for the material that is eaten by foraging animals Forage File Grizzly Bear foraging.jpg thumb Grizzly bear Ursus arctos horribilis mother and cubs foraging in Denali National Park, Alaska. Foraging is the act ... publisher Oxford University Press location New York isbn 978 0 19 920629 2 ref Foraging theory is a branch of behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment in which the animal lives. Behavioral ecologists use economic models to understand foraging many of these models are a type of optimality model. Thus foraging theory is discussed in terms of optimizing a payoff from a foraging decision. The payoff for many of these models is the amount of energy ... while foraging. ref name Hughes1989 Foraging theory predicts that the decisions that maximize energy ... to describe foraging behavior include 1 Resources, the elements necessary for survival and reproduction ... that animals forage randomly. Important contributions to foraging theory have been made by Eric Charnov ... Redshank redshank , and then proceeded to an extensive study of foraging in the Common Pied Oystercatcher . Factors influencing Foraging Behavior Several factors affect an animal s ability to forage and acquire ... Baboons.jpg thumb left A troop of olive baboons Papio anubis foraging in Laikipia, Kenya. Young primates learn from elders in their group about proper foraging Learning Learning is defined as an adaptive ... journal last Raine, N.E. and Chittka, L. title The correlation of learning speed and natural foraging ... to adjust foraging behavior is essential for maximization of fitness. Studies in social insects have shown that there is a significant correlation between learning and foraging performance. ref name Raine ... foraging success in bumble bees journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences year 2008 volume 275 issue 1636 pages 803 ref In nonhuman primates , young individuals learn foraging ... on foraging behavior in young nonhuman primates learning what, where and how to eat journal Evolutionary ... more details
Information foraging is a theory that applies the ideas from optimal foraging theory to understand how human users search for information. The theory is based on the assumption that, when searching for information, humans use built in foraging mechanisms that evolved to help our animal ancestors find food. Importantly, better understanding of human search behaviour can improve the usability of websites or any other user interface. History of the theory In the 1970s optimal foraging theory was developed by anthropology anthropologists and ecology ecologists to explain how animals hunt for food. It suggested that the eating habits of animals revolve around maximizing energy intake over a given amount of time. For every predation predator , certain prey are worth pursuing, while others would result in a net loss of energy. In the early 1990s, Peter Pirolli and Stuart Card from PARC company PARC noticed the similarities between users information searching patterns and animal food foraging strategies ... foraging theory is information scent . ref http www.useit.com alertbox 20040802.html ... of web users are easily understood from the information foraging theory standpoint. On the Web ... relevant links, altering the foraging strategies of the users. When users expect that sites with lots ... snacking , short online visits to get specific answers. Models of information foraging Attempts have been made to develop computational cognitive models to characterize information foraging behavior ... of words from large text databases. Recently these information foraging models have been ... social information foraging model journal Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human ... Foraging Why Google Makes People Leave Your Site Faster by Jakob Nielsen usability consultant ... words informationforaging.asp Word Spy information foraging , December 19, 2002. Notes references DEFAULTSORT Information Foraging Category Human computer interaction ar ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2012 notability September 2011 orphan September 2010 Cyber foraging is a pervasive computing technique where resource poor, mobile devices offload some of their heavy work to stronger surrogate machines in the vicinity. The term cyber foraging was coined by M. Satyanarayanan in his 2001 paper entitled Pervasive Computing Vision and Challenges . ref cite journal title Pervasive Computing Vision and Challenges last Satyanarayanan first Mahadev year 2001 publisher IEEE journal IEEE Personal Communications ref A number of cyber foraging systems have been proposed within academia Puppeteer, by de Lara et al. ref cite journal title Puppeteer Component based Adaptation for Mobile Computing last de Lara first Eyal coauthors Wallach, Dan S. and Zwaenepoel, Willy year 2001 publisher USENIX Association journal Proceedings of the 3rd conference on USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems ref Spectra, by Flinn. et al. ref cite journal title Balancing performance, energy, and quality in pervasive computing last Flinn first Jason coauthors Park, Soyoung and Satyanarayanan, Mahadev year 2002 publisher IEEE journal 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems ref Chroma, by Balan et al. ref cite journal title Tactics based remote execution for mobile computing last Balan first Rajesh year 2003 publisher ACM journal Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services ref Goyal & Carter s system ref cite journal title A lightweight secure cyber foraging infrastructure for resource constrained devices last Goyal first S. coauthors Carter, J. year 2004 publisher IEEE journal Sixth IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications ref Slingshot, by Su & Flinn ref cite journal title Slingshot deploying stateful services in wireless hotspots last Ya Yunn first Su coauthors Flinn, Jason ..., applications, and services ref Scavenger, by Kristensen ref cite web title The Scavenger Cyber Foraging ... more details
Image AntsDismemberingBigBug.jpg right 250px thumb Ant s dismember a larger insect. Optimal foraging theory predicts these insects will forage in such a way as to maximize their colony s energy intake per unit time. Optimal foraging theory is an idea in ecology based on the study of foraging behaviour and states that organism s forage in such a way as to maximize their net energy intake per unit time. In other words, they behave in such a way as to find, capture and consume food containing the most calorie s while expending the least amount of time possible in doing so. The understanding of many ecological concepts such as adaptation , energy flow and competition biology competition hinges on the ability ... Pianka Pianka 1966 developed a theoretical and empirical construct, the optimal foraging theory OFT , which led to a better understanding of foraging behavior. Emlen 1966 published a paper on foraging ... & Krebs 1986 . Recently, scholars have connected optimal foraging theory to prospect theory , noting ... Further Predation Optimal foraging theory uses predators as the object of analysis. There are four ... model. Optimal foraging and limitations of digestive rate The Digestive rate model DRM of optimal foraging makes the same basic assumption as do other models, i.e. animals select food in order to maximize their rate of energy intake. Therefore, it belongs to Optimal foraging theory. However ... of their food ingestion rate or foraging behaviour as predicted by the Contingency Model, the basic and most commonly used model of OFT. The DRM is a useful alternative to the foraging models that maximize ... OFT. Optimal foraging and diet breadth The predator attempts to maximize E h s , where s is the search ... also Behavioral ecology Digestive rate model Human behavioral ecology Information foraging Taste .... Ronald Pulliam. 1987 . Foraging Behavior , Plenum Press, New York and London McDermott, Rose, James ... foraging fr Strat gie optimale de recherche de la nourriture pt Forrageamento timo ru ... more details
The L vy flight foraging hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of biology that may be stated as follows blockquote Since L vy flights and walks can optimize search efficiencies, therefore natural selection should have led to adaptations for L vy flight foraging. ref cite journal last1 Viswanathan first1 G.M. last2 Raposo first2 E.P. last3 da Luz first3 M.G.E. title L vy flights and superdiffusion in the context of biological encounters and random searches journal Physics of Life Reviews volume 5 issue 3 pages 133 150 date September 2008 doi 10.1016 j.plrev.2008.03.002 ref blockquote Background The movement of animals closely resembles in many ways the Brownian motion random walks of dust particles in a fluid . ref name buchanan cite journal last Buchanan first Mark title Ecological modelling The mathematical mirror to animal nature journal Nature date 4 June 2008 volume 453 pages 714 716 doi 10.1038 453714a ref This similarity led to interest in trying to understand how animals move via the analogy to Brownian motion. This conventional wisdom held until the early 1990s. However, starting in the late 1980s, evidence began to accumulate that did not fit the theoretical predictions. ref name buchanan In 1999, a theoretical investigation of the properties of L vy flight s showed that an inverse square distribution of flight times or distances could optimize the search efficiency under certain circumstances. ref cite journal last1 Viswanathan first1 G. M. last2 Buldyrev first2 Sergey V. last3 Havlin first3 Shlomo last4 da Luz first4 M. G. E. last5 Raposo first5 E. P. last6 Stanley first6 H. Eugene title Optimizing the success of random searches journal Nature date 28 October 1999 volume 401 issue 6756 pages 911 914 doi 10.1038 44831 ref Specifically, a search based on a L vy ... the L vy flight foraging hypothesis were undertaken by David Sims biologist Sims et al. ref cite .... References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Levy Flight Foraging Hypothesis Category Biology theories ... more details
