refimprove date February 2011 Forcedmigration also called deracination originally a French word meaning ... FORCEDMIGRATION IN INDONESIA HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES url http www.conflictrecovery.org bin Graeme Hugo ForcedMigration in Indonesia Historical Perspectives.doc work graeme hugo accessdate 18 October 2011 ref A specific form of forcedmigration is population transfer , which is a coherent policy ... migration is a forced migrant or displaced person . Less formally, such a person may be referred ... Organization for Migration defines forcedmigration as any person who migrates to escape persecution ... Forcedmigration has accompanied persecution, as well as war, throughout human history but has ... that the destabilizing effects of forcedmigration, especially in parts of Africa , the Middle East ... induced displacement is a subset of forcedmigration. Such displacement is the forcing of communities ... Gorges Dam in China , and also the previous German expulsions . Causes Causes for forcedmigration ... strategy. The concept of forcedmigration envelopes demographic movements like flight, evacuation ... fall under this category. The data on such forcedmigration are limited since the activities ... Alexander Betts, ForcedMigration and Global Politics . Wiley Blackwell. Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, Ukrainian ... ForcedMigration Online provides access to a diverse range of relevant information resources on forcedmigration, including a searchable digital library consisting of full text documents. Forced ... http repository.forcedmigration.org journals Back issues of migration journals Disasters, Forced ... of ForcedMigration brings together academics, practitioners and decision makers working on forced ... migration. http www.forcedmigration.org whatisfm.htm What is ForcedMigration? , an introductory guide for those who are new to the subject. http migration.org.za Wits ForcedMigration Studies Programme ... ForcedMigration Category Forcedmigration Category Human rights abuses Category Persecution Category ... more details
Image FMRnewlogo.jpg thumb right 200px Logo. ForcedMigration Review FMR is acknowledged by the humanitarian community as the world s most widely read publication on refugee , internal displacement and statelessness issues. It is published by the University of Oxford s Refugee Studies Centre in English language English , Arabic , Spanish language Spanish and French language French . and distributed without charge. FMR provides a practice oriented forum for debate on issues facing refugees and internally displaced persons in order to improve policy and practice and to involve refugees and IDPs in programme design and implementation. FMR provides space for the voices of displaced people to be heard publishes concise jargon free articles by practitioners, researchers and displaced people which share information, experience and policy recommendations is disseminated globally FMR is distributed without charge to over 11,000 organisations and individuals in 177 countries provides full text online versions of articles in all language editions encourages networking and information exchange in the field of forcedmigration by providing news of publications, Internet resources and conferences promotes wider public knowledge of, and respect for, the UN Refugee Convention and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement FMR has acquired a reputation as the leading practical journal on refugee and displacement issues. External links http www.fmreview.org ForcedMigration Review http www.rsc.ox.ac.uk Refugee Studies Centre http www.fmreview.org comments.htm Comments by readers http www.fmreview.org mags1.htm English language articles online http www.fmreview.org English website http www.hijra.org.uk Arabic website http www.migracionesforzadas.org Spanish website http www.migrationforcee.org French website http fmo.qeh.ox.ac.uk fmo index.asp ForcedMigration Online Searchable English edition Category Forcedmigration Category Sociology journals Category Political magazines poli ... more details
wiktionary migration migrate migratory Migration , Migratory behavior , or Migratory may refer Gene migration, a process in evolution and population genetics Animal migration , the travelling of long distances in search of a new habitat Human migration , physical movement by humans from one area to another Bird migration , the regular seasonal journey done by many species of birds Reverse migration , a phenomenon in bird migration Fish migration , the regular journey of fish Insect migration , the seasonal movement of insects Diel vertical migration , a daily migration undertaken by some ocean organisms Plant migration, see Seed dispersal , the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant Forest migration , the movement of large seed plant dominated communities in geographical space over time Computing Data migration , moving information between data storage devices PC migration , moving a user environment between different computers or operating systems Process migration , in computer & application programming System migration , moving computer programs from one platform to another Other science Cell migration , in biology Molecular diffusion , in physics Migration chemistry , type of reaction in organic chemistry Geophysical migration , in seismic and ground penetrating ... , sedimentation , in physical chemistry and materials Planetary migration , the alteration of the satellite ... film , a 1988 film