The focalmechanism of an earthquake describes the inelastic deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a Fault geology fault related event it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped and the slip Euclidean vector vector and is also known as a fault plane solution . Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake, which itself is estimated by an analysis of observed seismic waveforms . The focalmechanism can be derived from observing the pattern of first motions , that is, whether the first arriving P waves break up or down. This method was used before waveforms were recorded and analysed digitally and this method is still used for earthquakes too small for easy moment tensor solution. Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms. ref Sipkin, S.A., 1994, Rapid determination of global moment tensor solutions Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, p. 1667 1670. ref Moment tensor solutions Image Focalmechanism 01.jpg thumb 380px Image Focalmechanism 02.jpg thumb 380px Image Focalmechanism 03.jpg thumb 380px The moment tensor solution is typically displayed graphically using a so called beachball diagram. The pattern of energy radiated during ... solely from a focalmechanism which of the nodal planes is in fact the fault plane. For this other ... survey of focalmechanism solutions of mantle earthquakes, Review of Geophysics and Space Physics, 9, 103 174. ref . Beach Ball Calculator There are several programs available to prepare FocalMechanism ... reflist External links http serc.carleton.edu files NAGTWorkshops structure04 Focalmechanism primer.pdf A Draft Primer on FocalMechanism Solutions for Geologists http www1.gly.bris.ac.uk george focmec.html ... nodal plane DEFAULTSORT FocalMechanism Category Seismology Category Structural geology Category ... 1967 . Mechanism of earthquakes and nature of faulting on the mid oceanic ridges, Journal of Geophysical ... more details
Wiktionarypar focalFocal may refer to Focal lexicographical website , an Irish lexicographical website FOCAL programming language FOCAL 69 Focal HP 41 Focal Radio , a radio station based in Stoke on Trent, England Industry Focal JMLab , a French manufacturer of audio equipment See also Focus disambiguation Focal point disambiguation Focal adhesion Focal character Focal dystonia Focal infection Focal length Focal seizures Focal surface disambig de FOCAL ... more details
wiktionary mechanismMechanism may refer to Mechanism engineering , rigid bodies connected by joints in order to accomplish a desired force and or motion transmission Mechanism biology , explaining how a feature is created Mechanism philosophy , a theory that all natural phenomena can be explained by physical causes Mechanism sociology , a theory that all social phenomena can be explained by the existence of a determinstic, eternally repeating mechanism, much like a computer algorithm. The algorithm always starts at the same point, follows the same processes or instructions and returns to the starting point and this process repeats forever. Mechanism band , a death metal band from Canada See also Machine Machine mechanical Linkage mechanical Mechanism design , the art of designing rules of a game to achieve a specific outcome Mechanism of action , the means by which a drug exerts its biological effects Defence mechanism , unconscious mechanisms aimed at reducing anxiety Reaction mechanism , the sequence of reactions by which overall chemical change occurs Antikythera mechanism , an ancient Greek analog computer disambig cs Mechanismus de Mechanismus es Mecanismo desambiguaci n fr M canisme homonymie ko sk Mechanizmus ... more details
the focal adhesion must be dissolved. The mechanism of this is poorly understood and is probably instigated ...Image Focaladhesiondetail.jpg thumb 300px right Immunofluorescence coloration of actin green and the focal adhesion protein vinculin red in a fibroblast. Focal adhesion are visible as red dots at the end of the green bundles. In cell biology , focal adhesions also cell matrix adhesions or FAs are specific ... global control of focal adhesion assembly. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 307 2 355 61. ref Focal adhesions serve as the mechanical linkages to the ECM, and as a biochemical ... and clustering. Deleted image removed Image cellmatadhes.png thumb 300px Focal Adhesions are complicated macromolecular assemblies Structure and function Focal adhesions are large, dynamic protein complexes ... of cell matrix adhesion complexes. Biochemical Society Transactions , 32 3 416 20. ref Focal adhesions ... . Focal adhesions can contain over 100 different proteins, which suggests a considerable functional ..., Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, Kam Z, Geiger B and Bershadsky AD, 2001. Focal contacts as mechanosensors externally applied local mechanical force induces growth of focal contacts by an mDia1 dependent and ROCK independent mechanism. Journal of Cell Biology , 153 6 1175 86 ref In wiktionary sessile sessile cells, focal adhesions are quite stable under normal conditions, while in moving cells their stability is diminished this is because in motile cells, focal adhesions are being constantly assembled ... biological tissue . Morphology Connection between focal adhesions and proteins of the extracellular ... signalling proteins, such as focal adhesion kinase , bind to and associate with this integrin adapter protein cytoskeleton complex, and this forms the basis of a focal adhesion. Adhesion dynamics with migrating cells The dynamic assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions plays a central role in cell migration . During cell migration, both the composition and the morphology of the focal adhesion ... more details