on its frequency. Additionally, frequency dependent foraging differs from density dependent foraging ..., 51 715 723. ref Much less research has been conducted on frequency dependent foraging on rewarding ... that if pollinators do not exhibit frequency dependent foraging, morph preference will not correlate .... Bumblebees Laboratory Experiments Frequency dependent foraging has most often been observed and studied ... name S2 Also, frequency dependent foraging is not apparent until many flowers have been visited more ... ranges to determine the extent to which pollinators are foraging in a frequency dependent manner. ref ... from a Zinnia flower. Other insects Although studies of frequency dependent foraging in other .... ref name levin Mechanisms Positive frequency dependent foragingForaging on common morphs will be beneficial ... to be inconsistent with optimal foraging theory . ref MacArthur, RH and ER Pianka. 1966. On the optimal ... efficient at detecting a particular morph will minimize their optimal foraging theory search time ... name S97a Switching attention hypothesis Studies on other organisms have provided evidence that foraging ... , selectively foraging on the common morph can occur without invoking a learned response, as the probability ... since they are more common and will continue to forage on these morphs during foraging bouts. ref name S96 Negative frequency dependent foraging Pollinators appear to forage in a negative frequency dependent ... and consequently avoid it on future foraging bouts. Negative frequency dependent selection A different ... relative to rewarding morphs. Implications Regardless of the mechanism, pollinators foraging in a frequency ... conditions. ref name S2 Hybrid zones Additionally, positive frequency dependent foraging may help ... more details
A mixed species feeding flock , also termed a mixed species foraging flock , mixed hunting party or informally bird wave , is a flock birds flock of usually insectivorous bird s of different species , that join each other and move together while foraging. ref Graves & Gotelli 1993 ref These are different from feeding aggregations, which are congregations of several species of bird at areas of locally high food availability. A mixed species foraging flock typically has nuclear species that appear to be central to its formation and movement. Species that trail them are termed attendants . Attendants tend to join the foraging flock only when the flock enters their territory. ref Faaborg, John 1988 Ornithology an ecological approach. Prentice Hall. pp. 219 221 ref How such flocks are initiated is under investigation. But in Sri Lanka for example, vocal mimicry by the Greater Racket tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus might have a key role in the initiation of mixed species foraging flocks, ref Goodale & Kotagama 2006 ref while in parts of the Americas American tropics noisy packs of foraging Golden crowned Warbler s Basileuterus culicivorus might play the same role. ref name machado1999 Machado 1999 ref Forest structure is also believed to be an important factor deciding the propensity to form flocks. ref Sridhar & Sankar 2008 ref In tropical forests, birds that gleaning birds glean food from foliage were the most abundant species in mixed species flocks. ref Thiollay 1999 ref A typical Neotropic mixed feeding flock moves through the forest at about 0.3 kilometers per hour 0.19 miles per hour , with different species foraging in their preferred niches on the ground, on trunks, in high or low foliage, etc. . Some species follow the flock all day, while others such as the Long billed ... and increased foraging efficiency. Costs could include the risk of kleptoparasitism. Citation ... DEFAULTSORT Mixed Species Foraging Flock Category Zoology Category Behavior Category Ornithology Category ... more details
The digestive rate model DRM REF NAME DRM of foraging is related to optimal foraging theory in that the model describes the diet selection that animals should perform in order to maximize the energy or nutrient s available to them. It differs from the main body of Optimal Foraging Theory in stating that animals can select food in order to make optimal use of their digestive tract maximize digestion rate rather than the maximization of the food ingestion rate, which is the base of Optimal foraging theory. The basic tenet of the DRM is that the intake of energy by an animal passes through two consecutive processes, food ingestion or foraging, and food digestion. Optimal foraging theory describes the diet selection if the food ingestion rate is the limiting factor . The DRM describes diet selection