Migrations album Migrations album , a 2006 album by The Duhks Migration Creative Source album Migration Creative Source album Migration The Amboy Dukes album Migration The Amboy Dukes album Other Piercing migration , in body modification, a process that occurs when a body piercing moves from its initial location disambiguation cy Mudo de Migration es Migraci n desambiguaci n fr Migration hr Migracija id Migrasi disambiguasi he lt Migracija mk nl Migratie pl Migracja pt Migra o ru sl Migracija fi Migraatio sv Migration tr G uk ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 Forced assimilation is a process of forced cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority group s, into an established and generally larger community . This presumes a loss of many characteristics which make the minority different. Ethnic assimilation If a country state puts extreme emphasis on a homogeneous national identity , it may resort, especially in the case of minorities originating from historical foes, to harsh, even extreme measures to exterminate the minority culture, sometimes to the point of considering the only alternative its physical elimination Population transfer expulsion or even genocide . States, mostly based on the idea of nation, perceived the presence of ethnic or linguistic minorities as a danger for their own territorial integrity . In fact minorities could claim their own independence, or to be rejoined with their own motherland. The consequence was the weakening or disappearing of several ethnic minorities. Forcedmigration s took place after each of the two world wars . The latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century saw the rise of nationalism . Previously, a country consisted largely of whatever peoples lived on the land that was under the dominion of a particular ruler. Thus, as principalities and kingdoms grew through conquest and marriage, a ruler could wind up with peoples of many different ... date March 2009 It is useful to contrast the mass migrations and forced expulsion of ethnic Ethnic ... also Assimilation linguistics . Religious assimilation Assimilation also includes the often forced conversion forced religious conversion conversion or secularization of religious members of a minority group. Throughout the Middle Ages and until the mid 19th century, most Jews in Europe were forced ... Ethnocide Forced conversion Hegemony Intercultural competence Language shift Linguicide Mexicans in Omaha ... Forced Assimilation Category Cultural assimilation de Ethnizit t fr Rayonnement culturel L.27assimilation ... more details
Forced Entry may refer to Forced entry or forcible entry , entering into property, lawfully or unlawfully, by use of force In film Forced Entry 1973 film Forced Entry 1973 film , a pornographic film starring Harry Reems Forced Entry 1975 film Forced Entry 1975 film , a horror film remake of the 1973 film Forced Entry 2002 film Forced Entry 2002 film , a pornographic film released by Extreme Associates Forced Entry , a 2007 pornographic film starring Rod Barry Forced Entry , a short film by Brooke Mikey Anderson Brooke Mikey Anderson In television Forced Entry CSI Miami Forced Entry CSI Miami , an episode Forced Entry NCIS Forced Entry NCIS , an episode disambig ... more details
Forced settlement may refer to Sedentarization Forced settlements in the Soviet Union , punitive settlements, a tool of Soviet political repression disambig ... more details
orphan date March 2010 Forced speech refers to any sort of speech which is coerced from an individual by legal or extrajudicial means. This is not the same as freedom of speech free speech although forced speech may often be applied as an accompaniment to non forced or free speech , while forced speech is not necessarily the same as censorship as no free speech has been restricted from being expressed ref http reason.com archives 1999 10 28 forced speech Forced Speech , Michael W. Lynch, Reason Magazine , October 28, 1999 ref . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Forced Speech Category Freedom of expression ... more details
A forced abortion may occur when the perpetrator causes abortion by force, threat or coercion , or by taking advantage of woman s incapability to give her consent. This may also include the instances when the conduct was neither justified by medical or hospital treatment. Like forced Sterilisation medicine sterilization , forced abortion may include a physical invasion of female reproductive organs . Forced abortion was denounced as a crime against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials . ref Congressional Record, V. 144, Pt. 10, June 25, 1998 to July 14, 1998, page 15137 ref On September 29, 1997 a bill was introduced in the United States Congress titled Forced Abortion Condemnation Act , that sought to condemn those officials of the Chinese Communist Party , the government of the People s Republic of China and other persons who are involved in the enforcement of forced abortions by preventing such persons from entering or remaining in the United States . ref cite web url http www.govtrack.us congress bills 105 hr2570 title H.R. 2570 105th Forced Abortion Condemnation Act publisher Govtrack.us accessdate 27 April 2012 ref References reflist See also Feticide Sex selective abortion Abortion Abortion stub Category Abortion Category Nazi war crimes ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 Forced Exposure was an independent music magazine zine published sporadically out of Massachusetts from the early 80s to 