc.org publishing journals mb Molecular Biosystems, Royal Society of Chemistry Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Chang, Youn ... more details
microscopy . Fluorescence is the process that involves excitation of a fluorophore a molecule ... the fluorophore becomes chemically excited by the presence of UV light, it emits visible light ... to different portions of a cell. DAPI is a fluorophore that specifically binds to DNA and fluoresces ... to these tubulin monomeric subunits. A fluorophore can be chemically attached to the anti tubulin ... more details
0 sub is called the ground state of the fluorophore fluorescent molecule and S sub 1 sub is its first ... Fluorophores are more likely to be excited by photons if the transition moment of the fluorophore ... of the fluorophore molecule. For fluorophores in solution this means that the intensity and polarization ... and magnitude of Stokes shift can be complex and are dependent on the fluorophore and its environment ... frequently leaves a fluorophore in the highest vibrational level of the ground state. Fluorescence ... fluorophore , a fluorescent dye that can be a small molecule, protein, or quantum dot, finding ..., or subcellular structures, which is accomplished by labeling an antibody with a fluorophore and allowing ... more details
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