and foraging behavior if digestion is the rate limiting process. Food can consist of varying fractions of largely indigestible parts such as fibre in plant material, shells of mollusc s or insect chitin , which can be thought of as rate limiting for the digestion process or somewhat more intuitively as bulk that takes up capacity that can be spent better for material with a higher digestibility. The original description of the model positioned the DRM as an alternative to the Contingency Model CM of Optimal Foraging and pointed out that some of the predictions of the DRM provide a better ... forage based on digestive bottleneck s and confirmed their foraging according to the DRM rather than the CM model of optimal foraging. The case is particularly interesting as a major difference in individual foraging behavior is related to a large intraspecific difference in the digestive tract of the knots. See also Behavioral ecology Human behavioral ecology Optimal foraging References Verlinden ... content u033542826248828 REF VAN GILS, JAN A. 2005 Digestive bottleneck affects foraging ... Behavioral ecology Category Eating behaviors de Optimal foraging fr Strat gie optimale de recherche ... more details
Wiktionarypar forage forager foraging A forager is one who forages, i.e. looks for forage . Forager may refer to A hunter gatherer Forager comics , a fictional superhero published by DC Comics Foraging theory, a branch of behavioral ecology ST Forager Empire Becky ST Forager , a tug in service with Steel & Bennie Ltd, Glasgow from 1947 to 1962. See also Forage honey bee Forage analysis Forage harvester Forage War Category Forages Disambig de Forager ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Apis mellifera Tanzania.jpg thumb European honey bee collecting nectar and pollen File Apis mellifera flying.jpg thumb European honey bee flies back to the hive after collecting pollen. Pollen is temporarily stored in pollen basket s For bee s, their forage or food supply consists of nectar and pollen from flower blooming plant s within flight range. The forage sources for Western honey bee honey bee s are an important consideration for beekeeper s. In order to determine where to locate hives for maximum honey production and brood honeybee brood one must consider the off season. If there are no honey flows the bees may have to be fed. Bees that are used for pollination are usually fed in the holding yards. Forage is also significant for pollination management with other bee species. Nectar contains sugar s that are the primary source of energy for the bees wing muscle s and for heat for honey bee colonies for winter. Pollen provides the protein and trace mineral s that are mostly fed to the brood in order to replace bees lost in the normal course of life cycle and colony activity. As a rule of thumb the foraging area around a beehive beekeeping beehive extends for two miles 3 km , although bees have been observed foraging twice and three times this distance from the hive. Foraging at extreme distances wears out the wings of individual bees, reduces the life expectancy of foraging bees and therefore the efficiency of the colony. The minimum temperature for active honeybee foraging is approximately 55 F 13 C . Full foraging activity is not achieved until the temperature rises to 66 F 19 C . There are small differences in the races of the Western honey bee s at what temperature they will start foraging. The main nectar source and main pollen source differ widely with the latitude , region, season and type of vegetation. Bees are able to communicate direction and distance of a food source by means of the round danc ... more details
OFT may refer to Office of Fair Trading , United Kingdom Office for Fair Trading Malta Office of Force Transformation An abbreviation for Optimal foraging theory .oft is the file extension for a Microsoft Outlook Item Template Open Field Test disambiguation fr OFT Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
BFO is an abbreviation that stands for Basic Formal Ontology Beat frequency oscillator used to create an audio frequency signal for continuous wave Morse code transmissions The Black Forest Observatory in Germany Bismuth ferrite BiFeO sub 3 sub Bismuth ferrite , an inorganic chemical compound Budapest Festival Orchestra Budgeting for Outcomes Bacterial foraging optimization , an algorithmic approximation technique mimicking bacteria colony growth. Bunker Fuel Oil, a type of low cost fuel oil disambig fr BFO it BFO ... more details
An army ant is any species of ant known for aggressive predatory foraging groups. Army Ants may also refer to Army Ants toy line , a 1987 toy soldier line from Hasbro Army Ants , a 1994 song by Stone Temple Pilots from the album Purple album Purple Army Ants , a 1997 song by The Tea Party from the album Transmission album Transmission Army Ants , a 2006 song by Tom Waits from the album Orphans Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards disambig ... more details