1993, edited by Jimmy Johnson and Byron Coley . It was printed on cheap newsprint with plain design and filled with corrosive yet humorous writing. The first issue featured Boston Hardcore band SSD band SSDecontrol on the cover. While there were articles and reviews of various counter culture figures in literature Charles Bukowski , William S. Burroughs , Philip K. Dick and film Richard Kern , Nick Zedd , the primary focus was independent, punk, and obscure music. The tone was often sarcastic, confrontational and highly opinionated. Coley in particular wrote in a vernacular that was influential on subsequent rock journalism. The list of contributors and interviewees reads like a who s who of underground music from the time Steve Albini , Mission of Burma , Sonic Youth , Lydia Lunch , Chris D. , Tesco Vee, et cetera. The last issue of the magazine, 18, was released in 1993. Forced Exposure now exists as a distributor of CDs and vinyl records. One reviewer said of the magazine, What separates Forced Exposure from other alternative music and art magazines is the intelligence and intensity of its editorial style. ref Kadrey, Richard 1992 http findarticles.com p articles mi m1510 is ai 12920643 Forced Exposure. periodical reviews , Whole Earth Review , Winter 1992 ref References Reflist External links http www.forcedexposure.com Forced Exposure http forbiddeneye.com labels forcedexposure.html Forced Exposure Discography Category American music magazines Category Defunct magazines of the United States music mag stub fr Forced Exposure ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 File Forced Orgasm on stage.png thumb A subject submits to a forced orgasm while tied on furniture A forced orgasm is a form of orgasm control where the active partner sexual stimulation sexually stimulates a submissive partner to the point of the submissive s involuntary orgasm , with the submissive attempting to restrain the onset of orgasm. ref BDSM A Dominant s Guide to Forced Orgasm by Bea Amor, September 19, 2008 ref In BDSM or other sexual roleplay , the submissive partner can be put in sexual bondage physical restraints , to enable the active partner to control the rate and duration of stimulation. Involuntary orgasm Main Orgasm An involuntary orgasm which happens as the result of forced sexual contact, such as during rape or sexual assault , can often be associated with feelings of shame caused by internalization of victim blaming attitudes. ref http books.google.com books?id bN34gRTCa0AC Nancy Tuana, Rosemarie Tong, Feminism and Philosophy , Westview Press, ISBN 0813322138, 9780813322131 , 1995 Page needed date September 2010 ref ref http www.anugrahaa.com downloads Fr. 20D.J.Antony 20 20Trauma 20Counselling.pdf D. John Anthony, Trauma Counseling , Anugraha Publications, Tamil Nadu, India, Sep. 2005. ref The incidence of those who experience unsolicited sexual contact and experience orgasm is very low, though possibly under reported due to shame or embarrassment. Citation needed date March 2012 Involuntary orgasms can happen regardless of gender. ref Cite journal author Levin RJ, van Berlo W title Sexual arousal and orgasm in subjects who experience forced or non consensual sexual stimulation a review journal Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine volume 11 issue 2 pages 82 8 year 2004 month April pmid 15261004 doi 10.1016 j.jcfm.2003.10.008 ref See also Orgasm denial References Commons category Forced orgasms Reflist BDSM Category BDSM terminology Category Orgasm ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 A forced confession is a confession obtained by a suspect or a prison er under means of torture , enhanced interrogation technique or duress . Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession may or may not be valid in revealing the truth. The person being interrogated may agree to the story presented to him or even make up falsehoods himself in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue his suffering. For centuries the Latin phrase Confessio est regina probationum In English language English Confession is the Queen of evidence justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. When especially during the Middle Ages acquiring a confession was the most important thing during preparations before a trial, than the method used to get the confession seemed irrelevant, de facto sanctioning the use of torture to extract forced confession. Fact date December 2008 By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease his suffering. Developments in the 20th century, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions. However, for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world, and are still accepted in some jurisdictions. Modern day usage Since 2001, as part of its War on Terror the United states using the CIA operates a network of off shore prisons, called black site , Probably the most infamous of which is Guant namo Bay detention camp . State officials have admitted to the press ... suspects of terrorism, sometimes after Forced disappearance or Extraordinary rendition by the United ... that underwent forced confessions, even after they were found innocent, claiming that a trial ... retained its usage of forced confession techniques, and denied a hearing of the evidence. See also ... more details