Infobox Company brand name Focal company name Focal JMLab company logo File Logo focal jmlab.png 200px ... homepage http www.focal.com www.focal.com parent Focal and Focal Professional are registered trademarks of Focal JMlab French company, a manufacturer of consumer and professional Sound recording ... range was consisting of JMLab home audio loudspeaker and Focal raw drivers. Now Focal JMlab designs ... as Focal former brand name was JMLab consist of loudspeakers for two or multichannel sound reproduction ... branded as Focal consist of loudspeakers speakers , subwoofer s and amplifiers Professional audio products branded as Focal Professional consist of active loudspeaker active monitors and subwoofers ... little part of current company s business. Focal JMLab is the biggest list of loudspeaker manufacturers .... Global presence of Focal JMLab products covers 80 countries. The main office with administration ... Lancy and Pau, Pyr n es Atlantiques Pau , France Gallery gallery File Focal CMS 50 IBC 2008.jpg Focal CMS 50 professional near field monitor at IBC 2008 File Focal CMS 65 IBC 2008.jpg Focal CMS 65 professional near field monitor at IBC 2008 Deleted image removed File Focal Diablo Utopia Red.jpg Focal Diablo Utopia 2 way bookshelf loudspeaker has won the European Imaging and Sound Association ... & Home Theater Panel Awards 2009 2010 ref Deleted image removed File Focal Utopia Be kit N7.jpg Focal ... image removed File Focal Twin6 Be.jpg Focal Professional Twin 6 Be active control monitor has won the Platinum Award from http www.futuremusic.com Future Music magazine Deleted image removed File Focal XS.jpg Focal XS compact system with iPod dock and integrated USB soundcard gallery External links http www.focal.com Official Focal JMLab website References references commonscat Focal DEFAULTSORT Focal Jmlab Category Audio equipment manufacturers Category Loudspeaker manufacturers Category Companies established in 1979 Category French brands Category Audio equipment manufacturers el Focal JMlab ... more details
wiktionary A focal point may mean Focus optics , the point at which initially collimated rays of light meet after passing through a convex lens, or reflecting from a concave mirror. In Fine Art , a Focal Point focuses specifically on a point of interest which makes a canvas unique. e.g. Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer In mathematics Focus geometry , a special point used in describing conic sections. Focal point is a critical point mathematics critical point of a distance function. In an antenna electronics The driven element, directly connected to the transmission line or source The passive radiator In game theory, a Focal point game theory focal point is an equilibrium more likely to be chosen by the players because it seems special, natural or relevant to them. In computer programs, Telelogic Focal Point is a configurable Web based decision support platform for requirements management, product management and project portfolio management. Focal Point album Focal Point , a studio album by McCoy Tyner Focal Point, an imprint of National Geographic Society National Geographic In business , the person or organization responsible for the coordination of activities and tasks among several groups or networks. Among science fiction fanzines , a fanzine which in its era was central to the fannish culture of the day. disambig cs Ohnisko de Brennpunkt no Brennpunkt sk Ohnisko ... more details
Focal epilepsy , also called partial epilepsy , is a seizure disorder in which seizure s are preceded by an isolated disturbance of a Cerebrum cerebral function. Such disturbances may include a twitching of a part of the body, such as a limb a deceptive or illusory sensation or feeling, or some other mental disturbance . It is a subtype of epilepsy . Causes The cause of the isolated disturbances results from the Signal electronics electrical signals that cause the seizure emanating from a specific part of the brain. Classification International Classification of Partial Seizures Simple with no interruption to consciousness Complex interrupts consciousness Partial seizures evolving into a secondary generalized epilepsy known as generalized seizure References cite web url http www.thefreedictionary.com focal epilepsy title Focal epilepsy publisher TheFreeDictionary.com cite web url http www.webmd.com epilepsy guide epilepsy types epilepsy title Types of epilepsy publisher WebMD cite web url http www2.merriam webster.com cgi bin mwmednlm?book Medical&va focal epilepsy title Focal epilepsy publisher Merriam webster.com DEFAULTSORT Focal Epilepsy Category Medical terms Category Epilepsy types medical stub ... more details