Taxobox image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Isoptera familia Termitidae genus Trinervitermes species T. trinervoides binomial Trinervitermes trinervoides binomial authority Yngue Sj stedt Sj stedt , 1911 Trinervitermes trinervoides is a species of termite from family Termitidae from Africa. It has a snout on its head. It is feeding as harvester termite . It is foraging at night. ref cite journal author R. A. Adam, J. D. Mitchell & M. C. van der Westhuizen year 2008 title Aspects of foraging in the harvester termite, Trinervitermes trinervoides Sj stedt Termitidae Nasutitermitinae journal African Entomology volume 16 issue 2 pages 153 161 doi 10.4001 1021 3589 16.2.153 ref References reflist Category Termites Category Insects of Africa ru Trinervitermes trinervoides Category Animals described in 1911 termite stub ... more details
Wiktionary forage Forage may refer to Food Forage , plant material mainly plant leaves and stems eaten by grazing livestock Forage fish also called prey fish , are small fish, which are preyed on by larger predators for food Forage honey bee , bees food supply consisting of nectar and pollen from blooming plants Forage analysis , information and analysis of the feedstuffs given to farm animals Other Forage harvester also known as a silage harvester, forager or chopper , a farm implement that harvests forage plants to make silage Forage cap , the designation given to various types of military undress, fatigue or working headdresses. Forage value index , a derived index used in calculating grazing fees See also Foraging or Foraging theory, a topic in the behavioural ecology of animals Forage War , a partisan war of many small skirmishes that took place in New Jersey, USA during the American Revolutionary War in 1777 Disambig ... more details
The bill tip organ is a region found near the tip of the Beak bill in several types of birds that forage particularly by probing. The region has a high density of nerve endings known as the corpuscles of Herbst . This consists of pits in the bill surface which in the living bird is occupied by cells that sense pressure changes. The assumption is that this allows the bird to perform remote touch , which means that it can detect movements of animals which the bird does not directly touch. Bird species known to have a bill tip organ includes members of ibis ibisis , shorebirds of the family Scolopacidae , and kiwi kiwis . ref cite journal last Cunningham first Susan J. coauthors Alley, M. R., Castro, I., Potter, M. A., Cunningham, M., Pyne, M. J. title Bill morphology or Ibises suggests a remote tactile sensory system for prey detection journal The Auk year 2010 volume 127 pages 308 316 doi 10.1525 auk.2009.09117 url http www.bioone.org doi abs 10.1525 auk.2009.09117 ref There is a suggestion that across these species, the bill tip organ is more well developed among species foraging in wet habitats water column or soft mud than in species using a more terrestrial foraging. However, it has been described in terrestrial birds too, including parrot parrots , who are known for their dextrous extractive foraging techniques. Unlike probing foragers, the tactile pits in parrots are embedded in the hard keratin or Beak Rhamphotheca rhamphotheca of the bill, rather than the bone, and along the inner edges of the curved bill, rather than being on the outside of the bill. ref cite journal last Demery first Zoe P. coauthors Chappell, J., Martin, G. R. title Vision, touch and object manipulation in Senegal parrots Poicephalus senegalus journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B year 2011 volume 278 issue 1725 pages 3687 3693 doi 10.1098 rspb.2011.0374 url http rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org content 278 1725 3687.abstract ref References references Category Bird anatomy Category Orn ... more details
40 to 250 cm ft apart. Foraging Activity outside the nest is highest at sunrise and sunset, though ... 10 , of foraging trips turn out to be successful. Successful foraging trips are typically thirty ... colonies of D. gigantea have distinct foraging areas. On the occasion that ants from different ... more details