Orphan date June 2011 In neuropsychiatry , a forced normalization is a specific phenomenon. It is described by normalizing the electroencephalography EEG results of seriously ill epileptic patients with Psychosis psychotic symptoms. Some scientists believe that there is a widespread view that this antagonism between psychosis and epilepsy is due the therapeutic effect of electroconvulsive therapy ECT for psychotic disorders. External links http professionals.epilepsy.com page psysym forced.html Professional Epilepsy Forced normalization site about epilepsy http books.google.com books?id a6Ygv5 RKKsC&printsec frontcover&dq Schachter, Holmes&hl en&ei HNyGTM2wKIXAsAOl84zBCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCUQ6AEwAA v onepage&q Meduna&f false Google Books Pathology http neuro.psychiatryonline.org cgi content full 18 4 445 Neuropsychiatry online Forced http psy.psychiatryonline.org cgi content full 41 1 1?ijkey c81a472507abfab564abf7af529a4f7a50af6403&keytype2 tf ipsecsha Psychiatry online ... http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1111 j.1528 1157.1999.tb00886.x pdf Online library PDF file http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WDT 46WNVTV 3& user 10& coverDate 08 31 2002& rdoc 1& fmt high& orig search& origin search& sort d& docanchor &view c& searchStrId 1567509906& rerunOrigin google& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 4dce6c616392f377ff6dad13a25100bb&searchtype a Science direct Forced normalization http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 2003402 ncbi.gov Category Neurological disorders Category Epilepsy ... more details
Forced heirship is a form of testate partible inheritance whereby a deceased s estate law estate is separated into 1 an indefeasible portion, the forced estate German language Germ Pflichtteil , French language Fr r serve , Italian language It , legittima , Spanish language Sp leg tima , passing to the deceased ... of by Will law will . Forced heirship is generally a feature of civil law legal system civil law ... includes accepting the liabilities attached to inherited property. The forced estate is divided .... ref http books.google.com books?id 2D9ff7T028oC&pg PA54&lpg PA54&dq forced heirship&source web&ots 0yfaccEvOs&sig 1Z 9RdQ2UGLvLhOgGxjB98p2eCU PPA53,M1 ref Takers in the forced estate are known as forced ... language Spanish sucesi n forzosa . Overview Forced heirship laws are most prevalent among civil law ... of forced heirship contend that it is perfectly proper for testators to be required to make adequate ... another family were accorded very few property rights. ref T Hanson & B Corbett, Forced Heirship Trusts ... form of forced heirship most notably in Revolutionary France, which treated personalty and realty ... art. 1494 qualify as forced heirs. The legitime is equal to 25 of the estate law patrimony if one forced heir or 50 if more than one and each forced heir will receive the lesser of an equal proportion ... . If a person who would have otherwise qualified as a forced heir dies before the parent, rights ... them if one or more is an interdict remains unsettled law. Forced heirs may demand collation, whereby certain gifts received by a forced heir within three years of the death of the parent may be subtracted from their share. Louisiana does not have a forced heirship provision for spouses, however at death ... is granted over the remaining community with the forced heirs as naked owners of their respective ... sometimes seek to circumvent forced heirship laws by transferring assets into an offshore company ...?category avoiding forced heirship ref See also Legitime Footnotes Reflist Category Wills ... more details
Incomplete date May 2009 Image Schneekanone.jpg thumb Forced convection by a fan in a snow machine. Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport in which fluid motion is generated by an external source like a pump, fan, suction device, etc. . It should be considered as one of the main methods of useful heat transfer as significant amounts of heat energy can be transported very efficiently and this mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life, including central heating , air conditioning , steam turbines and in many other machines. Forced convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing heat exchanger s, pipe flow, and flow over a plate at a different temperature than the stream the case of a shuttle wing during re entry, for example . However, in any forced convection situation, some amount of natural convection is always present whenever there are g forces present i.e., unless the system is in free fall . When the natural convection is not negligible, such flows are typically referred to as mixed convection. When analyzing potentially mixed convection, a parameter called the Archimedes number Ar parametrizes the relative strength of free and forced convection. The Archimedes number is the ratio of Grashof number and the square of Reynolds number , which represents the ratio of buoyancy force and inertia force, and which stands in for the contribution of natural convection. When Ar 1, natural convection dominates and when Ar 1, forced convection dominates. math Ar frac Gr Re 2 math ref cite book author Frank P. Incropera Incropera, F. P. title Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Ed. publisher Wiley year 2001 id ISBN 978 0471386506 ref When natural convection isn t a significant factor, mathematical analysis with forced convection theories typically yields accurate results. The parameter of importance in forced convection is the Peclet number , which is the ratio of advection movement by currents and diffusion movement from high ... more details