orphan date November 2009 A focal cloud is the collection of Focus optics focal point s of any imperfect lens, whether lens optics optical , Electrostatic lens electrostatic or electromagnetic. This includes Parabolic antenna s and lens type reflective antennas of all kinds. The effect is analogous to the circle of confusion in photography. Image Focal cloud.jpg In this focal cloud illustration, a perfect reflector would focus all beams into the blue spot. Due to imperfections of lens construction, the actual signal beams follow the red path to several different focal points, which form the focal cloud. Lens reflector artifacts, geometry and other imperfections determine the actual radius of the focal cloud . Satellite dish effects A focal cloud can render a satellite dish rather inefficient in relation to its size in specific frequencies. If the imperfections are formed in a way that the phase shift s of reflected waves, at a large portion of the dish, are near 180 degrees between them and the feed horn , this results in self cancellation of the specific frequency. For countering the effect, there are several techniques, either in construction of the reflectors or lenses, or in the way signal beams are concentrated. In Satellite antennas, scalar rings are used to push the spread signal into the Feed horn Feed . References http www.mlesat.com Article1.html Satellite LNB s & polarizers Category Fundamental physics concepts Category Physical optics Category Mirrors Category Broadband Category Satellites Category Antennas radio Category Satellite television ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 For a surface in three dimension the focal surface , surface of centers or evolute is formed by taking the centers of the curvature sphere s, which are the tangent ial sphere s whose radii are the Multiplicative inverse reciprocals of one of the principal curvature s at the point of tangency. Equivalently it is the surface formed by the centers of the circles which osculate the curvature line s. As the principal curvatures are the eigenvalues of the second fundamental form, there are two at each point, and these give rise to two points of the focal surface on each surface normal normal direction to the surface. Away from umbilical point s, these two points of the focal surface are distinct at umbilical points the two sheets come together. At points where the Gaussian curvature is zero, one sheet of the focal surface will have a point at infinity corresponding to the zero principal curvature. Special cases The sphere is the only surface where both sheets of the focal surface degenerate to a single point. Both sheets of the focal surface of a Dupin cyclide degenerate to curves. These curves form a pair of anticonics, i.e., an ellipse and a hyperbola in perpendicular planes, each passing through the respective foci of the other curve. ref Harvnb Chandru Dutta Hoffmann 1988 ref For the torus , a special Dupin cyclide, the focal ellipse becomes a circle and the focal hyperbola degenerates to the axis of the circle. One sheet of the focal surface of a channel surface will form a degenerate curve. Such surfaces includes all surface of revolution surfaces of revolution , where the degenerate curve is the axis of revolution. See also Focus optics Evolute Notes reflist References citation title On the Geometry of Dupin Cyclides first1 V. last1 Chandru first2 D. last2 Dutta first3 C.M. last3 Hoffmann year 1988 publisher Purdue University e Pubs . DEFAULTSORT Focal Surface Category Surfaces geometry stub ... more details
For the FOCAL language on DEC minicomputers FOCAL programming language The Forty one calculator language Focal is the language used to computer programming program the HP 41 range of expandable science engineering calculators from Hewlett Packard . As with most other calculator programming languages of the 1980s, a Focal program is a linear list of instructions. Each instruction or step roughly correspond to a key or key combination press, and thus correspond to what the user would do if he was to perform the computation himself on the calculator. This paradigm made Focal programming relatively easy for the newcomer, but program maintenance could be a nightmare. Add to that the use of GOTO instructions&mdash including going to a program step based on a value in a data register GTO IND , a technique known as computed goto &mdash and you had all the ingredients for the dreaded spaghetti code syndrome. Program steps are numbered starting from 1, but this numbering has no intrinsic meaning, and can change as new instructions are added or removed in the middle of a program. A special instruction LBL is used to create a label, that can be used by the user to invoke the program, or by the program itself, as target of a GTO unconditional go to or XEQ execute instruction. Here s a very simple Focal program 001 LBL DOUBLE 002 2 003 004 END The LBL DOUBLE instruction is a label, indicating that the user can invoke the program by XEQ DOUBLE . As this function can also be assigned to any key on the calculator s keyboard, this effectively adds a new function to the calculator. The next two steps correspond to what the function does, mainly multiply the X register by 2 the HP 41 uses Reverse Polish notation RPN notation. The END instruction indicates the end of the program. Note that contrary to many other programmable calculators, each Focal step could be stored in memory as more than ... Category Domain specific programming languages Category HP calculators 41 de FOCAL HP 41 ... more details