the ants forest habitats Within its foraging area, D. laevigatus is almost omnipresent, with foraging ... presence of previously studied army ants in their foraging areas. ref name Berghoff Like most members ... to locate them by excavation of foraging tunnels. D. laevigatus colonies are fairly small for army ant ... exploitation and stable column foraging systems to massive raids, there is little pressure for the colonies ... and army ants. ref name Oecologia Additionally, the gigantic amounts of foraging ants typical of other Dorylus species would be of little value in the small foraging tunnels of D. laevigatus . These colonies ... name Oecologia Observing these ants during foraging is exceedingly difficult due to the subterranean ... full access to their foraging territory. These non changing columns and tunnel systems originate as a large trunk tunnel and then branch out to further cover the entire foraging area. They are unique to the subterranean foraging D. laevigatus other species of driver ant and army ant prefer a constantly changing system of raids with columns alternating directions. These surface foraging ants also .... D. laevigatus foraging behavior uniquely abandons the mixed worker raid model. The colony uses caste ... slower depletion of available food. Local arthropod densities remain stable even in the presence of a foraging ... on local arthropods.2 Above ground foraging driver and army ants have been observed collecting ... motile ability did not decrease notably in abundance inside D. laevigatus foraging areas. Reproduction ... of D. laevigatus , implying a far more permanent foraging presence in a given are than with above ... more details
, E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9 129&ndash 136. Eric Charnov Charnov, E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging attack strategy of a mantid. The American ... more details
wiktionarypar sounder Sounder may refer to Sounder , a book by William H. Armstrong Sounder film , a film based on the novel Sounder, a group of wild boar or domestic pigs foraging in woodland see List of animal names Sounder, a device that transmits a signal and uses the returned signal to measure characteristics of the propagation Transmission medium medium Echo sounder , a device used to measure water depth using sonar Atmospheric sounder, also known as SODAR Sounder band , a Brazilian Thrash Metal band. in the Seattle area Sounder Commuter Rail , a transit system serving the Puget Sound area Sounder, a member of the Seattle Sounders disambiguation Seattle Sounders professional soccer teams in telecommunications Sounder radio . a station identifier in a radio broadcast Telegraph sounder , a device for detecting operability in a telegraph disambig ... more details
by Dr. Lee, Richard B. Awards 1980 Anisfield Wolf Book Award for The Kung San Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging ..., and Work in a Foraging Society External links http www.anthropologica.ca past issues vol45 1.html ... more details
In anthropology , an acephalous society from the Greek language Greek for headless is a society which lacks political leaders or hierarchies. Such groups are also known as egalitarian or Social stratification Non stratified societies non stratified societies. Typically these societies are small scale, organized into bands or tribes that make decisions through consensus decision making rather than appointing permanent chiefs or kings. Most foraging or hunter gatherer societies are acephalous. External references http anthro.palomar.edu tutorials cglossary.htm Cultural Anthropology Terms See also Social stratification Non Stratified Societies Class stratification References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Acephalous Society Category Anthropology Category Anthropological categories of peoples anthropology stub sociology stub polisci stub ca Societat ac fala es Sociedad ac fala ... more details
Magothy Bay Natural Area Preserve is a Virginia Natural Area Preserve System Natural Area Preserve located in Northampton County, Virginia . Jointly owned by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation and The Nature Conservancy , its convert 206 acre km2 encompass woodland s, wetland s, and salt marsh es, providing foraging areas for various species of waterfowl , shorebird s, and wading birds . Diamondback terrapins and clapper rail s are frequent visitors, as are many varieties of songbird . References http www.dcr.virginia.gov natural heritage natural area preserves magothybay.shtml Preserve webpage Protected Areas of Virginia coord missing Virginia Category Virginia Natural Area Preserves Category Protected areas of Northampton County, Virginia Virginia protected area stub NorthamptonVA geo stub ... more details
Multiple issues wikify December 2010 orphan February 2009 intro needs a bit more context for those who aren t familiar with this. Chesson s Index refers to a lookup table of feeding selectivity described by Jean Chesson in the early 1980s ref Chesson, J. 1983. The Estimation and Analysis of Preference and Its Relationship to Foraging Models. Ecology. 64 5 1297 1304. ref . This index is intended to show whether a preference for a food item or resource exists by comparing the availability and use of that food item. The use of this index has been widespread with more than 400 citations in the scientific literature ref ISI Web of Science Search 5 Feb 2009 ref . References references DEFAULTSORT Chesson s Index Category Eating behaviors Category Ecology ecology stub ... more details
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