Forced diuresis increased urine formation by diuretics and fluid may enhance the excretion of certain drugs in urine and is used to treat drug overdose or poison ing of these drugs and hemorrhagic cystitis . ref Chemotherapy and biotherapy guidelines and recommendations for practice. Oncology Nursing Society Professional Association. 2001 revised 2005 May republished 2005 Dec . NGC 004665 ref Diuretics Main Diuretic Most of the drugs are either weak acid s or weak base s. When urine is made alkaline , elimination of acidic drugs in the urine is increased. The converse applies for alkaline drugs. This method is only of therapeutic significance where the drug is excreted in active form in urine and where the pH of urine can be adjusted to levels above or below the acid dissociation constant pK value of the active form of drug. For acidic drugs, urine pH should be above the acid dissociation constant pK value of that drug, and converse for the basic drugs. It is because the ionization of acidic drug is increased in alkaline urine and ionized drugs cannot easily cross plasma membrane so cannot re enter blood from kidney tubules . This method is ineffective for drugs which are strongly protein bound eg tricyclic antidepressant s or which have a large apparent volume of distribution eg ... generated title ref Forced alkaline diuresis has been used to increase the excretion of acidic drugs like salicylates and phenobarbitone , while forced acid diuresis has been used to enhance the elimination ... has occurred. For forced alkaline diuresis, a diuretic like furosemide is given intravenously and sodium ... by Rania Habal, MD Bot generated title ref For forced acid diuresis, ascorbic acid vitamin C is used. Ammonium chloride has also been used for forced acid diuresis but it is a toxic compound. Citation ... clearance of the drug. Forced acid diuresis is rarely done in practice. ref http jack119.org myxoops jackdownloads toxbook singapore.pdf ref Forced alkaline diuresis is also recommended for rhabdomyolysis ... more details
Property law A Forced Sale of Real Estate is an action that taken in a civil court forcing the owners to sell the property at issue and divide the profits. A forced sale would be the result of a petition to partition action. Why forced sales occur Forced sales generally occur because tenants are unable to agree upon certain aspects of the ownership. The owners may disagree on how to use the property, on the amount of money to invest into the property, or on their right to occupy and use the whole of the property. If the parties cannot come to an agreement, the case moves to court through a petition to partition action. ref http www.andysirkin.com HTMLArticle.cfm?Article 1 Tenancy in Common Questions and Answers Andy Sirkin, Attorney Bot generated title ref As the number of co habitants increases in the United States, the petition to partition action has become more common as a remedy to divide real and personal property. ref http www.ricefamilylaw.com family petition to partition.htm ref Property may be owned by more than one person either as joint tenants , tenants in common , and in some states tenants by the entirety . ref http real estate law.freeadvice.com real estate law property ownership forms.htm Property ownership what are the common forms? Bot generated title ref The choice of which tenancy to enter into is made by the parties at the time of purchase. With each type of tenancy, each owner has the right to occupy the whole. That means that an owner is not allowed to designate certain rooms as their own and so on. Each element of the property is enjoyed fully by all ... out the other tenants to prevent a public forced sale. Some states also allow multiple tenants to join their shares together to form a majority ownership which will prevent a public forced sale. See also There are many websites specifically dedicated to Forced Sale of Real Estate. e.g. ForcedSale.com.au, Foreclosure.com References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Forced Sale Category Real property law Category ... more details
for the 1941 film Forced Landing film A forced landing is a landing by an aircraft made under factors outside the pilot s control, such as the failure of engines, systems, components or weather which makes continued flight impossible. For a full description of these, see article on Emergency landing . However the term also means a landing that has been forced by interception. A plane may be compelled to land through the use of force use, or threat of use, of force , if it strays off course into hostile foreign territory. The customary procedure is for the military plane to approach the airliner from below and to the left, where his plane is easily visible from the left seat where captain sits. The forcing plane waggles his wings to signal the demand for a forced landing. ref ... the international requirements for making an intruding plane follow an air force escort to the ground moving in front and to the left, where the civilian pilot can see the escort, and waggling the fighter s wings. http foia.fbi.gov flight flight1.pdf The Washingtonian November, 1985 Page 153 154 ref International law regulates the treatment of intruding aircraft ... aircraft that fail to identify themselves, enter the airspace without a necessary permission, deny to follow a prescribed route, head towards a prohibited zone, or violate of a prohibition of flight may, by strict observance of the relevant standards and procedures, as a last resort, be intercepted, identified, escorted to the adequate route or out of the prohibited