In any narrative , the focal character is the Character arts character on whom the audience is meant to place the majority of their interest and attention. He or she is almost always also the protagonist of the story however, in cases where the focal character and protagonist are separate, the focal character s emotions and ambitions are not meant to be empathized with by the audience to as high an extent as the protagonist this is the main difference between the two character terms . The focal character is mostly created to simply be the excitement of the story, though not necessarily the main character about whom the audience is emotionally concerned. The focal character is, more than anyone else, the person on whom the spotlight focuses the center of attention the man whose reactions dominate the screen. ref cite book last Swain first Dwight V. authorlink coauthors title Techniques of the Selling Writer publisher University of Oklahoma Press date 1965 location Norman, OK Norman pages 320 323 url doi isbn 0 8061 1191 7 paper ref For example, in Gaston Leroux s The Phantom of the Opera , the protagonist is Christine Daa the audience is concerned mostly with her emotions, aims, and well being , while the focal character is the Erik The Phantom of the Opera Phantom the audience is concerned mostly with the Attractiveness allure of his actions and reactions&mdash though to some degree, later on, his emotions as well . The focal character is also not necessarily the same thing as the viewpoint character , through whose perspective the story is seen. In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle s works of Sherlock Holmes , Doctor Watson Watson is the viewpoint character, but the story revolves around Holmes, making him the focal character. References references Fiction writing Category Narratology lit stub tr Odak karakter ... more details
Infobox Radio station image Image Focalradio.jpg name Focal Radio airdate 5 November 2008 frequency DAB share not reported share as of share source format General interest owner Focal Radio Ltd. Focal Radio was a commercial radio station based in the city of Stoke on Trent ref cite web url http radiotoday.co.uk comment.php?comment.news.4025 title The Potteries get Focal date 2008 11 05 accessdate 2009 01 27 publisher Radio Today ref and broadcasting to the two counties of Staffordshire and Cheshire in England . The station broadcast 24 hours a day, 7 days a week via the local Digital Audio Broadcasting DAB multiplex for the city as well as online. The station s entirely locally produced programming consisted of popular music from the past 40 years along with news, sport and speech features of general interest to the local population. A number of specialist music programmes were also provided. In February 2009, the station closed down having run out of cash after just four months on air ref cite web url http www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk news Sam s air just months article 698215 detail article.html title Sam s off air after just four months date 2009 02 14 accessdate 2009 03 28 publisher The Sentinel ref and its parent company Trent Radio Station Limited was placed into liquidation. ref cite web url http www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk news New radio station sinks liquidation article 728761 detail article.html title New radio station sinks into liquidation date 2009 02 26 accessdate ... news Tycoon puts Focal Radio air article 736669 detail article.html title Tycoon puts Focal Radio ... to raise another 20,000 in order to pay back the investment made by Chaudry. Focal Radio ceased transmission ..., Focal Radio , Radio Today, 28 May 2009 ref References reflist External links http www.focalradio.com Focal Radio coord missing Staffordshire Category Media in Stoke on Trent Category Radio stations established in 2008 Category Radio stations in Staffordshire Focal UK radio station stub ... more details
Infobox publisher image Image Focal Press Logo.png parent Elsevier status founded 1938 founder Andor Kraszna Kraus successor country headquarters Waltham, Massachusetts distribution keypeople publications topics film and digital video production, photography, digital imaging, graphics, animation and new media, broadcast and media distribution technologies, music recording and production, mass communications, and theatre technology genre imprints revenue numemployees nasdaq url URL http www.focalpress.com Focal Press is a publisher of Media arts media technology books and it is an imprint of Elsevier . It was founded in 1938 by Andor Kraszna Krausz ref cite encyclopedia last Hannavy first John author Deac Rossell encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Nineteenth century Photography title Kraszna Krausz, Andor 1904 1989 accessdate 2008 12 21 date year 2008 publisher CRC Press isbn 0415972353 pages 806 quote ref , a Hungarian people Hungarian photographer who immigrated to England in 1937 and eventually published over 1,200 books on photography . References reflist External links http www.focalpress.com Focal Press Website http www.focalbookstore.com Focal Press Bookstore Reed Elsevier Category Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom Category Elsevier imprints Category Publishing companies established in 1938 ... more details