airspace, or forced to land by military aircraft of the territorial state. ref http www.challenge.mtaki.hu eng pdf 5 working papers 5.pdf An Assessment of the Destruction of Rogue Civil Aircraft under International Law and Constitutional Law ref See also Emergency landing References reflist External links http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0020 5893 28198407 2933 3A3 3C712 3ATSDOKA 3E2.0.CO 3B2 0&size LARGE&origin JSTOR enlargePage The Shooting down of Korean Airlines Flight ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 File LogP200.jpg right 200px thumb Flow reaction system for automated forced degradation testing Forced degradation or accelerated degradation is a process whereby the natural degradation rate of a product or material is increased by the application of an additional stress. Introduction Forced degradation studies are used to identify reactions which may occur to degrade a processed product. Usually conducted before final formulation, forced degradation uses external stresses to rapidly screen material stabilities. Longer term storage tests are usually used to measure similar properties when final formulations are involved because of the stringent FDA regulations. These tests are generally more expensive because of the time involved than forced degradation which is therefore used for rapid selection and elimination tests. Common stresses There are a number of common stresses which are used to pH acid base Chemical processes are often catalysed by the presence of acids and bases. The exposure of materials to these can therefore accelerate degradation reactions. Temperature In accordance to Arrhenius equation arrhenius kinetics , increasing temperature increases the rate of any degradation process. Temperature is often used in conjunction with other stresses to increase reaction rates. Oxidation Concentration Light Methodologies Standard methodologies include Wet chemistry methods Flow chemistry Calorimetry HPLC Application Empty section date July 2010 See also Chemical decomposition Thermogravimetric analysis Total productive maintenance External links http www.syrris.com Degradation.aspx Flow chemistry degradation by Syrris Category Chemical engineering ... more details
refimprove date May 2009 mergefrom Forced perspective through depth perception date April 2011 about the photography technique the Fringe episode Forced Perspective Fringe File Fairway Rock mil atop.jpg thumb right Unintentional forced perspective effect in this U.S. Navy photograph. The CH 47 Chinook ... of greater depth since the stairs are wider at the bottom than at the top Forced perspective is a technique ... and the vantage point of the spectator or camera. Forced perspective in filmmaking Examples of forced ... and 1960s produced on limited budgets sometimes feature forced perspective shots which are completed ... can appear blurred or incorrectly exposed. Forced perspective can be made more believable when environmental ... less noticeable. Role of light Early instances of forced perspective used in low budget motion ... light sources typically used in film and TV production. Nodal point forced perspective in motion Peter Jackson s film adaptations of The Lord of the Rings make extended use of forced perspective ... thumb left Use of forced perspective with the Leaning Tower of Pisa is popular in tourist photography. File comedic forced perspective example.jpg thumb thumb right Forced perspective of giant beer can model shown perched on top of a person s hand. As with many film genre and effects, forced perspective ..., in the process showing that the viewer has been fooled and there is forced perspective in use. The 1930 Laurel and Hardy movie Brats used forced perspective to depict Stan Laurel Stan and Oliver Hardy ... the smaller forced perspective door at the end. As he backs down into the normal part of the room, he ... , The Headcrusher , who used forced perspective from his own point of view to crush other people s heads between his fingers. In the making of Season 5 of Red vs. Blue , the creators used forced ... used as the baby is the same height as other characters. Forced perspective in architecture File P zenas porte biaise.JPG thumb left An extraordinary forced perspective doorway in P zenas , France ... more details
cleanup date August 2010 Refimprove date December 2009 File Oskar Shmerling. Free love Forced marriage ... from domestic violence to the social and political participation of women in community Forced marriage ... without his or her consent or against his or her will. A forced marriage differs from an arranged .... The practice of forced marriage was quite common amongst the upper classes in Europe until ... . Forced marriages now in Western Europe and North America are generally committed within communities of immigrants from such areas. In most but not all forced marriages, it is the female rather ... forced marriage as a form of human rights abuse , since it violates the principle of the free will freedom and autonomy of individuals. The Roman Catholic Church deems forced marriage grounds for granting ... freely. In response to the problem of forced marriages among immigrants in the UK, the Forced Marriage Civil Protection Act 2007 was passed, which enables the victims of forced marriage to apply for court orders for their protection. Historically, forced marriage was used to require a captive ... for life. Jewitt was given a choice between forced marriage for himself and capital punishment ... is a form of forced marriage occasioned by an unintended pregnancy unplanned pregnancy . Some religions ... practice of forced marriage of women and young girls in order to resolve tribal feuds in parts ... East Is East film East Is East shows the practice of forced marriages A Pakistani father married ... the problem of British victims of forced marriage who have been, or may be, taken abroad to marry ..., accessed 16 February, 2010 ref Forced marriages can be made because of family pride, the wishes of the parents, or social obligation. For example, according to Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood , many forced marriages ... to a member of the family currently in Pakistan to whom the instigator of the forced marriage feels a sense of duty. ref http www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net articles arrangedm.htm British Council Handout The forced ... more details
Suicide Forced suicide is a method of execution where the victim is coerced into committing suicide to avoid facing an alternative option they perceive as much worse, such as suffering torture or having friends or family members imprisoned, tortured, or killed. Another common form historically has been deliberately providing a condemned individual with a weapon and a brief period in which to commit honourable suicide if he or she chooses before being executed. Because the victim s cause of death ... or influence. In ancient Greece and Rome Forced suicide was a common means of execution in ancient ... to their heirs by committing suicide prior to arrest. The most famous forced suicide is probably ... to a request by his pupil, the Roman Emperor Nero , who himself was forced to commit suicide at a later date. Other famous forced suicides include those of Brutus , Mark Antony and Emperor Otho . In Asia Forced suicides have occurred in History of China ancient China , where General Officer generals ... in recent times, such as the Roop Kanwar case, in which forced sati was suspected. ref name EncycCremation Additional cases are under investigation, ref name Mani2003 though no evidence of forced ... Europe Another famous example is the forced suicide of Erwin Rommel , a field marshal in the Wehrmacht ... 20, 1944 plot to kill Adolf Hitler , he was forced to commit suicide. Due to Rommel s popularity ... of facing trial was hopeless, and thus, in order to save his family and his honor, he was forced to take cyanide. During World War II there were many forced suicides in different military and paramilitary .... As a substitute for honor killings A forced suicide may be a substitute for an honor killing when ... reports of forced suicides of Kurdish women in Turkey . ref name BBCforced References reflist ... UN probes Turkey forced suicide , BBC News , 2006 05 24. ref Category Execution methods Category Suicide types Category Forced suicides es Suicidio forzado fr Suicide forc ja th ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Forced retention refers to the act of applying pressure to employment employees to deter them from leaving a company. The most common way to do this is through legal means, such as Non complete clause non compete and non disclosure agreement s. Given an adequately broad agreement, a company may threaten employees who try to leave for competitors or in some cases, non competitors with legal action. In some countries, the government may implement similar laws or policies to prevent or discourage employees from leaving certain companies or government organizations. It has also been applied to companies which offers significant financial benefits to employees to encourage them to stay, in particular after a merger for example, a minimum period to qualify for stock options , but this usage is commonly considered incorrect. Forced retention is most commonly used by companies on the decline, or at least with limited growth prospects. Top employees will often join a small or mid size company, with significant growth potentials. They will also often join financially stable companies, which can afford to provide employees with very good remuneration packages, and large amounts of freedom for instance, in pure R&D R & D departments . Once the company begins to decline, many of the top employees will want to leave for greener pastures, while the poor performing employees who may have a difficult time finding employment will cling to their jobs, radically speeding the decline. Companies will occasionally implement forced retention policies to try to stem the brain drain . A recent example of forced retention involves Microsoft Corporation , when its Bid price stock price levelled off, limiting the value of its stock options and stock grants. Microsoft ... had, at this point, been engaging in forced retention policies for some time, Kai Fu Lee negotiated ... it could unilaterally extend a soldier s contract. See also Employee retention DEFAULTSORT Forced ... more details