Cleanup date December 2007 Focal Skills or The Focal Skills Approach refers to a specific non traditional program design and assessment regime that purposely structures intensive foreign or second language instruction to align with student centered, communicative language teaching that is skills focused and content based. When the principles and processes of the Focal Skills approach are used, the rate of student language acquisition is accelerated. This finding is particularly evident in the intermediate to advanced stages of acquisition the stages of greatest concern when instructing a language for use in academic, business or other professional settings. Focal Skills restructures program design by sequentially focusing attention on the development of one language skill area at a time until its mastery to a chosen threshold level is reached. Assessments in Listening, Reading, and Writing are used to determine whether the threshold level has been attained. Teaching practices in Focal Skills ... are generally avoided. The Focal Skills Movie Technique is an example of the kind of teaching used in this approach. Created in 1988 by Ashley Hastings, Ph.D., the Focal Skills program design took into account ... and Oral Skills . In contrast, the Focal Skills program student is placed into a module of courses ... for the specific language environments the student expects to encounter. Upon entry into a Focal Skills program, the student is given a complete battery of Focal Skills assessments, including Listening ..., but the student is immediately placed into the first module in the Focal Skills sequence for which ... skills. The Focal Skills program model was first implemented at the Intensive English as a Second Language ... 3 The FOCAL SKILLS Approach An Assessment. Second Language Acquisition Theory and Pedagogy , ed ... Erlbaum Associates. http focalskills.info Essential Features of FOCAL SKILLS. International Center for FOCAL SKILLS Language teaching methods Category Language education ... more details
Focal dystonia is a neurological condition that affects a muscle or group of muscles in a part of the body and causes an involuntary muscular contraction or twisting. For example, in writer s cramp focal ... A primate genesis model of focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury I. Learning induced dedifferentiation ... focal hand dystonia. Examination of their primary somatosensory cortex showed that the representations ... on humans have confirmed this finding with individuals with focal hand dystonia having finger representations ... and sequenced movements that underlie the symptoms of focal dystonia of the hand. Prior to the work that demonstrated sensorimotor cortical deficits, focal hand dystonia was principally treated with BoTox ... Hallett first6 M. year 2002 title Sensory training for patients with focal hand dystonia url journal ... the condition causes pain usually through sustained contraction and abnormal posturing. Focal .... Notable cases Musicians affected by focal dystonia include Leon Fleisher , of the Peabody Conservatory ... is suffering from focal dystonia, which severely limits his ability to play right handed and as a result ... up her professional career as Canada s First Lady of the Guitar due to focal dystonia that drastically ... Assad was diagnosed with focal dystonia in 1999 after having been misdiagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome ... player, has focal dystonia in his right hand, had to give up playing banjo, and now plays the guitar. Scott Adams , the writer of the Dilbert comics, is also afflicted with focal dystonia of the hand ... , founder of the bagpipe rock group Red Hot Chilli Pipers , announced that he had focal dystonia ... from focal dystonia. There are successful exercise therapies developed independently by Frank ... and Upper Extremity 2 Volume Set publisher Mosby location St. Louis year 2002 pages 2053 2075 Focal ... s Focal dystonia . Galene Editions 2004. cite journal last1 Leisner first1 David year 2007 title Curing Focal Dystonia or How to Play the Guitar with Large Muscles url journal Guitar Review volume ... more details
orphan date August 2008 In economics , optimal mechanism refers to the mechanism design mechanism which maximizes the seller s profit ref http research.microsoft.com hartline omd.pdf ref . References reflist Category Profit economics stub ... more details