ref improve date February 2012 Forced induction is the process of compressing air on the intake of an internal combustion engine also known as supercharging . A forced induction engine uses a gas compressor to increase the pressure, temperature and density of the air. An engine without forced induction is considered a naturally aspirated engine . Introduction Forced induction is used in the automotive and aviation industry to increase engine power and efficiency. A forced induction engine is essentially two compressors in series. The compression stroke of the engine is the main compression that every engine has. An additional compressor feeding into the intake of the engine makes it a forced induction. A compressor feeding pressure into another greatly increases the total compression ratio of the entire system. This intake pressure is called boost. This particularly helps aviation engines, as they need to operate at high altitude. Higher compression engines have the benefit of maximizing the amount of useful energy extracted per unit of fuel. Therefore, the thermal efficiency of the engine is increased in accordance with the vapor power cycle analysis of the second law of thermodynamics. ref name Thermodynamics Cengle, Y.A., & Boles, M.A. 2008 . Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach. 6th ed. New York, N.Y. McGraw Hill. ,Page 70, 590. ref The reason all engines are not higher compression is because for any given octane, the fuel will prematurely detonate with a higher than normal .... However, a forced induction engine can have a higher total compression without detonation because .... High combustion temperatures lead to higher NOx emissions, thus forced induction can give higher NOx fractions. Types of compressors Two commonly used forced induction compressors are turbocharger s and supercharger ... An unavoidable side effect of forced induction is that compressing air, as stated in the first law ... fuel. Water injection, unlike nitrous oxide or forced induction, doesn t add much power to the engine ... more details
A forced conversion is the religious conversion or acceptance of a philosophy against the will of the subject ... date October 2007 Rise of Christianity see also Christianization End of Roman empire Forced conversion ... . Medieval dark ages Forced conversion was the major means in the Christianization of the european ... and may be forced to observe the Christian Faith as one who expressed a conditional willingness though ... of the Lord , they might properly be forced to hold to the faith which they had accepted perforce ... Portugal in 1497. ref http www.home.earthlink.net benven annivers.html 500 ANNIVERSARY OF THE FORCED ... Modern Era who were baptized under coercion and in the face of murder, becoming forced converts from Islam Morisco s, Converso s and secret Moors and forced converts from Judaism Converso s, Crypto Judaism Crypto Jews and Marrano s . Then the Spanish Inquisition targeted primarily forced converts ... Judaism Forced conversions are rare, but are reported to have happened under the Hasmonean dynasty Hasmonean Empire . The Gentile Galileans, Samaritans and Idumaens were forced to convert to Judaism, either by threats of exile, or threats of death, depending on the source. For the forced conversion of the Idumaeans under John Hyrcanus, see Flavius Josephus Antiquities 13.257 258. For the forced ... but that forced conversion was a national policy is clear from the fact that Alexander Jannaeus ... books?id jVyzbHAJ hAC&pg PA374&dq Ituraeans forced conversion&hl en&ei dNUATu3BAciv8QORmPTHDQ ...&f false accessdate 2011 06 20 ref Maurice Sartre has written of the policy of forced Judaization ... PA15&dq Ituraeans forced conversion&source bl&ots hxTELYx1Vd&sig EhvKuhvcja0F7ZTkGcW6ET6nG8&hl en&ei ... small Jewish population in Lower Galilee was massively expanded by the forced conversion in c.104 ...&pg PA599&dq Ituraeans forced conversion&hl en&ei f9MATobdEMiW8QPYpqyTDQ&sa X&oi book result&ct ... forbids forced conversion in theory, ref name W53 Waines 2003 An Introduction to Islam Cambridge University ... more details
Induced molting or forced molting is the practice by the commercial egg food egg industry of artificially provoking a complete flock of Chicken hens to Molting molt simultaneously. This is usually achieved by withdrawal of feed for 7 14 days. During the molting period, the hens go out of production for a period of at least two weeks. This has the effect of allowing the hen s reproductive tracts to regress and rejuvenate. After a molt, the hen s production rate usually peaks slightly below the previous peak rate and egg quality is improved. The point of molting is thus to increase the production, egg quality, and profitability of flocks in their second or third laying seasons. Flocks that are slaughtered after a single laying season are not molt ed. In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs states In no circumstances may birds be induced to moult by withholding feed and water. http www.defra.gov.uk publications files pb7274 laying hens 020717.pdf Molting simulates the natural process where chicken s grow a new set of feather s in the fall, a process generally accompanied by a sharp reduction or cessation of egg production. Natural molting is stimulated by shortening day lengths combined with stress of any kind . Before confinement housing with artificial lights were the norm, the fall molt caused a fall scarcity of eggs and high market prices. Farmers attempted ... F., 2009 . The effects of alternative forced molting methods on the performance and egg quality ... of the hen during induced moult. Poultry Science, 82 992 1002 ref Some die during forced ... autumn, the natural time of molt and minimum egg production. Forced molting is not a common ... the hens instead of molting them. It is sometimes claimed that forced molting is an artifact of factory ... Associated With the Forced Molting of Laying Birds United Poultry Concerns http www.ces.ncsu.edu depts ... http www.animalwelfareapproved.org Animal Welfare Approved DEFAULTSORT Forced Molting Category ... more details
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