The Bartell mechanism is a pseudorotation al mechanism similar to the Berry mechanism . It occurs only in molecules with a pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry , such as IF7 IF sub 7 sub . This mechanism was first predicted by H. B. Bartell . The mechanism exchanges the axial atoms with one pair of the equatorial atoms. Similarly to the Berry mechanism Berry mechanism Berry mechanism in square planar molecules in square planar molecules , the symmetry of the intermediary phase of the vibrational mode is chimeric ref name ch.ic.ac.uk cite web url http www.ch.ic.ac.uk rzepa bpr publisher ch.ic.ac.uk title Mechanisms that Interchange Axial and Equatorial Atoms in Fluxional processes accessdate 2008 01 22 ref of other mechanisms it displays characteristics of the Berry mechanism, a lever mechanism seen in pseudorotation of Seesaw chemistry disphenoidal molecules, and a turnstile mechanism which can be seen in trigonal bipyramidal molecules under certain conditions . in need of an image References Reflist See also Berry mechanism Pseudorotation Category Chemical bonding Category Molecular geometry Category Reaction mechanisms es Mecanismo de Bartell ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 unreferenced date September 2007 The Western Mechanism is the debut album by United Kingdom British rock band Days of Worth . The album was released April 2005, by Visible Noise records. Track listing Standard Suburban Anthem State of me Street lights on heavy eyes It s a beautiful view Take me Through Youth Base Setter Narcolepsy Ladies and Gentlemen Takes more than distance The Western Mechanism DEFAULTSORT Western Mechanism, The Category 2005 debut albums 2000s rock album stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In pharmacology , the term mechanism of action MOA refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a Medication drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor biochemistry receptor . For example, the mechanism of action of aspirin involves irreversible inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase , therefore suppressing the production of prostaglandin s and thromboxane s, thereby reducing pain and inflammation. See also Pharmacodynamics Medicinal chemistry DEFAULTSORT Mechanism Of Action Category Pharmacology Category Medicinal chemistry Pharma stub ar ja pt Mecanismo de a o ... more details
orphan date November 2009 Infobox Company name Mechanism Digital logo type Private foundation April 1996 location city New York , New York location country USA location br 118W 27th St br New York , New York 10001 locations key people Founder br Lucien Harriot area served industry services Visual Effects , Post production , Filmmaking Production Production , New Media revenue operating income net income num employees parent divisions subsid slogan homepage http www.mechanismdigital.com dissolved footnotes intl yes Mechanism Digital is a motion graphics production company in New York City . Mechanism specializes in Visual Effects and 3 D Animation . Founded in April 1996, Mechanism Digital produces graphics, 3 D animations, and visual effects for film, commercials, and television programming. Mechanism Digital s credits include Rome Engineering an Empire ref http www.vfxtalk.com forum particleillusion helps mechanism digital make last stand t9467.html?s 59118a3f98a26dfd65e49eb051963379& s 6e741635ab12c7f8574e7655d7140669& p 38764 ref , which won an Emmy in 2007, and an animated promo for the movie Juno film Juno airing on Cinemax , which won an Addy Awards ADDY award in 2009. References reflist External links http www.mechanismdigital.com Mechanism Digital website Category Media companies based in New York City ... more details
During the last decade there has been a growing interest in social mechanisms and mechanism based explanations, not only in sociology and the social sciences but also in philosophy of science , particularly philosophy of biology . Although many sociologists use the word mechanism they often use it in an off hand casual sense without any commitment to any type of mechanism based explanatory strategy. The core idea behind the mechanism approach has been expressed as follows by Jon Elster Elster 1989 3 4 To explain an event is to give an account of why it happened. Usually this takes the form of citing an earlier event as the cause of the event we want to explain . But to cite the cause is not enough the causal mechanism must also be provided, or at least suggested. There is no consensus on what is to be meant by a mechanism. Existing definitions differ a great deal from one another, but underlying them all is an emphasis on making intelligible the regularities being observed by specifying in detail how they were brought about. The currently most satisfactory discussion of the mechanism concept is found in Machamer, Darden and Craver 2000 . Following them, mechanisms can be said to consist of entities with their properties and the activities that these entities engage in, either by themselves or in concert with other entities. These activities bring about change, and the type of change brought about depends upon the properties and activities of the entities and the relations between them. A mechanism, thus defined, refers to a constellation of entities and activities that are organized such that they regularly bring about a particular type of outcome, and we explain an observed outcome by referring to the mechanism by which such outcomes are regularly brought about see also Peter Hedstrom Hedstr m and Ylikoski 2010 . References Elster, J. 1989. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences . Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Hedstr m, P. and P. Ylikoski. 2010. Causal mechanisms ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 Market mechanism is a term from economics referring to the use of money exchanged by buyers and sellers with an open and understood system of value and time trade offs to produce the best distribution of goods and services. The use of the market mechanism does not imply a free market there can be captive or controlled markets which seek to use supply and demand, or some other form of charging for scarcity, both in social situations and in engineering. This is a main term when it comes to marketing in economics... See also Private sector Capitalism DEFAULTSORT Market Mechanism Category Markets customer bases econ stub lt Rinkos mechanizmas pl Mechanizm rynkowy vi C ch th tr ng ... more details
Escape Mechanism is the title of a sound collage project instigated by Minneapolis based artist Jonathan Nelson. Using fragments of audio from a variety of previously recorded sound sources, the project is an experiment in recycled media. Escape Mechanism has taken many forms, since 1997. From solo studio releases and theatrical sound design, to a live ensemble and sound installation, the project is defined by its re use of sounds found in the broadcast media. Although essentially a studio project, Escape Mechanism experimented briefly 1999 2001 with live improvisation. Performing under the name Cast of Thousands with Escape Mechanism, the rotating ensemble also worked exclusively with bits and pieces of the media environment, performing at art venues and performances spaces such as Walker Art Center The Walker Art Center , the Soap Factory and First Avenue nightclub The First Avenue Main Room . Escape Mechanism has collaborated with artists such as Steev Hise, The Tape beatles and Wobbly, and mounted sound installations at art galleries such as The Blue Theater, Rosalux Gallery and The Rochester Art Center. Escape Mechanism proudly presents itself as 100 recycled, as every sound found in an Escape Mechanism composition is recycled from a previously recorded source. No original sounds are incorporated only original juxtapositions. Some Assembly Required Nelson is perhaps best known for his role as host and producer of the nationally syndicated radio program, Some Assembly Required . The show is a weekly exploration of works of Appropriation music appropriation , by artists who ... Escape Mechanism 1998, Recombinations, REC004 Minneapolis Summit 2002, Staalplaat, with Steev Hise, The Tape beatles and Wobbly Cast of Thousands with Escape Mechanism 2004, Recombinations, REC003 Emphasis Added 2008, Recombinations, REC006 External links http www.escape mechanism.com Escape Mechanism ... the art of mashups Radio Feature Interview with Escape Mechanism s Jonathan Nelson on National Public ... more details
In chemistry , a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reaction s by which overall chemical change occurs. ref JerryMarch ref Although only the net chemical change is directly observation observable for most chemical reaction s, experiment s can often be designed that suggest the possible sequence of steps in a reaction mechanism. Recently, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ref Investigation of chemical reactions in solution using API MS Leonardo Silva Santos, Larissa ... ref has been used to corroborate the mechanism of several organic reaction proposals. Description A chemical mechanism describes in detail exactly what takes place at each stage of an overall ... and in what order . A complete mechanism must also account for all reactant s used, the function of a catalyst ... products and reactants in the mechanism s reaction steps. Reaction intermediates are often free ... small.png thumb center 540px SN2 reaction S sub N sub 2 reaction mechanism. Note the negatively ... a reaction mechanism for example, see the illustration of the mechanism for benzoin condensation in the following examples section. A reaction mechanism must also account for the order in which molecules ... 2 math . Therefore, a possible mechanism by which this reaction takes place is 2 NO sub 2 sub &rarr ... 700px Benzoin condensation reaction mechanism . Cyanide ion CN sup sup acts as a catalyst here, entering ... A correct reaction mechanism is an important part of accurate predictive modelling . For many combustion .... At the different stages of a reaction mechanism s elaboration, appropriate methods must be used ... Organic reactions by mechanism Organic reactions by mechanism under Organic reaction Nucleophilic acyl substitution Neighbouring group participation Finkelstein reaction Lindemann mechanism Electrochemical reaction mechanism Arrow pushing References Reflist Reaction mechanisms Category Chemical reactions Mechanism Category Reaction mechanisms Category Chemical kinetics Category Chemical engineering ... more details
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